Reputation core of Russian authorities: the case of the regional level of executive power
... environment (e. g. [23], [24]). In civil law [25], [27] and administrative law [28], reputation has been formally recognized as having legal grounds. At the same time, despite a wide range of Russian studies of reputation in the socio-political context in general and the reputation of political actors in particular (see, for example, the works by Anokhin, Vazhenina, Gallyamov, Grankin, Grishin, Kogan, Koshmarov, Mingazova, Rudakova, Timofeyeva, Trubetskoy, Ustinova, Kharlamov et al.), the reputation of Russian authorities as a multi-component institutional ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... Russia’s restrained behaviour, including in the Baltic region. After Sweden and Finland abandoned their long-standing tradition of non-aligned politics and got actively involved in political and war confrontation with Russia, unconditionally joining the general line of the West to deter the ‘Russian aggression’, the idea that maintaining some kind of cooperation between Russia and NATO states in the military and military-technical field in the Baltic region (in particular, the idea of Russia’s return to participation in the BALTOPS exercises, as it did until 2014) will help curb the rise in tensions, is not relevant any more [32, р. 73].
The scenario of ‘reducing the damage’ caused by the transformation ...
The adaptation of Russian regions’ economies to the rupture of relations with Europe: the case of Baltic Sea ports
... production (through modernization, repairs, etc.).
In 2023, Russian enterprises not only sustained their commitment to adaptation but also heightened their efforts, with a discernible increase in the frequency of employing active adaptation methods. In particular, in the spring of 2023, the share of enterprises that began modernizing their manufacturing process increased to 33 %. As a result, in the spring of 2023, 32 % of Russian enterprises came to the conclusion that they were generally not affected by the sanctions (in the spring of 2022 there were only 19 % of such enterprises)<7> [14].
Intensive efforts to adapt to the sanctions were also undertaken at various levels, including Russian federal ministries and departments,...
Modern trends in paradiplomacy: a case of Russian-Finnish regional cooperation
..., cultural diversity, human security, human rights, and humanitarian relief or development aid” [6, p. 6]. Therefore, all three layers adopted by Lecours tend to accumulate and intertwine with one another.
Paradiplomacy trends mostly replicate the general tendencies of international relations. In particular, paradiplomacy reflects the globalization and regionalization processes that increase the importance of non-state actors in international relations, especially subjects of federations or regions of unitary states, and megalopolises [15], [16,...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... this research are drawn from various sources:
• Russian national security documents and official documents related to Moscow’s policies in the BSR;
• CBSS documents;
• Scholarly works by Russian and international authors on societal security in general and in the BSR in particular;
• Media publications.
In dealing with various categories of sources, it is quite difficult to create a reliable database. Different sources can contradict each other and/or be fragmentary. Available statistics is sometimes misleading or ...
Artificial Intelligence: a catalyst for entrepreneurship education in the Baltics
... decades, the concept of ‘mobility’ has emerged as a significant element within the framework of entrepreneurial potential, particularly in the contemporary world marked by the Internet, social networks, and economic globalization. Entrepreneurs now ... ... Baltic students in entrepreneurship has both positive and negative aspects for their professional activities and the societies in general. The following positive aspects may be distinguished:
Economic Development: student start-ups have the potential to create ...
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... primarily attributed to the ageing population in most European countries.
Although these geodemographic transformation trends were general for Europe, there were significant variations across its different regions, including Northern, Western, Southern, and ... ... individual states and regions within them. The geodemographic changes in the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe appear particularly interesting. In the 30 years since the demise of the USSR and the ‘socialist camp’ led by it, the paths of the ...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... These relations collectively shape regions as socio-geographical systems within geo-space.
Political geography explores a particular case of geo-adaptational relations, namely geopolitical relations, which develop between geo-spatial conditions and ... ... A geographical and political dimension is immanent in each such relation. This approach has a distinct advantage in terms of generalizing phenomena, as it enables the identification of the most abstract theoretical foundation. The notion of a political-geographical ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... the chairmanship in the V4 and the BA/BCM associations does not speak in favour of the Baltic countries. The chairmanship of a particular country in the BA/BCM association, in contrast to the chairmanship in the Visegrad Group, is not often characterized ... ... reflect not so much national interests but rather the priorities of Euro-Atlanticism, mainly its American interpretation.
In general, we can confidently state that the Visegrad Group is a more effective regional organisation compared with the BA/BCM both ...
Efficiency analysis of seaports in Russia’s Baltic basin: performance evaluation
... flows. ISO 9000 states that efficiency is understood as the ratio between the obtained result and the resources used to achieve it. The efficiency of a company’s work can be indicated by certain indicators, which can be classified into two types: generalized indicators or particular metrics. The first type includes key performance indicators that allow taking into account total costs, execution time, investment volume, service, and performance indicators [26]. The second group consists of specific indicators related to ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... Pskov region gained the largest growth (189 %) due to a small annual number of publications (from 27 in 2018 to 78 in 2022). In general, these regions show the strongest positive dynamics from 2018 to 2020 (the Pskov region in 2021, as well). After that,... ... 4
). The regions of the periphery and semi-periphery (excluding the Komi Republic and the Vologda region) strongly focus on particular fields of knowledge, while the core regions have broader inventive competencies.
Relation between research and innovation
...
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... regional narrative about the past, which emerged in the Soviet period have been addressed by Yuri Kostyashov, along with the general features of the historical consciousness of the region’s Soviet population. It is worth noting that Kostyashov headed ... ... and Russian commemorative sites, as well as those that are exclusive to Kaliningrad [11, p. 28—31].
International scholars, particularly researchers from Germany and Poland, have also examined the historical consciousness peculiar to the residents of ...
History in Transcription and Transcription as History: Charles Bally in Soviet Linguistics
... conveying the name of the Swiss linguist Charles Bally by the means of Russian transcription, in the 20th-century linguistic discussions. The author reconstructs the history of introducing Charles Bally’s works into Russian and Soviet linguistics, particularly, in the context of the publication of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course of General Linguistics. The article analyses the variants of transcribing the name Bally in the works of G. O. Vinokur, M. N. Peterson, V. N. Voloshinov, G. K. Danilov, B. A. Larin, L. P. Yakubinsky, V. V. Vinogradov, and others. The author argues that the ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... goals of legal regulation have been exhausted [11], i. e., criminalisation must follow the ultima ratio principle [12]. In this particular instance, the proposal to criminalise acts related to the violation of restrictive measures is unlikely to meet the ... ... crime comparable to terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc. Currently, the violation of sanctions regimes is not generally regarded as a criminal offence by most countries. The Council’s swift decision to include violations of sanctions ...
France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects
... great powers competition, especially in terms of sea power (transport arteries control, underwater cables and pipelines security and so on), and the North Atlantic along with the Baltic Sea are no exception. In this regard, the French leadership is particularly concerned about the strengthening of Russia’s military potential: although a part of the Russian Army and the surface Navy is considered inferior to Western standards, the document recognizes that in general Moscow has “very significant capabilities for power projection in its near abroad”.<6> Nevertheless, it is proposed to maintain a bilateral dialogue on issues of mutual interest which Macron would do several times at meetings with Vladimir ...
Geopolitical Security of Russia: Remarks on the Problem Statement
... geopolitics, geopolitical security can be defined as a state (a set of factors, processes and their consequences) in which a particular country can steadily and effectively, in cooperation with other (sometimes competitive) centres of power, control a ... ... been the basis for classical geopolitical concepts for quite a long time. For instance, the famous German military theorist General Hans von Seeckt (1866—1936) stated that “the most real political foundation is homeland” [23, S. 11].
I would also ...
On the problem of cultural reference of proverbs (the Russian proverbs with images of clothing)
... for understanding tastes, preferences, lifestyles, customs, and worldview of a nation. Images of garments in proverbs are a particular form of expressing the key ideas of a culture. Moreover, such images serve as condensers of the established etiquette,... ... [Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow, p. 401.
5. Balli, Sh., 2001. Obshchaya lingvistika i voprosy frantsuzskogo yazyka [General linguistics and French language issues]. Moscow.
6. Benvenist, E., 1974. Obshchaya lingvistika [General linguistics]. ...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
... (accessed 01.06.2022).
Structure of the economy
The Kaliningrad region is the closest to the national average in terms of the general structure of the economy: market services prevail there over manufacturing<4> (Fig. 2, Table 2).
2
Overview of the ... ... entertainment
S
Other services
In the Leningrad region, manufacturing accounts for a greater proportion of GDP than services, particularly non-market ones. In St. Petersburg, market and non-market services have a more visible role than production.
St. ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... contributor to GDP, ranking only behind Moscow and the Moscow region.
In the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions, the industrial sector, particularly manufacturing, exhibited a growth rate surpassing the national average and outpacing other economic activities. In ... ... Russian market, with the process starting as early as 2014. Russia withdrew its consent for the operation of the Finnish Consulate General in St. Petersburg on October 1, 2023.
Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO on May 18, 2022. The foreign ministers of ...
Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants
... is affected by the vicissitudes of one’s life course events and the events involving one’s friends and relations. It is generally believed that education is a principal migration-encouraging factor. A recent study [8] has shown that although it ... ... motives for migration events makes it possible to link the distance of migration and the dominant logic behind the process. Particularly, studies conducted on the US [14] and Sweden [7] have shown that long-distance migration is more common among younger ...
Expansionism in Poland’s strategic culture: historical retrospective and variations
... amid the turbulence of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. To a degree, this development was very much in line with the general European trend towards secularisation. According to Kalevi Holsti’s calculations, in 1648—1713, states tended to abstain ... ... mechanisms for foreign policy legitimisation functioned in parallel, now cyclically alternating, now united through synthesis (particularly, in the 19th century during the age of Polish Romanticism).
Paradoxical as it may sound, powerful impetus was given ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... delivery throughout the country. There is a record growth in online commerce.<5>
The aim of this study is to describe general spatial trends and identify significant factors that determine the differences in the distribution and use of the Internet ... ... time, taking into account the mutual influence of various groups of technologies at different levels of the digital divide. Particular attention is paid to changes that occurred during the pandemic.
The article presents a brief overview of the main patterns ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... someone’s interests. This is not mere information dissemination; rather, it is a one-sided and assertive broadcasting of a particular standpoint.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption of diverse persuasive technologies became imperative to protect ... ...
‘Deutscher Presseagentur’
(PMI 9.44)
‘Vereinigung Notfallmedizin’ (PMI 12.03), ‘Deutscher Presseagentur’
(PMI 9.34)
Generally, the periodical publishes statistical data about all spheres of public life. For example, the economic consequences ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... highest among all Russian regions, reaching 76.5 % between 2019 and 2021 [34]. As shown by Olga Kuznetsova, the sanctions had a particularly strong impact on regions with a high proportion of foreign capital in the economy, investments from unfriendly countries,... ... haulers were banned from operating in the EU, trucking being one of the region’s specialisations. In June, with reference to the general requirements of the EU and in violation of transit agreements, Lithuania closed the transit of sanctioned products through ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... by researchers [22], [23], [24].
The denominational space of Denmark has been a subject of research conducted by Eidemiller [25], Stepanova [26], Talalaeva [27], and others. The authors have either focused on specific regions of the country [28] or particular aspects of religious life [29]. The articles of foreign scholars, such as Christensen [30], Haugen [31], Reeh [32], and Jensen and Geertz [33], should be mentioned as well.
However, works devoted to the general overview of the Church of Denmark based on relevant data could not be found in academic literature.
Results
The Church of Denmark, also known as the National Church or Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Denmark (ELCD), has been the dominant religious ...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... Kaunas. In contrast, the USSR ensured the return of the Vilna region to Lithuania in the fall of 1939, which had been forcibly incorporated into Poland in 1920. Against this backdrop, the Lithuanian Republic entered the USSR as a union in 1940.
Germany generally acknowledges its historical responsibility as the main aggressor in World War II. However, in practice, official Berlin has shown reduced readiness to fully bear this responsibility, particularly in the context of the deterrence of Russia. Specifically concerning Lithuania, Germany has sought to portray itself as a defender of national statehood, often by critiquing the USSR and Russia. Tactically, Germany initially attempted to present ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... operations between 2002 and 2018,<3> whilst Norway lost only 10 service people during its years in Afghanistan.<4> Major General Gunner Arpe Nielsen, the Chief of the Royal Danish Army, stressed when discussing Denmark’s military involvement in ... ... Germany in World War II and the Nordic country’s security during the Cold War despite Denmark’s problem behaviour in NATO, particularly during the fodnotepolitik [footnote policy] period of 1982—1988 [7]. The third factor is cosmopolitanism, i. e....
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
... in the operation of the suprafunctional organisation (the state) according to Hessen. The difference in the grounding of the general will leads to a difference in the concepts of social unity: 1) sobornost according to Gurvitch and 2) solidarity according ... ... droit, Paris, 1935. Novy Grad, 10, pp. 139-142. (In Rus.)
Dmitrieva, N. A., 2016. Back to Kant, or Forward to Enlightenment: The Particularities and Issues of Russian Neo-Kantianism. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 54(5), pp. 378-394.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10611967....
The notion of necessity in the German philosophy of the¬ Enlighten¬ment
... Christian Crusius and other authors, as well as their attempts at harmonizing the principle of sufficient reason with freedom. It is demonstrated that, in the 18th century, necessity was understood very broadly, it held a special place in metaphysics in general and, in particular, in such metaphysical disciplines as cosmology, psychology, theology, and also ethics.
1. Бавмейстер Хр. Метафизика / пер. с лат. Я. В. Толмачева. М., 1808.
2. Вольф Хр. Разумные мысли ...
Problems and prospects of EU — Russia dialogue on visa-free travel
... facilitation and readmission, visa statistics, expert interviews, as well as analytical reports and research works on the topic. Particular attention is paid to the “Common steps towards visa-free short-term travel of the citizens of the EU and Russia”,... ... available at: http://www.academygo.ru/Site/RussiaEC/News/ Putin.shtml (accessed 10 March 2013).
8. 2450th Council session, General Affairs and External Relations, 2002, Brussels, 30 September, available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/72321....
The modern economy of Russia’s Baltic regions in the municipal context
... average (due to commuting and the lack of highly profitable industries). The margin in the Sosnovy Bor UD’s per capita income slightly narrowed. The Kingisepp MA, with its large industrial enterprises and Ust-Luga port, overtook this leader. In general, the positions of municipalities are determined by their industrial specialization<8> and can change every year due to changes in a particular industry. It is worth noting that the positions of the Vyborg MA, mostly oriented towards cross-border cooperation with Finland, had deteriorated since 2014 while the region’s major agricultural district, the Volosovo MA, enjoyed a sharp ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... bypassing the Baltic States over the waters of the Baltic Sea. Connections with partners from friendly countries are strengthening, particularly with other Russian regions. For example, a considerable portion of both freight and passenger transport to other ... ... novel situation in the consumer goods market, clothing and footwear production may once again prove effective.
Except for a few general comments, the urgent problems of technological re-equipment of production facilities lay beyond the scope of this study....
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... those with the share of senior citizens and the intensity of international trade [21]. Russia differs from some European states, particularly, Italy, in that the traditional core-periphery virus spread models are not fully applicable there, with local sociocultural ... ... pandemic in the Baltic regions of Russia because data on COVID-19 mortality, especially in the first year of the pandemic, are generally recognised as insufficiently reliable due to inaccurate cause of death records, problems with locating COVID-19 deaths,...
Comparative analysis of students’ collective consciousness in the Russia-EU and Russia-China border regions: mathematical modelling
... growing intensity of interaction between Europe and Asia makes the comparison of the western and eastern border regions of Russia particularly important from the geopolitical point of view. The authors employ the principles of an emerging scientific direction,... ... demonstrate that in the socially homogeneous group, Russian graduate students, there are still regional differences even in the generally similar assessments of the ongoing social processes.
Simonyan R. H., Slutskin L. N.
10.5922/2079-8555-2020-2-3
...
International legal protection of marine environment from vessel-source pollution
... environment from vessel-source pollution. The universal and regional levels of legal regulation of preventing marine environment pollution are identified. Special attention is paid to the status of the Baltic Sea as a “special area” and as a “particularly sensitive sea area”.
1. Meeresumweltschutz für Nord- und Ostsee: Sondergutachten, Februar 2004 /SRU, Der Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen. Baden-Baden, 2004.
2. Maritime Group (HELCOM MARITIME). URL: http://www.helcom.fi/groups/maritime/en_GB/main/_text/ ...
University performance and regional development: the case of Russia’s North-West
... for calculating the normalized values of indicators, group, and integral indices, the authors drew upon existing practices, particularly those outlined in references [12], [22], [23], [24]. This consideration instils confidence in the reliability and ... ... Pskov region (Fig. 1). Gorokhov and Savenkova [25], as well as Erokhina and Gagarina [7], also noticed this negative trend. In general, it indicates a decline in the accessibility of higher education in the NWFD regions.
In nine regions, the number of teaching ...
The logical models of the analytical generalisations and particularisations of concepts
This article examines the procedural structures of operations with concepts and offers the logical models of concept generalisation and particularisation, describes the types of operations, and determines the sources of logical fallacies of natural generalisations and particularisations.
1. Брюшинкин В.
Н.
Аргументация, коммуникация, рациональность // Вестник Российского государственного университета...
Really: syntactics without semiotics?
... different research programmes: the first one deals with specific features of language structures, while the second one discusses general characteristics of all sign systems, from a perspective of interpreting most or all of them as secondary respective to ... ... language deal with classes of elements and predict their positions. Lexicographic descriptions provide instructions to the use of particular language items treated as signs with their concepts and syntactics. Functional words including discourse particles ...
Generating function and its application for generalization of Legendre polynomials
In the present paper the generalization of Legendre polynomials with the help of generating function is studied. The explicit form of considered functions is found. Some special cases are considered. Particular attention is paid to the case when the parameters defining the studied functions are different, symmetric about zero real numbers. Some properties of constructed functions are obtained. Based on the results of numerical experiment a hypothesis ...
J. N. Tetens’s ‘transcendental philosophy’ as a basic science¬ and criti¬cal propaedeutics to metaphysics
... empiricism and develops a new perspective on experience and the bases of its certainty. The main target of his critique is ‘popular philosophy’, which appeals to common understanding; he seeks to defend it from the criticism of systemic knowledge in general and metaphysics in particular. In the argument between the advocates of the Leibniz-Wolff geometric philosophy and their opponents — enlighteners-eclecticists and pietists, Tetens manages to take a neutral position conducting a synthesis of the British observingphilosophy,...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... safeguard the interests and needs of local communities [10]. Cooperative organisations’ reputation capital and sustainability are generally ensured by offering services tailored to the local populace’s needs [11]. According to Russian scholars, cooperative ... ... Academic Council of RUC. According to the statement of work, the research was organised by employees of RUC regional branches, particularly as regards the selection of respondents in regions. Given the project’s financial constraints, the research was ...
Socio-geographic approach to substantiating economic security boundaries of a border region
... the border factor. Highlighting the specific functions of border regions that distinguish them from the internal territories of the country, the paper presents a hierarchy of economic security factors. In terms of their content, we consider groups of general and specific factors, while in terms of the character of their impact — constructive (potential-forming) or destructive (potential-destructive). The study shows that the economic security boundaries for a particular territory are determined by the ratio of various groups of factors in establishing the operating regime of the region in terms of its openness or closedness as a territorial system. We use the example of the exclave Kaliningrad region to identify ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
...
Conclusion
The present study conducted an analysis of scientific and technological progress (STP) in various countries, with a particular focus on the Baltic Sea region. The study aimed to classify countries based on their level of STP development, taking ... .... This trend can be attributed to their low initial levels of R&D funding and the significant weight of foreign funds in the general structure of R&D financing, which is especially characteristic of the Baltic States. On the other hand, traditional market ...
Operational thinking in the structure of the diagnostic thinking of a modern teacher-psychologist
... most important for each of the stages of the diagnostic algorithm. Mental operations (such as analysis, synthesis, analogy, generalization, comparison, etc.) are important for the diagnostic process and can be necessary components of diagnostic thinking.... ... diagnostic errors and ideas about categorical models of typical diagnostic errors. Special training in diagnostic thinking, in particular, the development of mental operations, which are necessary for teachers-psychologists to carry out effective diagnostics,...
Migration of researchers in the Baltic region: a forecast and factors
... country, particularly, its border areas. This study tests several hypotheses. The first one holds that the outflow of researchers will reduce over the next few years. Others concern factors affecting the number of researchers in the Russian Federation in general and its Baltic part in particular. These factors include salaries and workplace environment. Methodologically, the study draws on Russian and international sources on the migration of researchers and builds models of two types to trace connections and to produce forecasts, ...
Important Staging Sites of Geese and Swans in the Cross-Border Wetland Complex of the Neman Delta
... Bewick’s Swans (Cygnus bewickii) in the Neman River delta shared by Russia and Lithuania.The authors indicate the decrease in the population of Bean Geese alongside with the increase in the population of Greylag Geese, Whooper Swans, Bewick’s Swans and particularly Greater White-fronted Geese. This phenomenon is brought about by the global climate change, changes of the migratory flyways of certain species (particularly Greater White-fronted Goose) and by human impact.
In order to preserve the wetland ...
Sanctions risks and regional development: Russian case
... (phenomena, events, processes) that pose specific threats. Threats create direct or indirect possibilities of causing damage, in particular, a decrease in GDP (gross domestic product) or in the living standards. Risk is a possibility with an identified probability ... ... foreign trade’s exposure to sanctions restrictions, but the region’s economy may be weakly vulnerable to this risk if it is generally oriented towards the domestic market, like the Kostroma region, the Republic of Khakassia, etc. The share of foreign ...
Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration
... development, and the infrastructure required for transport comes with substantial and ever-increasing costs [4]. Larger cities generally exhibit improved economic productivity, except in polycentric urban configurations where their growth reportedly has ... ... of innovation activity is higher. Knowledge-intensive industries in these countries are concentrated in urban agglomerations, particularly Helsinki [2], [9].
The share of intangible products with low logistics costs, mostly related to information and communication ...
Municipal development in modern Russia: a geopolitical aspect
... isolation of their content block directly related to "internal geopolitics"), their inventory and systematization are carried out (taking into account the special role of individual municipalities and their groupings in geopolitical processes, the general trend shift of the focus of political-geographical, socio-economic and ethnodemographic problems to the municipal the level, as well as the multidimensional influence of geopolitics on the situation of municipalities). Particular attention is paid to the determinants and problematic situations of municipal development in the Russian Federation in the context of its sharply aggravated conflict with the "collective West" and the actual transition to geostrategic ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... secondly, the introduction of the embargo on a range of food products. Starting from 2016, the rate of changes in prices has generally levelled off and fluctuated within 100—105 % of the previous year’s values.
1
Consumer price index for food products ... ... accession to the eurozone. Specialized shopping tours to Polish cities like Gdansk, Bartoszyce, Branjowo, Elblag, and others were particularly popular. In Lithuania, Kaunas, Vilnius, and Klaipeda were the most popular cities for shopping. Transfers and ride-sharing ...