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... philosophical and sociological ideas about the condition of modern society, its problems, and origins. The author stresses that the modern European civilisation is coming to a “dead end” and considers a human being as an object of manipulation. The subject of these manipulations is the bureaucratic system, whose interests lie in its own well-being. 1. Бобков В. Мнение эксперта // Аргументы и факты. 2014. № 2. 2. Гладилин А. Где у политиков ...

... analīze: valodas kopienu varas attiecības Latvijā. Rīga, 2010. 31. Kruk S. Politisko aktoru diskvalifikācija publiskajā diskursā // Latvijas Universitātes raksti. Komunikācija. 2002. № 648. L. 196—226. 32. Kruk S. Evicting the Speaking Subject: A Critique of the Latvian Concepts of Language // Journal of Baltic Studies. 2011. № 4. P. 447—463. 33. Lemešonoks D. Nacionālisms 5D // Delfi. lv. 2012. 24 feb. 34. Nītiņa D. Modernā cilvēka valoda. Rīga, 2004. 35. Poriņa V. Valsts ...

... Tannenberg/Grunwald/Žalgiris // Verflochtene Erinnerungen. Polen und seine Nachbarn im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Köln etc., 2009.  38. Samsonowicz H. Grunwald // Polityka. 2010. № 4. 39. Konopczyński W. O idei jagiellońskiej. URL: http://www.omp.org.pl/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=615 (дата обращения: 24.05.2010). 40. Serczyk J. Die Wandlungen des Bildes vom Deutschen Orden als politischer,ideologischer und gesellschaftlicher Faktor im polnischen Identitätsbewußtsein des 19. und 20....

... more general questions which have to do not only with the philosophy of mathematics, but also with related areas of Kant’s philosophy, e. g. the question: What is intuition and singular term? Then I look at more specific questions, e. g.: What is the subject of arithmetic and what is the significance of diagrams in mathematical reasoning? As a result, the reader is presented with a fairly complete overview of modern discussions which can be used as an introduction to the problem field of Kant’s ...

... in his third Critique, with their principle fortuitous purposiveness, can be considered as the basis for a new foundation of metaphysics. According to Kant’s limitation of cognition to the realm of sense intuition, theoretical knowledge of God, the subject, things-in-themselves, transcendental ideas is impossible. This leads to a kind of “negative theology” of the highest principle and the supersensible as a whole. The reasons are rooted in the character of propositional thought, which can only ...

... discharge. By contrast, the principle of utility has us maximise life-years so that people can satisfy more of their considered preferences. Although people are treated impartially in the utilitarian calculus, it does not recognise their equal worth. Subjecting Kantian ethics and utilitarianism to the process of reflective equilibrium lends support to the idea that we need a pluralistic approach that would accommodate our moral intuitions regarding both the equal value of whole lives and the additive ...

Immanuel Kant’s Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime is examined in the context of the emergence of the epistemological practice of scientific observation. By focusing on the genre-stylistic and semantic-structural features of the text the authors demonstrate the mechanisms of observation as well as the methods of describing the results characteristic of mid-eighteenth century science. The authors consider Kant’s treatise to be a hybrid text: on the one hand, it attests to...

... test. Such an examination, to be fair and appropriate to the leading aspects of the two philosophers, has to bear in mind from the very beginning the deep differences of these leading aspects: Kant concentrates on the formal structure and the strictly subjective status of time as a form of intuition, Heidegger concentrates on the roles time plays in the daily human world orientation. Under these methodical and conceptional pre-suppositions a close examination must come the result, that both conceptions ...

... of an object in general and for describing necessary regulative conditions of experience. With these reflections, Kant places his transcendental philosophy in a long tradition of philosophical thought in which the celestial bodies are the preferred subject. Allison, H. E., 2004. Kant’s Transcendental Idealism. An Interpretation and Defence, Revised edition. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Anderson, R. L., 2015. The Poverty of Conceptual Truth. Kant’s Analytic/Synthetic Distinction ...

... of Hermann Cohen. Ethical Thought, 14, pp. 174-199. (In Rus.) Belov, V. N., 2016. Our Disagreements: On the Anniversary of the Leading Kant Scholar of Modern Russia. Kantian Journal, 2(56), pp. 10-15. (In Rus.) Bykova, M. F., 2006. The Concept of the Subject in Fichte’s Philosophy, Istoriko-filosofskii ezhegodnik 2006, pp. 151-179. (In Rus.) Cohen, H., 1877. Kants Begründung der Ethik. Berlin: Harwitz und Gossman. Cohen, H., 1904. System der Philosophie. Teil 2: Ethik des reinen Willens. Berlin: ...

... Cambridge University Press. Kornilov, S. V., 2016. Towards the Comprehension of the Infinite: the Believers’ Mind F. A. Golubinsky. Space and Time, 1-2 (23-24), pp. 63-72. (In Rus.) Kotsyuba, V. I., 2013. Lectures by Archpriest Fyodor Golubinsky as a Subject of Historical and Philosophical Analysis]. St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series I: Theology. Philosophy. Religious Studies, 5 (49), pp. 43-59. (In Rus.) Krouglov, A. N., 2008. Tetens, Kant i diskussiya o metafizike v Germanii vtoroj poloviny ...

... Kant-Studien, 110(3), pp. 437-462. Sommadossi, T., 2018. ‚Polytheismus der Einbildungs­kraft‘: Wechselspiele von Literatur und Religion von der Aufklärung bis zur Gegenwart. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. Thiel, U., 2014. The Early Modern Subject: Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity From Descartes to Hume. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

... of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem of the immutability of Gesinnung in the progress towards the good. The new theses that appear in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason are Gesinnung as the internal subjective principle of maxims, on virtue as evidence of the presence of Gesinnung, on act as a manifestation of Gesinnung, on the unintelligibility of Gesinnung in its noumenal, suprasensible character, on the innateness of Gesinnung in the sense that ...

.... Their philosophical concepts share the tendency to transpose epistemological problems to ontology, and to identify and bring closer together epistemology and ontology. Russian philosophers ontologise the theory of cognition through the analysis of subjectivity, the complete elimination of psychological motives and the separation of transcendentalism from transcendentism. These principles enable Salagov to ground a three-part structure of cognition (consciousness, being, committing to consciousness) ...

... Philosophy and Life of Moses Rubinstein. In: M. M. Rubinstein, 2008. O smysle zhizni. T. 1: Trudy po filosofii tsennosti, teorii obrazovaniya i universitetskomu voprosu. [On Meaning of Life. Volume 1: Works on Philosophy of Value, Theory of Education and Subject of University], edited by N. V. Plotnikov, K. V. Faradzhev, Moscow : Territoriya budushchego, pp. 7-41. (In Russ.) 6. Faradzhev, K. V., 2010. Alternative Failed: Neo-Kantian Pedagogy in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century. In: I. N. Griftsova,...

... ground our moral disposition and in so doing acts as a stan­dard for morality. More precisely, the following argument is made: 1) the sublime nature of the image of Christ — as an image of universal respect for the law — awakens the moral feeling of subjects in the sense of the possibility of overcoming one’s perverted nature; 2) as moral perfection it provides immediate transparency to the end goal of morality; 3) just as in the case of associative construction of empirical concepts, the sublime ...

... der stärksten Einwürffe, so gemeiniglich wider sie gebraucht werden. Anjetzo nach der zweyten Lateinischen und neunten Englischen Herausgebung ganz von neuen ins Deutsche übersetzt. Germantown: Christoph Saur der Jüngere. Basterra, G., 2015. The Subject of Freedom. Kant, Levinas. New York: Fordham University Press. Bornkamm, H., 1926. Mystik, Spiritualismus und die Anfänge des Pietismus im Luthertum. Gießen: Töpelmann. Breul, W., Meier, M., Vogel, L., hg. 2011. Der radikale Pietismus. Perspektiven ...

... Kant-Studien, 83(4), pp. 399-416. Clarke, S., 1717. A Collection of Papers, Which passed between the late Learned Mr. Leibnitz, and Dr. Clarke, In the Years 1715 and 1716. London. Euler, L., 1802. Letters of Euler to a German Princess, on Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy. New York: Murray and Highley. Euler, L., 2015. Reflections on Space and Time. In: Euler Archiv [E 149]. Translated by M. Saclolo & P. Wake. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 August 2019). Fischer, H. -P., 1985. Kant ...

... representation.” Within this triad, on the one hand, appearance differs from both thing in itself (external to us) and the representation (within us). On the other hand, appearance as an object of empirical intuition mediates the objective thing and its subjective representation. The introduction of the concept of appearance allows Kant to solve the semantic problem of the conformity of the representation to the object. In this case, appearance is not an object, but just a designation of the object (KrV,...

... http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2018-3-2 . Komarov, S. V., 2006. The Concept of Appearance in Kant: Meaning and Significance. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, 12(4), pp. 165-175. (In Rus.) Krouglov, A. N., 2005. Did Kant Have a Transcendental Subject? In: History of Philosophy Yearbook 2004. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 279-295. (In Rus.) Marshall, C., 2013. Kant’s One Self and the Appearance / Thing-in-itself Distinction. Kant-Studien, 104(4), pp. 421-441. Motroshilova, N. V., 2010. “Phenomenon”,...

The prevailing interpretations of Spinoza’s ethical theory view it as an example of heteronomy in the Kantian sense of the term. I make a case for the claim that is not in harmony with such interpretations. In the course of the argument I discuss Kant’s concepts of autonomy and heteronomy showing how they refer to will and to ethics. Then I describe a group of interpretations which portray Spinoza’s moral theory as heteronomous. My critique begins by presenting some textual evidence which vividly...

... “Transcendental Dialectic” turn out to be possible reference points. Although this contextualisation demands further systematic and editorial reflections, it also allows the clarification of the status of the principles and their justification in relation to a subjective deduction. Kant offers with the subjective deduction, as introduced in the “Preface” (of the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason) and again in the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic”, a first argumentative strategy,...

... Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, pp. 326-344. Kant, I., 2012a. Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces and Assessment of the Demonstrations that Leibniz and Other Scholars of Mechanics Have Made Use of in this Controversial Subject, Together with Some Prefatory Considerations Pertaining to the Force of Bodies in General. In: I. Kant. Natural Science, edited by E. Watkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-155. Kant, I., 2012b. Examination of the Question whether ...

... Чернякова. СПб., 2001. 11. Черняков А. Г. Онтология времени. Бытие и время в философии Аристотеля, Гуссерля и Хайдеггера. СПб., 2001. 12. Düsing K. Objektive und subjective Zeit. Untersuchungen zu Kants Zeittheorie und zu ihrer modernen kritischen Rezeption // Kant-Studien. 1980. 71. S. 1—34. 13. Heidegger M. Phänomenologische Interpretation von Kants Kritik der Reinen Vernunft, GA 25. Fankfurt a/M, 1977. 14....

Kant's 'Technique of hope' appears to be the 'most genuine hope of the Enlightenment' for the moral intersubjectivity of being. Its immense significance becomes obvious against the background of Kant's 'Copernican Revolution', which resulted in the new subject-oriented ontology. The viability of this ontology depends on the possibility of freedom, i. e. on whether the human being is capable of the practical implementation of the free causality of moral law. Due to its history, Kaliningrad is meant...

... Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Anima minima // Рансьер Ж. Эстетическое бессознательное. СПб., 2004. C. 83—101. 6. Хабермас Ю. Философский дискурс о модерне. М., 2003. 7. Bowie A. Aesthetics and subjectivity. Manchester, 2003. 8. Critcheley S. Very little… Almost nothing. Routledge, 2004. 9. Eagleton T. The ideology of the aesthetics. Oxford, 1990. 10. Murphy P., Roberts D. Dialectic of romanticism. L., 2006. 11. Lacoue-Labarthe Ph., Nancy ...

... 2006. P. 17—48. 10. Strawson P. F. Concepts and Properties or Predication and Copulation // Strawson P. F. Entity and Identity and other essays. Oxford, 1997. P. 83—91. 11. Strawson P. F. Kant on Substance // Ibid. P. 268—280. 12. Strawson P. F. Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar. L., 2004.

Contrary to the standard view in the Kant literature, I argue that the concept of “existence” is the real focus of Kant’s investigation in the “First Moment” of the “Analytic of the Beautiful” in the Critique of the Power of Judgment. That is, “existence” is not a secondary or subordinate part of a more general discourse concerning the “disinterestedness of aesthetic judgment”. Rather, the whole characterization of the judgment of taste as a “judgment of an object grounded on a delight in it which...

... contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject. Therefore, Wolff's Philosophy has a great impact on Kant's own moral philosophy and especially on his concept of obligation. I will conclude by showing to what extent Kant was going beyond the early modern concept of the natural law tradition....

... shift. Given the fact that human knowledge has always been considered li­mited, the axiom called gnoseotope (from Greek gnōsis: cognition, know­ledge and topos: place, area, field) can be defined as the area of re­latively secure knowledge, which is subject to both quantitative (cumulative) and qualitative (paradigmatic) histo­rical changes. Considering the further fact that human ignorance has been acknowledged since Antiquity and taken for granted for millennia of human history, the awareness ...

... categorically, has influenced the contemporary theory of justice. Many academics believe such principles to be relative and emphasise that justice lies beyond the remit of science. Otfried Höffe is convinced that categorical legal principles remain a valid subject for an academic discussion. In his works, he often appeals to Kantian philosophy. In the interview, Prof. Dr. О. Höffe refers to such famous German Neo-Kantian philosophers of law as R. Stammler and G. Radbruch. He also mentions J. Rawls and ...

Postulates play an important role in Kant’s philosophy. Kant’s understanding of this term differs from the previous tradition. For Kant, postulates are originally subjective propositions necessarily supposed as objective ones. Otherwise, the systematic theoretical cognition and compliance with the moral law become impossible. However, this feature of Kant’s word usage is hardly taken into consideration. That ...

... described as transcendental idealism. On the one hand, Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the distinction between things-in-themselves and appearances. On the other hand, our method of cognition is representative in that is based on representations — subjective and objective (objectual) ones. A synthesis of the above considerations suggests that Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the [conceptual] triad — ‘[objective] object (thing-in-itself; Ding an sich) —appearance (Erscheinung) — and [mental] ...

... in his published writings Kant concludes in the Introduction of Natural Law Notes that human will itself can not be in complete agreement with the moral law, because objective motive (that is the moral law alone) for this will isn’t identical with subjective ones (that are maxims of action). That is why it must be forced to follow the moral law and its commandments are for it imperatives. But in order not to distort autonomy of will, this force should come from the will itself. Such a force according ...

... university Vladimir Dinze]. 43 l. 43. TsANO, 1918. F. 377. Op. 2, no. 363. Avtobiografiya V. F. Dinze [Autobiography of V. Dinze], 24 sentyabrya 1918. L. 2—3. 44. Volzhanin [Dinze], Vl. 1916b, Istoriya kak predmet nachal’nogo obucheniya [History as a subject of primary education], Petrograd. 45. Vorobiev, M. V. 2016, Teoriya sotsial’noi pedagogiki Paulya Natorpa i ee aktual’nost’ dlya sovremennogo rossiiskogo obrazovaniya [Paul Natorp’s social pedagogic theory and it’s relevance to modern ...

... has the meaning of justice. Moreover, such translation of Billigkeit creates a false connection with the realm of law, which Kant tried to avoid stressing the difference between Billigkeit and Gerechtigkeit. If Gerechtigkeit relates to external deeds subject to legal regulation and external enforcement, Billigkeit relates to tacit intentions and dispositions that cannot be controlled from the outside. This supports the thesis about the difference between ethics and law and the need for a more accurate ...

... Phaenomenologica, 106, Dordrecht, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff, 303 p. 5. Carr, D. 1974, Phenomenology and the Problem of History. In: A Study of Husserl’s Transcendental Philosophy, Northwestern, 283 p. 6. Carr, D. 2003, Transcendental and Empirical Subjectivity. The Self in the Transcendental Tradition. In: The New Husserl. A Critical Reader, Ed. by D. Welton, Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, p. 181—198. 7. Chernyakov, A. G. 1991, Transcendentnoye i Transcendentalnoye. Problema ...

... in the context of the Russian intellectual culture of the 1860—90s. Modern Kant studies just began investigating Strakhov’s oeuvre. One cannot but agree that Strakhov ‘offers a subtle and in-depth interpretation of Kant’s understanding of the subjectivity of thinking (V. A. Zhuchkov). However, the complexity of historical and philosophical interpretation and analysis of Kant’s meanings in Strakhov’s philosophical research lies in the fact that this re-search is hermeneutic (‘peripheral’,...

... Volzhanin, Vl., Dinze, V. F., Smirnov, S. D. O nacional’noj shkole: Sbornik statej [About national school: Collected papers], Petrograd, p. 102—127. 5. Volzhanin, Vl. [Dinze, V. F.], 1916b, Istorija kak predmet nachal’nogo obuchenija [History as a subject of national education], Petrograd. 6. Gessen, S. I. 1998, Ideja nacii [Idea of nation], in: Gessen, S. I., Izbrannye sochinenija [Selected papers], ed. by A. Valicky, N. Chistjakova, Moscow, p. 78—105. 7. Devin, P. I. 1916, O nacional’nom ...

... other philosophers of the Enlightenment (Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot), as well as a number of provisions of Kant’s philosophy. Despite the fact that Condorcet was not familiar with Kant’s works, his general ideas on the autonomous subject, their reason and freedom, and history and social progress bear strong similarity to Kant’s views. However, the observed differences are indicative not only of Condorcet having overcome the prejudices of his time, but also of that his version ...

... the surface of Kant’s deduction. The moral prohibition of instrumentalisation rules out family ethics and family law. However, the root of all evil is not solely this circumstance. A morally illegitimate union of concubinage is formed to attain the subjective ends of a hedonistic individual and it does not contradict the ends of the human race. Therefore, such a deduction (unlike that presented in the Metaphysics of Morals) has to make a transition from strategies to maxims. In effect, the deduction ...

... about the development of the neo-Kantian concept into post-Neo-Kantianism as rather heuristic. One of the main features of this development is the ontologization of cognitive process and the recognition of existential characteristics of the knowing subject as primary and exerting a significant impact on its cognitive structure. This ‘ontological turn’, typical of Russian Neo-Kantianism and, in particular, Sergey Hessen, Boris Yakovenko, and Vasily Sesemann, is, on the one hand, the hallmark ...

... filosofskogo mirovozzreniya N. O. Losskogo [I. Kant in formation of N. O. Lossky philosophical worldview], Kantovskiy sbornik [Kantovskiy sbornik], no. 2 (52). p. 62—75. 26. Prasolov M. A. 2007. Subjekt i sushchee v russkom metafizicheskom personalizme [Subject and existence in Russian metaphysical personalism]. St. Petersburg, 354 p. 27. Salagova V. 1916. Transtsendentalnyy kharakter ucheniya Leybnitsa o monade [Transcendental nature of Leibniz’s doctrine of Monad]. Kharkov, 23 p. 28. Teykhmyuller ...

... often viewed as a virtue. However, Kant’s political teaching is closely connected with moral anthropology, which is considered as another virtue. Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher, although agreeing with the grim opinion of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians and instil moderate optimism in them. The article collates and systemises ...

This article focuses on the relation between the subject and object in theory of cognition. Special attention is paid to the role of social communication in the construction of the real world. The author stresses that the language communication plays an important role in this process. Thereby, it affects ...

... человеческой природе // Юм Д. Соч. : в 2 т. М., 1965. Т. 1. С. 128. 26. Benacerraf P. What Numbers Could not Be // The Philosophical Review. 1965. Vol. 74, № 1. 27. Beth E. Mathematical Thought. Dordrecht, 1965. 28. Burgess J., Rosen G. Subject with No Object. Oxford, 1999. 29. Field H. Science without Numbers: a Defense of Nominalism. Oxford, 1980. 30. Field H. Realism, Mathematics and Modality. Oxford, 1989. 31. Frege G. Uber Sinn und Bedeutung // Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und ...

... since it largely follows contemporary textbooks (first of all, Baumgarten’s Metaphysics). The second part “Moral Theology” is of considerable research interest, since it departs from the textbook material and presents Kant’s own ideas on the subject. This manuscript is dated winter semester 1783/84, i. e. the period between the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason, and shortly before the publication of Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Thus,...

... universities, students had an opportunity to choose courses from the list announced at the beginning of each semester. Swiecicki was enrolled in the Faculty of Law and he put a lot of effort to receive the degree. However, he was much more enthusiastic about subjects taught at the Faculty of Philosophy.Immanuel Kant was no longer teaching at the university by that time. However, Swiecicki regularly attended Christian Jacob Kraus’s lectures on moral philosophy based on Kant’s “Tugendlehre”, political ...

This article deals with the essence of art in Gadamer’s philosophy, including his critical approach to Kantian aesthetical consciousness and subjectification of aesthetical experience in Kant’s philosophy. According to Gadamer, art deals with the notion of truth and should be associated not with aesthetics, but rather with ontology. Thus, art is the experience of truth. In Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics, the basis of art is the notion of mimesis, which is not the Platonic copy of idea, but...