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... concept of transcendentalism. Thirdly, Kant introduces the concept of the thing in itself through a negation. Being a notion of the ‘family resemblance’ type, the concept comprises three dynamically connected elements — the object in general, the transcendental object, and the noumenon (sometimes, Kant uses them interchangeably). Each element represents a phase of Reduction- Realisation (Buchdahl) in the cognition of empirical data (Kant defines such phases as thingness, using the concept of ‘transcendental ...

... the common themes and questions that prompted them to turn to the concept of the transcendental subject, even though the results of their reflections did not always coincide. These authors think of the transcendental subject in its relationship to the transcendental object, or as “something = х”, and in terms of the relationship of representation to the object. It is characterised sometimes as something absolutely hollow, and sometimes as the fullness of true reality. The status ascribed to the transcendental ...

... relation. At the same time, an appearance is not identical to its representation, since the former is an object or content of the latter. Applying G. Frege’s “semantic triangle” to the analysis of Kant’s concept of appearance, I show that the transcendental object functions as the sense (Sinn) of the appearance and that the empirical thing in itself is its reference (Bedeutung). Ameriks, K., 1982. Recent Work on Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy. American Philosophical Quarterly, 19(1), pp. 1-24. Allison,...

... ‚Architektonik der reinen Vernunft‘. In: S. Bacin, A. Ferrarin, C. La Rocca und M. Ruffing, Hg. 2013. Kant und die Philosophie in weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Akten des XI. Kant-Kongresses 2010. Berlin: De Gruyter, S. 517-534. Findlay, J. N., 1981. Kant and the Transcendental Object. A Hermeneutic Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Friedman, M., 1992a. Causal Laws and the Foundations of Natural Science. In: P. Guyer, Hg. 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161-199. Friedman,...

... epistemological problematics: 1) the homogeneity of the consciousness of external things and self-consciousness, and 2) the unity of experience created by the end-goals of the pure application of reason. In conclusion, I examine Kant’s hypothesis that the transcendental affinity of phenomena creates the homogeneity of mental acts, and that objective reality is the key and most telling prerequisite of the homogeneity of experience. Agafonov, A. Yu., 2003. Osnovy smyslovoj teorii soznaniya [The Fundamentals of the Semantic Theory of Consciousness]. Saint Petersburg: Rech’. (In Rus....

... ‘gegenstänslich’) representation. It would be unwise to identify appearance with thing-in-itself, which was characteristic of pre- Kantian philosophy (naïve realism), or appearance with representation, which was the case in phenomenalist interpretations of transcendentalism à la Berkley (interpretation of two objects). Kant’s appearance, as emphasised in BXXVII of his Critique, is an appearance of an object (thing-initself), which — although implicitly — suggests a semantic relationship of reference. Appearance (as a sign) is impossible without what ...

... the topos “odyssey of the spirit”. Based on Petr Rezvykh’s hypothesis on the formative significance of this teaching for the early period of Schelling’s work I interpret Schelling’s dialectics of the ideal and the real, the subjective and objective in self-consciousness as a reworking of Kant’s antithesis of the transcendental assertion and transcendental negation. I argue that Schelling’s main method seeks to turn the Kantian critical order of presentation (from the conditioned to conditions) into a systematic one (from the unconditional to the conditioned)....

... the nature (specific) of the mathematics]. In: Vestnik RHGA, T. 14, vyp. 3, 2013. s. 172—177. 15. Katrechko, S. L. 2014а, Transcendental'nyy analiz matematicheskoy deiatel'nosti: abstraktnye (matematicheskie) ob'ekty, konstrukcii i dokazatel'stva [Transcendental analysis of mathematics: abstract (mathematical) objects, constructions and proofs]. In: Dokazatel'stvo: ochevidnost', dostovernost' i ubeditel'nost' v matematike [Proof: evidence, credibility and convincing sequences in mathematics. Moscow Study in the Philosophy of Mathematics], Moscow, s. 86—120....

... formal understanding of the consequent in the consequence’s antecedent. I put forward the hypothesis that in his logical taxo­nomy, Kant attempted to reconcile the substitutional interpretation of formal consequences and a formal analysis of the transcendental relations of objects of experience. However, if we interpret the limi­tations imposed by transcendental logic on the power of judgement in the spirit of the scholastic ontology of transcendental relations, it would contradict Kant’s critique of dogmatic ontology....

... principles and their justification in relation to a subjective deduction. Kant offers with the subjective deduction, as introduced in the “Preface” (of the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason) and again in the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic”, a first argumentative strategy, which differs from the objective one but provides “some objective validity” (KrV, A 664 / B 692; Kant, 1998, p. 602) and therefore has systematic importance for the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity. My aim is to offer immanent strategies for a justification ...

... and A. W. Wood. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. Katrechko, S. L., 2021. Kant’s “Idea [Project] of Transcendental Philosophy”. Studies in Transcendental Philosophy, 1(1), [online] Available at: < ">http://ras.jes.su/transcendental/s123456780008967-4-1> ; [Accessed 01 Au­gust 2021]. Katrechko, S. L., 2021. The Ambivalent Character of the Kantian Notion of Appearance: The Objective-Objectual (‘gegenständlich’) Nature of Appearances as ‘Objects of Experience’. In: C. Serck-Hanssen and B. Himmelmann, eds. 2021. The Court of Reason: Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress. Oslo, 6-9 August 2019. Berlin & Boston: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 319-327. Kornilaev, L., 2021. Kant’s ...

... the essence, structure and the peculiarities as well as the differences between the deduction of experience and the deduction of freedom. I single out the following features of the two types of deduction. First, theoretical use of reason is aimed at objects while practical reason is aimed at noumena, the foundations of will and freedom. Second, the transcendental deduction of space and time, as well as the deduction of categories, is preceded by transcendental reduction, which is absent in the deduction of freedom. Third, Kant orients the methodological movement of deductions in opposite directions....

..., R. 2017, Kant, Radical Agnosticism, and Methodological Eliminativism about Things-in-themselves, in: Contemporary studies in Kantian Philosophy. no. 2, pp. 38—54. Howell, R. 2017, Analytic Work on Kant — Idealism, Things-in-themselves, and the Object of Knowledge, in: Kantovsky sbornik [Kantian Journal], vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 31—50. (In Russ.) Jacobi, F. H. 1994, David Hume on Faith or Idealism and Realism. A Dialogue. [Supplement. On Transcendental Idealism], in: The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill, transl. by G. di Giovanni. Montreal, Kingston, London, Buffalo, pp. 253—338. Katrechko, S. L. 2018, Report of the “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy,...

... interpretations: the creationist interpretation, whereby a priori structures of understanding and reason create objects of experience; the moderate interpretation, in which a priori structures of understanding and reason objectify and identify intuitions; and the transcendental realist interpretation, which presents objects of experience as objectively existing. I then analyse the “polemical” style of the reading of Kant presented in the works of H. J. Paton, P. F. Strawson, J. Bennett, and others. This approach focuses on the problem of the possibility of experience,...

... thesis is proven in three steps. First, the notion of ‘appearance’ is considered as ontologically identical to the thing in itself. Then, the author proposes her own reconstruction of Kant’s transcendental theory of experience and analyses the transcendental structure of experience to demonstrate the realistic status of Kant’s cognitive objects. In conclusion, the author stresses the significance of Kant’s project from the perspective of the contemporary theory of cognition. 1. Kant, I. 2006а, Kritika chistogo razuma. 2e izd. [The Critique of Pure Reason. 2nd ed.], in: Kant I. ...

... of Things in Themselves”, in: Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47, p. 355—382. 14. Howell, R. 1979, A Problem for Kant, in: E. Saarinen et al., eds., Essays in Honour of Jaakko Hintikka, Dordrecht, p. 331—349. 15. Howell, R. 1992, Kant’s Transcendental Deduction, Dordrecht. 16. Howell, R. 2004, The Conundrum of the Object and Other Problems from Kant, in: Kantian Review, vol. 8, p. 115—136. 17. Howell, R. 2007, Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy — Recent Analytic Interpretations, in: Istoriko-Filosofskiy Almanach [History-of-Philosophy-Yearbook], vol. 2, p. 100—114....

... 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40961-021-00244-8 . Schäferling, K., 2022. Meillassoux’s Reinterpretation of Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic. Open Philosophy, 5(1), pp. 702-717. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0224 . Schopenhauer, A., 2010.... .... Janaway. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 441-565. Stoliarova, O. E., 2019. Kant’s Copernican Revolution as an Object of Philosophical Retrospection. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science, 56(4), pp. 219-236. https://doi.org/10.5840/eps201956477 ...

... [Kant’s Philosophy of History: Anthropological and Socio-Political Aspects]. Minsk: RIVSH. 2015. (In Rus.) Rozhin, N. V., 2001. Problema ob”ektivnoj dostovernosti znaniya v evropejskoj filosofii (ot R. Dekarta do L. Vitgenshtejna) [The Problem of Objective Reliability of Knowledge in European Philosophy (from R. Descartes to L. Wittgenstein)]. Minsk: BSU. (In Rus.) Rouba, M. V., 2020. The Paradox of Kant’s Transcendental Subject in German Philosophy in the Late Eighteenth Century. Каntian Journal, 39(2), pp. 7-26. Rumyantseva, T. G., 2004. Filosofiya I. Kanta [Philosophy of I. Kant]. Minsk: BSU, 2004. (In Rus.) Rumyantseva, T. G., 2008. Nemeckaya transcendental’naya ...

... Kant’s philosophy since his student days, Lapshin gradually came to the conclusion that the need to clarify and develop Kant’s transcendental method was dictated by the development of scientific knowledge. Indeed, the works of the Russian neo-Kantian contain ... ... developed their own “mechanism” of reducing space and time to a range of intellectual procedures for the construction of the object of knowledge. In Cohen’s account space and time pre-establish the language of observation and found all scientific-theoretical ...

... Conceptions of Conceptualism and Nonconceptualism. Erkenntnis, 65(2), pp. 245-276. Dickerson, A. B., 2004. Kant on Representation and Objectivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dretske, F., 2002. Conscious Experience. In: A. Noë, E. Thompson, eds. 2002.... ... Perception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 419-442. Falkenstein, L., 1995. Kant’s Intuitionism. A Commentary on the Transcendental Aesthetic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Ginsborg, H., 2006. Kant and the Problem of Experience. Philosophical ...

... that affects our sensibility. The second variant is based on the question ‘On what ground rests the relation of what we call representation in us to the object?’, as Kant put it in his letter to Herz. The subjective thing in itself is defined as a transcendental object and/or phenomenon. It is emphasised that, in a certain sense, the second variant of S. L. Katrechko’s interpretation antecedes Husserl’s phenomenology, which introduced a substantive a priori justification of human experience. This is a realist ...

... Evolution of Epistemology to Evolutionary Epistemology: Two Modern Re-Interpretations of Immanuel Kant’s Fundamental Principles of Transcendental Philosophy. Edinburgh: HARALEX Publishing House. Howell, R., 2013. Kant and Kantian Themes in Recent Analytic Philosophy.... ... at: < https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/nicolai-hartmann/> ; [Accessed 27 May 2019]. Popper, K., 1994. Objective Knowledge. An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, C. U. M., 1991. Kant and Darwin. Journal ...

... distorting the required purity of the form when taken together. In effect, they turn out to be either motives for searching for transcendental principles or example s targeted at a certain type of readers and political agents. Identifying the role of publicity ... ... 78—81. 14. Krouglov, А. N. 2014, Nesovershennoletie i zadacha istinnogo preobrazovanija obraza myshlenija [Immaturity and the Objective of a True Reform in Ways of Thinking], in: Kantovskij sbornik [Kant’s Compendium]. No. 49(а), 50(б). 15. Salikov,...

... has to justify conditions that enable the acquisition of rational claims. The justification of the claim of practical reason that faith is a necessary precondition of one‘s moral conduct has now to be understood as complementary to the result of the transcendental deduction of the categories, namely the restriction of theoretical reason to the sensible world. Faith in God’s grace does not represent objective knowledge. As transcending objective knowledge, however, faith refers to the theoretically inexplicable awareness of moral obligation, and with it the idea of an intelligible world, as a necessary precondition of one’s moral conduct in the ...

... transcendental philosophy as a special transcendental paradigm (a special type of philosophical research) differing from both the "objective" metaphysics of Antiquity and the "subjective" metaphysics of Modernity (the metaphysics of an object (transcendent metaphysics; meta—physics) — experience (transcendental metaphysics) — the metaphysics of the subject (immanent metaphysics; meta—psychology)). For this purpose, the author introduces suchnew methodological concepts as “transcendental ...

... Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Allison, H. E., 2015. Kant’s Transcendental Deduction. An Analytical-Historical Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bader, R. M., 2017. Inner Sense ... ... Jr. University Park: Pennsylvania State University. Shoemaker, S., 1994. Self-Knowledge and “Inner Sense”. Lecture I: The Object Perception Model. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 54(2), pp. 249-269. Strawson, P. F., 1982. Imagination and ...

... this school of thought. 1. Alekseev (Askol'dov) S. A. 1912. Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kozlov. [Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kozlov], Moscow, VIII+223 p. 2. Alekseev (Askol'dov) S. A. 1914. Vnutrenniy krizis transtsendental'nogo idealizma [The inner crisis of transcendental idealism], Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii [Problems of philosophy and psychology], no. 125, p. 781—796. 3. Belov V. N. 2000. Neokantianstvo. Ch. I: Vozniknovenie neokantianstva. Marburgskaya shkola. German Kogen [Neo-Kantianism. Pt. ...

... J. N. Tetens sets out to justify the possibility and necessity of metaphysics as a general speculative science. His primary objective is to defend metaphysics against the opponents, the most serious of which, in Tetens’s opinion, is D. Hume. In this ... ... metaphysics require a common basic science, which would define their status of theoretical sciences. Tetens calls such science ‘transcendental philosophy’, since its notions are transcendental. Having rejected reductionism and the related metaphysical ...

Kant’s transcendental philosophy (transcendentalism) focuses on both the human method of cognition in general [CPR, B25] and certain types of cognition aimed at justifying their objective significance. This article aims to explicate Kant’s understanding (resp. justification) of the abstract nature of mathematical knowledge (cognition) as the “construction of concepts in intuition” (see: “to construct a concept means to ...

... and opponent, the Russian Kantian A. I. Vvedensky; moreover, he proved the inconsistency of Vvedensky’s interpretation of transcendental philosophy. It is shown that the experience of translating CPR and the critical analysis of Kant’s epistemology ... ... complications that emerged in the history of philosophy and develop his own complete and organic worldview. Moreover, there arose an objective need for a new CPR translation, since some intellectuals were not satisfied with that made by N. M. Sokolov. The article ...

... proceeded from a given definite to the definable that is contained in it. Therefore in his philosophy analytic judgments became full-fledged cognitive acts, which differed from the synthetic ones only in that they provided cognition not of some new objects, but of the ones which had already been thought of. Thereby Maimon substantially broadened the area of analytic judgments at the cost of the synthetic ones, which ultimately allowed him to reinterpret the relation of the formal and transcendental logic, and also to subject the formal logic itself to a thorough revision. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Логика Канта и метафизика Стросона // Кантовский сборник. 2011. Вып. 37. С. 7—17....

... resolve this dichotomy using Bruno Latour’s methodology on the theories of Immanuel Kant and Moritz Schlick. To do so, I propose not to reduce the theory of consciousness to one interpretation, but to consider conscious experience as a “boundary object” between the spheres of the private and the public, the accessible and the qualitative, the unique and the reproducible. Through the “practice of translation” I demonstrate the failure of ontologies of conscious experience proposed by both ...

In the article the question is raised about the Kantianism of E. T. A. Hoffmann on the example of the story from “The night stories”, which shows that the transcendental reflection as an important gnoseological form makes the practical sense in the human life. 1. Берковский Н. Я. Э. Т. А. Гофман // Берковский Н. Я. Романтизм в Германии. СПб., 2001....

The article raises the question about the Kantianism of E. T. A. Hoffmann displayed in the story from “The night stories”, which shows that the transcendental reflection as an important gnoseological procedure has important practical sense in the human life. 1. Berkovskij N. Ja. Je. T. A. Gofman // Berkovskij N. Ja. Romantizm v Germanii. SPb., 2001. 2. Gjorres J. Aforizmy ob iskusstve… // ...

... imagination faculty draws its image schemas. This field is the horizon of objectness, i.e. the possibility of emergence of non-empirical objects, including being. Being, then, is not a Kantian noumenon, not an X, but a sensible, albeit non-empirical, object created by the power of imagination, a correlate of everything cognisable. So understood, being is created by the human, therefore it is not transcendent but immanent to him/her. I also note that in characterising being Heidegger gradually moves from “time” to “work of art” in the frame of which the power of imagination does not simply reflect reality, but creates multiple diverse ...

Kant’s solution for the problem of freedom of the will rests on his transcendental idealism and its differentiation of appearances and things in themselves. Human beings, with their bodies and observable inner and outer activities, are objects of perception (empirical intuition) and therefore appearances. These are only the appearances of their noumenal selves. Human beings are determined by laws of nature in all their perceivable alterations which include all their actions, but their ...

... and the “transcendentalism of the medium.” The transcendentalism of the subject assigns a central role to the faculties of the cognising subject (according to Kant, cognition is not the conforming of a subject’s intuitions and understanding to objects, but rather the application of a subject’s cognitive faculties to them). The transcendentalism of the medium assigns the role of an “active” element neither to the external world nor to the faculties of the cognising subject, but to something in between — language, in the case of “linguistic Kantianism.” I conclude that ...

... (apart from its primary function) additionally regarded as a fourth-level architectonic concept when explicitly conceived as an object of (e. g. philosophical) studies, i. e. from a mere methodological perspective. In the final section (III), I unveil the ... ... Übergangs zur postkonventionellen Moral. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Apel, K.-O., 1994a. Selected Essays, Volume 1: Towards a Transcendental Semiotics. Edited by E. Mendieta. New Jersey: Humanities Press. Apel, K.-O., 1994b. From a Transcendental-Semiotic ...

... a solution to this problem is determined by the implicitly or explicitly accepted image of logic, whose key parameter is the object of logic or, in other worlds, the ideas about the nature of the logical and, therefore, the ideas about the boundaries ... ... relationship between formal and informal logic]. Moscow. 7. Zeebom T. M. 1992, Logika ponyatij kak predposylka kantovskoj formal'noj i transcendental'noj logiki [The logic of concepts as a prerequisite for Kant's formal and transcendental logic] In: Kantovskij ...

... is defined by the Russian thinker through the inexhaustible set of problems ‘ensuring’ eternal and continuous progress of objective cognition. According to Sesemann, the opposite of a rational, conceptual, mediated element of cognition is an irrational,... ... transcen¬dent¬nom immanentizmie i dualizmie voobshche. Vtoroje, bolschoje specialnoje vvedenije v trans-cendentalizm [About immanent transcendentalism, transcendental im¬manentism and dualism altogether. The second, more special introduction to the tran¬scendentalism] ...

... is characterised as methodological, whereas that of Kant as reflective. Kant’s “transcendental criticism” is based on transcendental reflection, whereas J. Jungius’s “methodological criticism” requires that critique is grounded in immediate ... ... the following principles adopted by Kant: sensible experience and reason are necessary components of cognition, the initial object of cognition is the phenomena of sensible experience, sensible intuitions are a necessary but insufficient basis for the ...

... metaphysical deduction. I therefore interpret the categories of freedom consistently from the table of judgements and reconstruct their conceptual content from the functions of thinking underlying each category. Furthermore, Kant justifies by means of a transcendental deduction the fact that the categories of freedom necessarily relate to all objects of the will. I argue that the categories are concepts constitutive for the object of the will: the role they play is that of the functions of willing an object. Finally, I show that the categories of freedom reach beyond Kant’s foundation of ...

... the analysis of subjectivity, the complete elimination of psychological motives and the separation of transcendentalism from transcendentism. These principles enable Salagov to ground a three-part structure of cognition (consciousness, being, committing ... ... Philosophy, 2(21), pp. 45-58. (In Russ.) Frank, S. L., 1995. Predmet znaniia ob osnovakh i predelakh otvlechennogo znaniia [The Object of Knowledge. Principles and Limitations of Conceptual Cognition]. In: S. L. Frank, 1995. Predmet znaniia. Dusha cheloveka ...

... Lossky and Semyon Frank. I demonstrate that the emergence of these doctrines and the development of their onto-gnoseological categorial apparatus were mainly connected with the criticism of the Neo-Kantian theory of cognition and the possibility of transcendent knowledge as such. The main sources of my study are The Intuitive Basis of Knowledge and The World as an Organic Whole by N. O. Lossky and The Object of Knowledge and The Unknowable by S. L. Frank. My investigation makes it possible to treat Lossky’s categorial framework as the representation of a system of levels of the universe each of which is characterised by two aspects: the ontological,...

... (KME) about things in themselves says that for the purposes of the theory of real (i. e., anthropocentric, “humanfaced”) transcendental idealism we can completely ignore things in themselves. In this paper the author unpacks and defends both KRA and ... ... rabota nad Kantom — idealizm, veshhi v sebe i ob#ekt znanija [Analytic Work on Kant — Idealism, Things in Themselves, and the Object of Knowledge], in: Kantovsky Sbornik [Kantian Papers]. Vol 36. Issue 2. 4. Hume, D. 1996, Issledovanija o chelovecheskom ...

... numerous representatives. In this tradition, a language expression, i.e. an expression that has meaning, is determined by the objectively ideal character of the meanings (“rules”) given through the subject’s intellectual acts. The main task is to ... ... Spirit. Translated by A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Husserl, E., 1970. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy. Translated by D. Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University ...

... Kant’s Refutation of the Ontological Proof. Philosophy, 52(199), pp. 90-92. Heathwood, Ch., 2011. The relevance of Kant’s objection to Anselm’s ontological argument. Religious Studies, 47, pp. 345-357. Heidegger, M., 1969. The Onto-theo-logical Constitution ... ... 2 (Descartes et l’Allemagne), pp. 37-250. Protopopov, I. A., 2012. The Problem of Ontological Proof and the Concept of the Transcendental Ideal in Philosophy of Kant. Einai. Filosofiya. Religiya. Kul’tura [Einai. Philosophy. Religion. Culture], 1 ...

... the few centres of Jesuit philosophy that survived in the territory of the Russian Empire in the early nineteenth century. The object of this study is the attempt at a critical analysis of Kant made in the Philosophical Instructions for Students at the ... ... Angiolini drew from the Scholastic tradition is analysed through the use of the concepts that are common to both trends, such as the transcendental, the empirical and the sensible, self-evident truths and common sense. Angiolini, J., 1819. Institutiones ...

... and to connect them. Self-consciousness is the mode of the functioning of consciousness which makes it possible to study three objects of consciousness: internal and external representations of the subject, the synthetic activity of understanding and our ... ... self-consciousness because his concept of consciousness follows the Leibniz-Wolffian tradition. Allison, H., 1983. Kant’s Transcendental Idealism. New Haven: Yale University Press. Ameriks, K., 2000a. Kant and the Fate of Autonomy: Problems in the ...

... the phenomenon is absolute. Fink’s position is interesting in that it differs from the views of the main representatives of transcendental philosophy, Kant and Husserl. According to Fink, appearing is the foundation of the fact that what exists is and ... ... (Husserl): with Fink, appearance (or, as Fink constantly writes, “appearing”) turns out to be the condition of the existence of objects. Appearance, understood through the prism of the human being which perceives something as Vorschein, implies an inherently ...