Поиск

... and Reed, S. (2001) Conditionals: A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis, Mouton de Gruyter. Dutilh Novaes, C. (2009) ‘Surprises in Logic’, Logica Yearbook 2009, London: College Publications. Evans, J., Newstead, S.L. and Byrne, R.M. (1993) Human reasoning: the psychology of deduction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove, Sussex. Evans, J. (1998) ‘Matching bias in conditional reasoning: Do we understand it after 25 years?’, Thinking and Reasoning, no. 4, pp. 45–82. Fiddick, L., Cosmides,...

... R.M.J. (1989) ‘Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals’, Cognition, vol. 31, 1989, рр. 61–83. Carnap, R. (1937) The Logical Syntax of Language, New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1937. Evans, J., Newstead, S.L. and Byrne, R.M. (1993) Human reasoning: the psychology of deduction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove, Sussex. 1993. Fiddick, L., Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (2000) ‘No interpretation without representation: the role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason ...

... (2014) ‘A. E-reasoning: between digital humanities and e-science’, Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 10th International Conference on e-Science, p. 33–35. Dung, P.M. (1995) ‘On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming, and n-person games’, Artificial Intelligence 77, p. 321-357. Glazer J., Rubinstein, A. (2006) ‘A study in the pragmatics of persuasion: a game theoretical approach’, Theoretical Economics 1, p. 395-410. Goldman, A....

... 4. Govier T., A Practical Study of Argument. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 2010. Р. 417. 5. Mercier H. 2012. Looking for Arguments // Argumentation. Vol. 26(3). P. 305-324. 6. Mercier H. 2012. Some Clarifications About the Argumentative Theory of Reasoning: A Reply to Santibáñez Yañez (2012) // Informal Logic. Vol. 32(2). P. 259–268. 7. Mercier H., Sperber D. 2011. Argumentation: its adaptiveness and efficacy// Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Vol. 34(2). P. 94–111. 8. Mercier H., Sperber ...

... рассуждений – 4: аргументация и риторика, Калининград, 2011, сс 52-66 2. Dunn J. M., Partiality and its Dual, Studia Logica, 2000, 65, pp. 5-40. 3. Harman G. Internal Critique: a logic is not a theory of reasoning and a theory of reasoning is not a logic // Handbook of the Logic of Argument and Inference (Studies in Logic and Practical Reasoning) by D.M. Gabbay, North Holland, 2002. 4. Russel B. Our Knowledge of the External World: as a Field for Scientific ...

.... Важнейшие концепции теории аргументации. – СПб., 2006 2. Зайцев Д.В. Теория и практика аргументации. – М., 2007. 3. Bench-Capon T., Prakken H. Using Argument Schemes for Hypothetical Reasoning in Law, 2011 to appear in Artificial Intelligence and Law 4. Blair J. A. Perelman Today on Justice and Argumentation // Proceedings of the 3rd Tokyi Conference on Argumentation, the Law and Justice / Ed. T. Suzuki, T.Kato, and Kubota A., Tokyo,...

... системной модели аргументации // Рацио.ru, 2016, № 17(1), с. 30-54. Ольга Владимировна Малюкова рассуждение, аргументация, риторика, девиантность 102–110 reasoning, argumentation, rhetoric, deviance The problem of «back to the arguments» can be characterized as the key problem of logic, because logic is defined as the science of correct reasoning. Logic studies the laws and forms of correct reasoning....

... общество, 2001 7. Пирс Ч.С. Рассуждение и логика вещей. М.: РГГУ, 2005 8. Alcolea-Banegas J. Visual Arguments in Film // Argumentation, 2009, 23, рр. 259–275 9. Allwein, G., Barwise, J., eds. Logical Reasoning with Diagrams. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1996 10. Anderson, M., Meyer, B., Ovier, P. Diagrammatic Representation and Reasoning, Springer, 2002 11. Glasgow, J., Narayanan, N., and Chandrasekaran, B., eds. Diagrammatic Reasoning, Cognitive ...

... по логике, истории философии и социальной философии. Калининград. 2006. С. 17—30. 7. Bondarenko A., Dung P. M., Kowalski R. A., Toni F. An abstract, argumentation-theoretic approach to default reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 93(1—2):63—101, 1997. 8. Dung P. M. On the Acceptability of Arguments and Its Fundamental Role in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Logic Programming, and n-person games. Artificial Intelligence, 77 (1995): 321—357. 9....

... 2000в. С. 326—343. Шалак В. И. Об истоках множественности логик // Философский журнал. 2022. Т. 15, № 4. С. 88—97. doi: 10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-4-88-97. Boghossian P., Williamson T. Blind Reasoning // Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 2003. Vol. 77, № 1. P. 225—248. Byrne R. M. Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals // Cognition. 1989. Vol. 31, № 1. P. 61—83. Conant J. In search of logically alien thought: Descartes,...

... 89-100(12). 30. Ripley. M. L. Arumentation Theorists argue if an Ad is Argument \\ Argumentation (2008) 22 (4). 31. Van der Vate Jr D. (1975а). Appeal to Force \\ Philosophy and Rhetorics (1975) 8 (1). PP. 43-60. 32. Van der Vate Jr D. (1975б). Reasoning and threatening. A reply to Yoos. Philosophy and Rhetorics (1975) 8 (3). 33. Walton D. A Reply to R.Kimball. www.dougwalton.ca/papers%20in%20pdf/07ThreatKIMB.pdf (09.11.2009) 34. Walton D. Scare tactics: arguments that appeal to fear and ...

... Annual Review of Psychology. 2008. Vol. 59. Pp. 617-645. Deduction without awareness / C. Reverberi, D. Pischedda, M. Burigo, P. Cherubini // Acta psychologica. 2012. Vol. 139, no. 1. Pp. 244-253. Johnson-Laird P. N., Byrne R. M. J., Tabossi P. Reasoning by model: The case of multiple quantication // Psychological Review. 1989. Vol. 96. Pp. 587-597. Quiroga R. Q. Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2012. Vol. 13. Pp. 587-597. ...

... universals in language usage. Cam­bridge, 1987. P. 56—311. 15. Leech G. N. Principles of Pragmatics. L., 1983. 16. Niсoloff F. Threats and Illocutions // Journal of Pragmatics. 1989. Vol. 13, iss. 4. P. 501—522. 17. Ohm E., Thompson V. Everyday reasoning with inducements and ad­vice // Thinking and Reasoning. 2004. Vol. 10, № 3. Р. 241—272. 18. Probst N., Shkapenko T., Tkachenko A., Chernyakov A. Speech act of threat in everyday conflict discourse: production and perception // Lege Artis....

... // Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic / ed. by J. M. Dunn, G. Epstein. — D. Reidel, 1977a. Belnap N. How a Computer Should Think // Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy / ed. by G. Ryle. — Oriel Press, 1977b. Bochman A. Explanatory Nonmonotonic Reasoning. Vol. 4.—World Scientic Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2005. — (Advances in Logic). Pietz A., Rivieccio U. Nothing but the truth // Journal of philosophical logic. — 2013. — Vol. 42, no. 1. — P. 125—135. Shramko Y., Zaitsev D., Belikov ...

... search and justification of truth – objective or conventional adopted. Here's proof consists essentially in search of supporting evidence, their assessment and the establishment of what is best they are proving the hypothesis. The build demonstrating reasoning, which is considered a proof in the deductive Sciences, in many other areas not necessarily. In different areas of knowledge criteria of viability and acceptability of various pieces of evidence. Some is formal-deductive rigor, in others – ...

... Cambridge University Press. Walton, D. (1996) Argument Structure: A Pragmatic Theory, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Walton, D., Tindale, C. and Gordon, T. (2014) ‘Applying Recent Argumentation Methods to Some Ancient Examples of Plausible Reasoning’, Argumentation, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 85-119. Ангелина Сергеевна Боброва теория аргументации, способы проверки рассуждений, субъект ориентированный ...

... Сочинения: В 18 т. / АН СССР. Ин-т мировой лит. им. А. М. Горького. М.: Наука, 1974 — 1982. Т. 4. [Рассказы, юморески], 1885 — 1886. М.: Наука, 1976. С. 93 — 96. 11. Rescher N. Plausible Reasoning: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Plausible Inference. Van Gorcum, Assen/Amsterdam. 1976. 12. Walton D. Rules for Plausible Reasoning // Informal Logic. 1992. XIV.1. P. 33 — 51. 13. Walton D., Reed Ch. Evaluating Corroborative ...

... контент, трансцендентация, экземплификация, отношение тринитарности, неэлиминируемость субъекта, когнитивный разрыв, инфомодель 77-143 logic of reasoning, post-non-classical methodology, cognitive activity, argumentation, persuasions, model, subject, environment, content, transcendentation, exemplification, trinitary relation, non-eliminability of agent, cognitive divide, infomodel The article ...

.... — Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V., 2007, P. 102. 16. Prakken H. Argumentation without arguments. // Argumentation, 2011, 25, P.171. 17. Breadsley M.C. Practical Logic. — Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1950, P.19. 18. Thomas S.N. Practical Reasoning in Natural Language. — Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973. 19. Walton D.N. (1996) Argument Structure: A Pragmatic Theory. — Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996, P.130-134. 20. Finocchiaro M.A. Galileo and the Art of Reasoning: ...

... ‘Теоретические проблемы неформальной логики’, Эпистемология и философия науки, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 85-99. Dung, P.M. (1995) ‘On the Acceptability of Arguments and its Fundamental Role in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Logic Programming, and n-person Games’, Artificial Intelligence, vol.77, pp. 321-357. Hamblin, Ch. (1970) Fallacies, London: Methuen. Lisanyuk, E. (2015) ‘Argumentation, Pavilionis’s Meaning Continuum and Kitchen Debate’, Problemos,...

... 325 – 330. Ангелина Сергеевна Боброва риторика, логика, теория рассуждений, эффективность знаков, классификация наук. 107-116 rhetoric, logic, theory of reasoning, efficiency of signs, classification of sciences. The article is aimed at giving a review of C.S. Peirce's rhetorical theory and introducing the view on logic in the wide sense (logic is another name for semiotics) in the light of rhetoric....

... Stephen Toulmin’s argumentation model is considered as a cognitive one. The author defines the peculiarities of argumentation modelling in the framework of natural languages. An example is drawn to show the determination of the original (the initial reasoning in a natural language) from a text on the basis of Toulmin's model of reasoning. The article states the facts of the a priori representation of the model at the determination of the original and the abstraction from the notion of the formal ...

... контент, трансцендентация, экземплификация, отношение тринитарности, неэлиминируемость субъекта, когнитивный разрыв, инфомодель. 23-65 logic of reasoning, pos-non-classical methodology, cognitive activity, argumentation, persuasions, model, subject, environment, content, transcendentation, exemplification, trinitary relation, non-eliminability of agent, cognitive divide, infomodel. The article ...

... Vielfalt der philosophischen Theorien. Eine Studie zur systemexternen Rechtfertigungsfunktion der Phänomenologie des Geistes. Hamburg : Meiner, 2014. doi: 10.28937/978-3-7873-2720-1. Williamson T. Doing Philosophy: From Common Curiosity to Logical Reasoning. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018. Кант, метафилософия, философия философии, определение философии, дисциплина, область исследования, концептуальный ...

... 47. P. 317—332. Williamson T. Knowledge First Epistemology // The Routledge Companion to Epistemology / ed. by S. Bernecker, D. Pritchard. L. ; N. Y. : Routledge, 2011. P. 208—218. Williamson T. Doing Philosophy: From Common Curiosity to Logical Reasoning. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018. Williamson T. The Philosophy of Philosophy. Hoboken ; Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. Кант, аналитическая философия, концептуальный анализ, лингвистический ...

... Linguistics 18. MITWPL, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy. Cambridge MA, 1999. Davidson D. The Individuation of Events // Essays on Actions and Events / ed. by D. Davidson. Oxford, 1980. P. 163—180. Galton A. Eventualities // Handbook of Temporal Reasoning in Artificial Intelli­gen­ce / ed. by M. Fisher et al. Amsterdam, 2005. Vol. 1. P. 28—59. Giannakidou A. Polarity Sensitivity as (Non)Veridical Dependency. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia, 1998. Haspelmath M. Types of clitics in the world’s languages....

... Gegenständlichkeit in der modernen Logik. Berlin : Reuther & Reichard, 1912. Lanz H. Fichte und der transzendentale Wahrheitsbegriff // Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie. 1913. Bd. 26, H. 1 (Neue Folge, Bd. 19, H. 1). S. 1—25. Lanz H. The Irrationality of Reasoning // The Philosophical Review. 1926. Vol. 35, № 4. P. 340—359. Lanz H. In Quest of Morals. Stanford : Stanford University Press ; L. : Oxford University Press, 1941. Lotze H. Logik. Leipzig : Hirzel, 1874. Stolzenberg J. Recht und Moral. Kant ...

... Understanding sign semiosis as cognition and as self-conscious process: A reconstruction of some basic conceptions in Peirce’s semiotics. Semiotica, 79 (1-2), pp. 1—50, https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1990.79.1-2.1 . Nesher, D., 2018. “What makes a reasoning sound” is the proof of its truth: A re­construction of Peirce’s semiotics as epistemic logic, and why he did not complete his realistic revolution. Semiotica, 221, pp. 29—52, https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016- 0086. Olteanu, A. and Ongstad,...

... Loyalka P., Rozelle S., Wu B. Human Capital and China’s Future Growth // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2017. № 31. P. 25—48. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.25. 12. Mousa M., Molnár G. Computer-based training in math improves inductive reasoning of 9- to 11-year-old children // Thinking Skills and Creativity. 2020. № 37. Art. № 100687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100687. 13. OECD. PISA 2012 Results: Creative problem solving. Students’ skills in tackling real-life problems....

... 12. Эверетт Д. Л. Не спи — кругом змеи! Быт и язык индейцев амазонских джунглей / сост. А. Д. Кошелев. М., 2016 (Разумное поведение и язык. Language and Reasoning). 13. Everett D. Don’t Sleep There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle. Vintage Departures, 2008. 14. Everett D. Language: The Cultural Tool. Profile Books, 2013. 15. Hauser M. D., Yang C., Berwick R. C. et al. The mystery ...

... зрения // Соч. : в 8 т. М. : Чоро, 1994. Т. 7. С. 137—376. Кант И. Критика чистого разума. 2-е изд. // Соч. на нем. и рус. яз. М. : Наука, 2006. Т. 2, ч. 1. Brandom R. Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment. Cambridge ; L. : Harvard University Press, 1994. Ehrsam R. Le problème du langage chez Kant. P. : Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2016. Kitcher P. Kant’s Transcendental Psychology. N. Y. : Oxford ...

... extent further progress of philosophy and exact sciences confirmed (or modified) original Kant ideas? I'm inclined to judge that apriorism in its modest version do not contradict to modest type of empiricism. Real practice of logical and mathematical reasoning provides pry conjunctions of a priori and empirical elements of cognitive processes. We can find their harmonic combinations of mentioned standpoints and thus to confirm the validity of Kant idea related to inherent unity of a priori and empirical ...

... Шопенгауэр А. Мир как воля и представление: в 2 т. Минск, 1999. Т . 2. 11.  Bedau H. A. Casuistry // Encyclopedia of Ethics. 2nd ed. N. Y., 2001. 12.  Jonsen A. R., Toulmin S. The Abuse of Casuistry: a History of Moral Reasoning. University of California Press, 1997. 13.  Kim S. B. The Formation of Kant’s Casuistry and Method Problems of Applied Ethics // Kant-Studien. 100. Jahrgang. 2009. H. 3. S. 332—346. 14.  Kiowsky H. Die intuitive Erkenntnis bei Schopenhauer ...

... education in Australia and New Zealand: an acute response to the COVID-19 pandemic // Anat. Sci. Educ. 2020. № 13 (3). Р. 284—300. doi: 10.1002/ase.1968. 21. Quillin K., Thomas S. Drawing-to-learn: a framework for using drawings to promote model-based reasoning in biology // CBE Life Sci Educ. 2015. № 14 (1). Р. 1—16. doi: 10.1187/cbe.14-08-0128. 22. Rakosky S., Flashner B. M., Doolin J. et al. Five Questions for residency leadership in the time of COVID-19: Reflections of chief medical residents ...

... информационные технологии и ИТ-образование : матер. III Международной научно-практической конференции. М., 2008. 9. Mamdani Е. Н. Application of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic synthesis // IЕЕЕ Transactions оn Computers. 1977. Vol. 26, № 12. Р. 1182—1191. 10. Zadeh L. А. Fuzzy sets // Information and Control. 1965. Vol. 8. P. 338—353

....com/actual%20content/t3v2/3206.php (дата обращения: 15.10.2015). 2. Boole M. E. Collected works : in 4 vols. / ed. by E. M. Cobham. L., 1931. Vol. 2. 3. Boole G. The mathematical analysis of logic, being an essay towards a calculus of deductive reasoning. Cambridge ; L., 1847. 4. Boole G. An investigation of the laws of thought, on which are founded the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities. L. ; Cambridge, 1854. 5. Hailperin T. Boole's Logic and Probability. N. Y., 1986. 6. Jacquette ...

... process of knowledge invention scientists use arguments which have deontic modality. I offer to consider theoretical discourse as deontic. The analysis of several real discoveries which became possible due to application of some methods of rational reasoning is carried out. For instance the discovery of inertial movement by Galileo, invention of ideas of absolute space and absolute time by Newton, H. Weyl’s conception of the calibration transformations space. In all examples of discoveries we ...

..., Provedance: Foris Publications, 1987. P. 81-91. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. Meta-Argumentation: An Approach to Logic and Argumentation Theory. London: College Publications, 2013. 279p. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. Two Empirical Approaches to the Study or Reasoning // Informal Logic. 1994. Vol. 16. No 1.Pp. 1-21. Gross, Allan G., Harmon, Joseph E., Reidy, Michael S. Communicating Science: The Scientific Article from the 17th Century to the Present. New York: Oxord University Press, 2002. 267p. Toulmin ...

... Семантика, логика, язык, Британия, XIX век, рассуждение, класс, символическая алгебра, значение, интерпретация 111-133 semantics, logic, language, Britain, 19 century, reasoning, class, symbolic algebra, meaning, interpretation. The formation of theoretical foundations for logical semantic as well as initial stages of the development of basic semantical concepts in the British logic of 19th century is viewed in the ...

... ‘Husserl’s Theory of Meaning and Reference’, in Haaparanta L. (ed.) Mind, Meaning and Mathematics. Essays on the Philosophy of Husserl and Frege, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster, Kluwer, pp. 163-183. Stenning, K. and van Lambalgen, M. (2008) Human reasoning and cognitive science, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Stillings, N., Weisler, S., Chase, C., Feinstein, M., Garfield, J. and Rissland, E. L. (1995) Cognitive Science: An Introduction, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Vandevelde, P. (2008) ...

... Konstantin Markin v. Russia (Application no. 30078/06) Judgment. Strasbourg. 22 March 2012, [Online], http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-109868, [19.11.15]. Dung, P. M. (1995) ‘On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games’, Artificial Intellegence, vol. 77, pp. 321-357. Partly dissenting opinion (2012) ‘Partly dissenting opinion of judge Nußberger joined by judge Fedorova’ in Case of Konstantin Markin v. Russia (Application ...

... Confirmation Theory, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Howson, C. (2000) ‘Evidence and Confirmation’, in Newton-Smith W.H. (ed.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 108-116. Howson, C. and Urbach, P. (2006) Scientific Reasoning: the Bayesian Approach, 3rd edition, Chicago and La Salle (Ill.): Open Court. Jeffreys, H. (1931) Scientific Inference, Cambridge: C.U.P. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. and Tversky, A. (ed.) (1982) Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,...

... системная модель аргументации, СМА, аргументационная модель топосов, АМТ, анализ рассуждений 53-79 System Model of Argumentation, SMA, Argumentum Model of Topics, AMT, reasoning analysis The paper provides a comparative analysis of two models of argumentation (System Model of Argumentation and Argumentum Model of Topics). I scrutiny similarities and differences of their theories, and demonstrate advantages and disadvantages ...

... 126-143 argumentation, ontology, formal ontologies, argumentation modeling, Basic Formal Ontology This article explores the possibility of solving the problem of building an ontology for model of the world in the recipient's belief system model of reasoning by means of Basic Formal Ontology, describes its main characteristics: a list of categories (universals) within two components of its formal ontologies SNAP and SPAN and provides views of formal relations between them. The article concludes ...

... of interpretation, rhetoric, comprehension, persuasiveness. The modern theory of interpretation besides problems of understanding of the text is engaged also in development of rules of the interpretation directed on perfection of ways of a correct reasoning. This paper addresses the formation of art of rhetoric in its relation with ability of understanding, in particular, with the theory of interpretation. As a basis for research the historico-philosophical material serves.

... University Press, 1995. С. 553-566. 9. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge, 1998. 10. Lemeshevsky, Konstantin. Transcendental Qualification of Syllogistic Inferences. In: Models of Reasoning – 2: Argumentation and Rationality. Kaliningrad, 2008, 214-222. (In Russian) 11. Prospects of Computing Technology Development // AI Reference Aid. Computer Intellectualisation. Ed. By Yu. Smirnov. Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola, 1989, 16 (in Russian)....

... и Время, том 3, вып. 2. Тетенс, И.Н. (2013) О всеобщей спекулятивной философии. Введение, М.: «Канон+"» РООИ «Реабилитация». Benthem, J. (2008) ‘Logic and Reasoning: do the facts matter?’ Studia Logica, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 67-84. Gabbay, D.M. (2005) ‘Preface to the second edition’, Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2-nd Edition, vol. 13, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 7-9. Richards, J. (1980) ‘Boole ...

... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walton, D. (2005) ‘Justification of Argument Schemes’, Australasian Journal of Logic, vol. 3, pp. 1-13. Warnick, B. and Kline, S. (1992) ‘The New Rhetoric’s Argument Schemes: A rhetorical view of practical reasoning’, Argumentation and Advocacy, vol. 29, no.1, pp. 1-15. Дмитрий Владимирович Зайцев аргументация, теория, практика, технологии. 4-15 argumentation, theory, practice, technology....

... view according to which the rhetoric is persuasion art is given. The author believes that the major function of rhetoric is epistemic function, and considers rhetoric and the argumentation as two necessary aspects of a discourse. These are two forms of reasoning (substantiation). The goal of the rhetorical substantiation is production of certain thought, unlike the goal of the argumentative justification is to make this thought acceptable to the listener.

... сильным и слабым. Семантика системы окрестностная. Представлены разбор примера и некоторые общезначимые формулы. 1. Harman G. Change in View: Principles of Reasoning. Cambridge (Mass.), 1986. Р. 1214. Иван Борисович Микиртумов философская логика, аргументация, эпистемическая динамика. 197-222 philosophical logic, argumentation,...