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... of revision of Kant’s ideas, premises, and problems in the first draft of Husserl’s practical philosophy (scientific ethics). Comparative analysis reveals terminological and conceptual similarities and differences between Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophies. Another important result is identifying the principles and departure point ideas for both thinkers. These are a shared understanding of the relationship between theoretical and practical reason, the principle of the ‘purity’ of moral ...

... der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Band 1. Berlin: Akademieverlag. Überweg, F., 1902. Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. 9., neu bearbeitete, mit einem Philosophen- und Litteratoren-Register versehene Auflage. Hg. von M. Heinze. Teil ... ... Osteuropa. Wien: University Press, S. 39-47. Riehl, Kant, Neukantianism, Kulturkampf, Neurath-Haller thesis, postulates of pure practical reason, moral proof of God, immortality of soul Martin Hammer, Josef Hlade 77-111 10.5922/0207-6918-2020-1-4

A stable classification of practical principles into mutually exclusive types is foundational to Kant’s moral theory. Yet, other than a few brief hints on the distinction between maxims and laws, he does not provide any elaborate discussion on the classification and the types ...

... русское: между теорией познания и критикой культуры / под ред. И. Н. Грифцовой, Н. А. Дмитриевой. М., 2010. С. 532—540. 6. Nеоkantianismus: Kulturtheorie, Pädagogik und Philosophie / Oelkers, Schulz, Tenorth (Hrsg.). Weinheim, 1989. Neo-Kantianism, Russian religious philosophy, practical philosophy and philosophical practice. Belov V. 59-65 10.5922/0207-6918-2014-1-4 [text]1. Hessen, S. I. 1998. Izbrannie sochinenija [Selected works], Moscow.2. Hessen, S.I. 1995. Osnovi pedagogiki. Vvedenije v prikladnuju filosofiju [Foundations ...

... shown that, in the late work Philosophical systematics, he identifies autonomous fields of knowledge — those of theory and practice, language and poiesis, creative and artistic work. Each of these fields has its own direction of development,but the ... ... Б. А. Избранное (из философского наследия). М., 2003. 9. Holzhey H. Der Neukantianismus // Philosophie im 20. Jahrhundert : in 2 Bdn.Hamburg, 1992. Bd. 1. S. 19—51. 10. Natorp P. Philosophie. Ihr Problem und ihre Probleme....

..., 1998. Transzendental — 18. Jahrhundert. In: J. Ritter, K. Gründer, G. Gabriel ed., 1998. Histo­risches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Bd. 10. Basel: Schwabe Verlag, pp. 1376-1388. Hinske, N., 1970. Kants Weg zur Transzendentalphilosophie. Stuttgart: ... ... by E. Förster, translated by E. Förster and M. Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1996a. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University ...

... der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Hamburg: Meiner, pp. 1-572. Hegel, G. W. F., 2009. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. In: G. W. F. Hegel, 2009. Gesammelte Werke, Volume 14,1. Herausgegeben von der Rheinisch-Westfälischen ... ... Nikolaev: Tipografiia Chernomorskogo shturmanskogo uchilishcha. (In Rus.) Kant, I., 1897. Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason]. Translated by N. M. Sokolov. St. Petersburg: Izdanie knizhnogo magazina M. V. Popova. (In Rus.) Kant, I., 1908....

Providing space for elucidating key translational issues is not a mundane practice but a privilege only hand-picked texts enjoy, philosophical writings among them. The challenge of translating philosophical discourse is widely recognized but scarcely explored. In this article, translation of philosophical texts is regarded ...

... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2005a. Notes and Fragments. Translated by C. Bowman, P. Guyer and F. Rauscher, edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2005b. The Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 2005. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-603. Kant, I., 2007. The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures. In: I. Kant, Theoretical Philosophy 1755–1770. Translated and edited ...

... human will puts it out of human reach either in thought or in practice. For rational thought it is more natural to imagine the practical reality of the archetype as the embodiment of the authentic man proceeding from God. Using the Gospel narrative about ... ... of Philosophy, 53(3), pp. 485-506. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2015.0042 Rosenkranz, K., 1987. Geschichte der Kant’schen Philosophie. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Sala, G., 2007. „Est Deus in nobis“. Überlegungen zu einer revolutionierenden Interpretation ...

... 1997. The Rationality of Valuing Oneself: A Critique of Kant on Self-Respect. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 35(1), pp. 65-82. Sticker, M., van Ackeren, M., 2018. The Demandingness of Beneficence and Kant’s System of Duties. Social Theory and Practice, 44(3), pp. 405-436. Sticker, M., 2015a. Educating the Common Agent. Kant on the Varieties of Moral Education. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 97(3), pp. 358-387. Sticker, M., 2015b. The Moral-Psychology of the Common Agent — A Reply to Ido Geiger. British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 23(5), pp. 976-989. Sticker, M., 2016. When the Reflective Watch-Dog Barks — Conscience ...

... transcendental deduction (b) has to justify conditions that enable the acquisition of rational claims. The justification of the claim of practical reason that faith is a necessary precondition of one‘s moral conduct has now to be understood as complementary to ... ... theologisch-dogmatischen Quellen. Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe. Fischer, N. und Forschner, M., hg. 2010. Die Gottesfrage in der Philosophie Immanuel Kants. Freiburg: Herder. Fischer, N., 2010a. Vom Rang und Sinn der Gottesfrage in der Philosophie Kants....

... therefore, it is unproductive to speculate whether the Marburg philosopher was a proponent of Kant, Hegel, or Fichte. It seems appropriate to call Hermann Cohen a “Cohenian” and consider his ideas relating to the interaction between theoretical and practical reason and the construction of a rigid and elaborate system con-sisting of verified elements from the perspective of his own system of philosophy, which is complete in its key aspects. This article demonstrates the efforts of the Marburg philosopher ...

... Fichtes Subjektbegriff im Neukantianismus In: J. Stolzenberg and O.-P. Rudolph, eds/ 2013. Wissen, Freiheit, Geschichte: Die Philosophie Fichtes im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Volume 3. Leiden: Brill, pp. 33-46. Zagirnyak, M. Yu., 2012. The Concept of Value ... ... Rickert and its Interpretation in the Philosophy of S. I. Hessen. Kantian Journal, 1(39), pp. 40-44. Neo-Kantianism, Fichte, practical reason, Kant, neo-Fichteanism Kornilaev L.Yu. 76-93 10.5922/0207-6918-2022-4-4

My aim is to demonstrate the specificities and differences between transcendental deduction of concepts and deduction of the fundamental principles of pure practical reason in Kant’s metaphysics. First of all it is necessary to examine Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not only the theoretical world of cognition,...

Immanuel Kant’s Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime is examined in the context of the emergence of the epistemological practice of scientific observation. By focusing on the genre-stylistic and semantic-structural features of the text the authors demonstrate the mechanisms of observation as well as the methods of describing the results characteristic of mid-eighteenth ...

... MA and London: Harvard University Press. Forrest, K., 2021. When Machines Can Be Judge, Jury, and Executioner: Justice in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing House. Habermas, J., 2019. Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie. Volume 2: Vernünftige Freiheit: Spuren des Diskurses über Glauben und Wissen. Berlin: Suhrkamp. Herman, B., 1993. The Practice of Moral Judgment. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press. Hochreiter, S., 2020. The Algorithm Can Learn Anything — Good Things as Well as Bad Things. In: M. Hengstschläger, ed. 2020. Digital Transformation and Ethics. Salzburg & ...

... its being estimated impartially. Next I turn to Kant’s works of the critical period in which he is more emphatic in claiming that the moral sense cannot be a criterion in making ethical judgments. However, Kant does not exclude this concept from his practical philosophy, but explains it in a different way from the views both of British sentimentalists and from his own views of the pre-critical period. Accordingly, the moral sense is no longer a sensation, but occupies a place in-between feelings ...

... presenting some textual evidence which vividly contradicts some of the boldest heteronomous renditions of Spinoza’s ethics. Then I move on to argue for the existence of conditions in Spinoza’s thought that make every heteronomous interpretation of his practical philosophy extremely unlikely. These are i) identification of moral value in the quality of an agent’s law-oriented motivation, ii) distinction between human nature as rational and affective, ascribing different sets of laws to each, iii) ...

... philosophische Religionslehre. Kiel, 1795. 22. Schwaiger Cl. Kategorische und andere Imperative. Zur Entwicklung von Kants praktischer Philosophie bis 1785. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1999. 23. Wimmer R. Kants kritische Religionsphilosophie. Berlin ; New York, 1990.... ... 24. Zobrist M. Kants Lehre vom höchsten Gut und die Frage moralischer Motivation // Kant-Studien. 2008. Bd. 99. postulates, practical reason, existence of god, immortality of soul, freedom, highest good, axiom, moral theology, belief, happiness, virtue,...

... by modern radicals who ascribe agency (subjectivity) to non-­human abstractions which cannot possess this property. In theory, Kant grounds the view that humanity should resign itself to the fact of its perspective being limited and local. Kantian practical philosophy provides the traveler with a map of regulative ideas and a “moral compass”, along with an explanation of disruptive factors, offering a working explanation of the situation and its possible outcomes. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” ...

... of Russian Philosophy 1830—1930. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-23. Herzen, A. I., 1979. From the Other Shore & The Russian People and Socialism. Translated by M. Budberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kant, I., 1996a. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Edited and translated by M. J. Gregor. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 139-271. Kant, I., 1996b. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Edited ...

... lead to a negation of philosophy, replacing it with logical, methodological, historical, sociological, psychological, cultural, and other studies. In effect, philosophy is the cognition of the absolute universal in both theoretical (the true being) and practical (the supreme good) terms. ‘Transcendental’ philosophy was conceived as a project to redeem philosophy in the era of burgeoning precise empirical natural science and exact sciences. Kant turned science into a foundation of new metaphysics....

... 1959. Vol. 69, № 2. 5. Guyer P. The Possibility of the Categorical Imperative // The Philosophical Review.1995. Vol. 104, № 3. P. 353—385. 6. Kant I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals // The Cambridge Edition of Works of Immanuel Kant. Practical Philosophy. Cambridge, 1999. P. 37—109. 7. Kant I. The Metaphysics of Morals // Ibid. P. 353—605. 8. Nozik R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford, 1993. 9. Rawls J. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Harvard, 2000. 10. Stroud ...

... the specificities of his reading of Kant have received a fair amount of attention in Russian scholarship, in the ethical field the Russian philosopher’s comments on Kant have passed largely unnoticed. My task is to reveal the link between Kant’s practical philosophy and Lossky’s ethics. A demonstration of the degree of Kant’s influence in this field will enlarge and concretise the current thinking about Lossky’s perception of Kant. We are looking at a whole range of parallels and borrowings....

... M. Knapp, eds. 2021. Wissen und Glauben. Theologische Reaktionen auf das Werk von Jürgen Habermas Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie. Freiburg: Herder, 2021, pp. 224-252. Honneth, A., 2014. Freedom’s Right. The Social Foundations of Democratic Life.... ... Meredith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kant, I., 1996a. An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15-22. Kant, I., 1996b. Groundwork ...

... Neo-Kantianism: Marburg in Russia. Historical-philosophical Essays]. Moscow: ROSSPEN. (In Rus.) Guseynov, A. A., 2024. The Place of Critical Reason in Kant’s System of Critical Philosophy. In: A. A. Guseynov, ed. 2024. Filosofiya i praktika [Philosophy and Practice]. Moscow, Saint-Petersburg: Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, pp. 5-26. (In Rus.) Habermas, J., 1998. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures. Introduction by T. McCarthy, translated by F. Lawrence. Cambridge: Polity Press. Kant,...

... 1999. Correspondence. Translated and edited by A. Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2002. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar, Introduction by S. Engstrom. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.... ... & London & Boston: Kluwer. Maimon, S., 1791. Philosophisches Wörterbuch, oder Beleuchtung der wichtigsten Gegenstände der Philosophie, in alphabetischer Ordnung. Berlin: bei Johann Friedrich Unger. Mikhailov, A. A., 2009. Toward a Forgotten Polemic: ...

... philosophical texts. The concept of non-translation is an acknowledgment of the impossibility of adequately reproducing a philosophical text in another language while preserving its integrity. Particularly interesting for comparison are the concepts and practices of translation/non-translation found in works written during the same period (1920—1940s), which reveal numerous points of contact. All three philosophers reject conventional translation, proposing instead to consider ordinary words as philosophical ...

... Congress, “The Court of Reason”, the related spheres of philosophical inquiry such as metaphilosophy and philosophical methodology, as well as to reveal the main approaches and development trends of transcendental philosophy in “theoretical” and “practical” fields and modern Kant studies, notably transcendental philosophy of language and consciousness. The solution of these tasks will make it possible to raise the question of the prospects of Kantian transcendentalism in relation to the pressing ...

... Novodranova, V. F., 2009. Category of linguistic personality in language for special purposes. In: I. Yu. Ieronova et al., eds. Pelevinskie chteniya —2009 [Pelevin Readings — 2009]. Kaliningrad. pp. 71—77. 3. Kalinnikov, L. A., 1983. Postulates of practical reason in the light of the Kantian philosophy of history. In: L. A. Kalinnikov, ed. Kantovskii sbornik [Kant's collection]. Kaliningrad. pp. 12—26. 4. Vorländer, K., 1977. Immanuel Kant. Hamburg. 5. Gulyga, A. V., 2001. Nemetskaya klassicheskaya ...

... postulate of empirical thinking in general and in constructing a philosophical system where functions of consciousness are substantial elements. The system comprises ‘faculties of the mind’, as Kant calls them, namely, evaluation, cognition, and practical activity and norms. These forms of activity correlate with the world of possibilities, the actual world, and the world of necessity. Grammatical moods correspond to the modal worlds and the ‘faculties of the mind’. All this means that Kant’s ...

... on Kant's own moral philosophy and especially on his concept of obligation. I will conclude by showing to what extent Kant was going beyond the early modern concept of the natural law tradition. 1. Baum, M. 2007, Recht und Ethik in Kants praktischer Philosophie, in: J. Stolzenberg (Hrsg.), Kant in der Gegenwart, Berlin/New York. 2. Bayle, P. 1966, Pensées diverses, écrites à un docteur de Sorbonne, à l’occasion de la comète qui parut au mois de Décembre MDCLXXX, in: Bayle, P. OEuvres diverses,...

... der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Dialektische Philosophie — Societas Hegeliana, Volume 6: Die französische Revolution: Philosophie und Wissenschaften. Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein, pp. 245-249. Rousseau, J. -J., 1995. The Confessions. In: C. Kelly, R.... ... Beethoven. Musiktheorie. Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft, 1, pp. 41-54. Kant, enthusiasm, affect, the good, virtue, motivation, practical reason, Lyotard Stolzenberg J. 40-67 10.5922/0207-6918-2025-1-2

The lectures on natural law delivered by Kant in the winter semester of 1784/85 have recently attracted increasing attention from Kant scholars. Dating back to the 1780s, they elucidate a number of important aspects in the genesis of Kant’s practical philosophy. Firstly, this relates to the formation of the Königsberg philosopher’s views on law. However, the lecture notes (especially the introduction) are of equal importance to understanding certain problems of Kant’s ethical concept ...

... Vorlesung zu Fragen der Ethik. München, 2006. 7. Dörflinger B. Kant über das Böse // M. Kugelstadt (Hg.). Kant-Lektionen. Zur Philosophie Kants und zu Aspekten ihrer Wirkungsgeschichte. Würzburg, 2008. S. 81—107. 8. Leibniz G. W. Die Theodizee. Hamburg,... ... In: Kant, I. Traktaty [Treatises], Saint Petersburg, Nauka.2. Kant, I. 1997, Kritika prakticheskogo razuma (1788) [Critique of Practical Reason (1788)]. In: Kant, I. Sochinenija na russkom i nemeckom jazykah [Works by Russian and German], Moscow, Kami, ...

... Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 20th Edition. Heidelberg: C. F. Müller. Hinske, N. 2023. Würde als Schlüsselbegriff der Philosophie Kants. In: N. Hinske, 2023. Vernunft, Wissen, Glaube. Wege zu einem neuen Berständnis Immanuel Kants. Edited by C.... ... Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 251-377. Kant, I., 1996a. The Metaphysics of Morals (1797). ln: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 365-603. Kant, I., 1996b....

... philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over theoretical reason. The humanity owes its development and existence to practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н. Этика. СПб., 2002. 2. Гуревич П. С. Философская ...

... William James. Volume I. Inheritance and Vocation. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. Putnam, H., 1992. Für eine Erneuerung der Philosophie. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von J. Schulte. Stuttgart: Reclam. Putnam, R. A., Hg. 1997. The Cambridge Companion ... ... Ch., 2001. Die Formen des Religiösen in der Gegenwart. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp. Pragmatism, religion, postulates of pure practical reason, freedom, God, immortality, Kant, Charles S. Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce Nagl L. 43-75 10.5922/0207-6918-2021-4-3

... Schönecker, D., Schulting, D. und Strobach, N., 2011. Kants kopernikanisch-newtonische Analogie. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 59, S. 497-518. Stang, Nick F., 2016: Kant’s Modal Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sturm, Th., 2009.... ... Reason. Kant’s Transcendental Justification of Science. Kant-Studien, 70, pp. 409-424. Wartenberg, Th. E., 1992. Reason and the Practice of Science. In: P. Guyer, Hg. 1992. The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 228-248....

... John Brown, Erhard attempted to formulate such foundations of a theory of medicine that might serve the purposes of medical practice. The last section of the paper develops Kant’s argument on the moral status of an embryo, which is relevant to the ... ... Stuttgart ; N. Y., 1982. 22. Tsouyopoulos N. Die Neue Auffassung der klinischen Medizin als Wissenschaft unter dem Einfluß der Philosophie im frühen 19. Jahrhundert // Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (Organ der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte ...

... Universitätsgeschichte FUM ; Abt. 1 : Quellen zur Universitätsgeschichte). 18. Schwaiger C. Die Vorlesungsnachschriften zu Kants praktischer Philosophie in der Akademie-Ausgabe // Kant-Studien. 2000. Bd. 91, Sonderheft. S. 178—188. 19. Stark W. Nachforschungen zu ... ... nemeckom i russkom iazykah [Works by German andRussian], Мoscow, t. 3.2. Kant, I. 1997б, Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Kritik of Practical Reason], in Kant I. Sochineniya na nemeckom i russkom iazykah [Works by German and Russian], Мoscow, t. 3.3. Kant, ...

... Science. Part A, 29(4), pp. 589-621. Shabel, L., 2003. Mathematics in Kant’s Critical Philosophy: Reflections on Mathematical Practice. New York, London: Routledge. Sutherland, D., 2005. The Point of Kant’s Axioms of Intuition. Pacific Philosophical ... ... Wolff-Metternich, B.-S. v., 1995. Die Überwindung des mathematischen Erkenntnisideals: Kants Grenzbestimmung von Mathematik und Philosophie. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Wolff, C., 1710. Der Anfangs-Gründe Aller Mathematischen Wissenschaften; Erster Theil....

... theology as a scientific discipline concerned with knowledge of god, whereas, in Religion, it is believers with their predispositions and capacities, generic and individual characteristics. Not unlike Critiques, where Kant moves from the theoretical to the practical, studies on religion proceed from the theoretical significance of the idea of God considered in the Lectures to the practical aspects of this idea addressed in the Religion. The Lectures contain a vast body of speculative evidence of the existence ...

... depth and consideration of the sources of these phenomena. Without a philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of law, lawyers will be able to neither understand Kant’s “idealism”, nor explain the connection between this idealism and legal practice. The article presents two strategies corresponding to the spirit of Kant’s constitutional state in the modern Russian conditions: the principle of developing a moral (rather than competent) personality and the principle of population preservation....

... Philosophy and Psychology], 125(5), pp. 797-826. (In Rus.) Ilyin, I.A., 2018. On Resistance to Evil by Force. Translated by K. Benois. Zvolen & London: Taxiarch Press. Kant, I.,1996a. An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Edited by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15-22. Kant, I., 1996b. The Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Edited by M. Gregor, General Introduction by A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge ...

... 1986. Christian Wolff und der Deismus. In: W. Schneiders, ed. 1986. Christian Wolff 1679—1754. Interpretationen zu seiner Philosophie und deren Wirkung. Mit einer Bibliographie der Wolff-Literatur. Hamburg: Meiner, pp. 139-147. Kant, I., 1998. Critique ... ... Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2015. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated and edited by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1987. Critique of Judgement....

... Lives, Who Dies: Medical Miracle Puts Moral Burden on Small Committee. Life, 53(19), pp. 102-125. Allais, L., 2016. Kant’s Racism. Philosophical Papers, 45(1-2), pp. 1-36. Altman, M. C., 2011. Kant and Applied Ethics: The Uses and Limits of Kant’s Practical Philosophy. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. Altman, M. C., 2021. A Consequentialist Argument for Considering Age in Triage Decisions during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Bioethics, 35(4), pp. 356-365. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F., 1994. Principles ...

... make the initial application of freedom possible. The first innovation gives rise to a number of questions as to the justification of maxims, whereas the second leads to the theory of moral self-constitution, which was not completed within Kant’s practical philosophy. Together, they create a voluntaristic image of Kant, which undermines the philosopher’s earlier comparison of freedom with morality (the so called “reciprocity thesis”) — a fact often ignored in secondary sources. Gesinnung,...