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... of the Perceiver’s Body. In: C. Serck-Hanssen and B. Himmelmann, eds. 2021. The Court of Reason: Proceedings of the 13th International Kant Congress. Oslo, 6-9 August 2019. Berlin & Boston: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 1237-1244. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. Katrechko, S. L., 2021. Kant’s “Idea [Project] of Transcendental Philosophy”. Studies in Transcendental Philosophy, 1(1), [online] Available at: < ">http://ras.jes.su/transcendental/s123456780008967-4-1> ; [Accessed 01 Au­gust 2021]. Katrechko, S. L., 2021. The Ambivalent ...

... — Kant on Imaginary Standpoints and the Regulative Role of Reason. Kant Yearbook, 9, pp. 63-72. McFarland, J. D., 1970. Kant’s Concept of Teleology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. McLaughlin, P., 2014. Transcendental Presuppositions and Ideas of Reason. Kant-Studien, 105, S. 554-572. McNulty, M. B., 2015. Rehabilitating the Regulative Use of Reason: Kant on Empirical and Chemical Laws. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 54, pp. 1-10. Medicus, F., 1902. Kants Philosophie der Geschichte....

... suggest differentiating between four levels of use of architectonic ideas, drawing on the metaphor of a well-structured universe as imagined by Kant in his work on the Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. I also claim that each possible idea of reason can be (apart from its primary function) additionally regarded as a fourth-level architectonic concept when explicitly conceived as an object of (e. g. philosophical) studies, i. e. from a mere methodological perspective. In the final section (III),...

This article focuses on the analysis of the problem of evil in Kant’s works. The author attempts at reconstructing the key stages of Kant’s logic of ethics and, on this basis, reconstructs his idea of evil. Of special importance is the analysis and criticism of the anthropology-focused study of the sources of good and evil in the work Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. The author sees the key to understanding Kant’s approach to the problem of evil in the differentiation of the levels ...

... However, it is not explicitly expressed. Instead of this crucial structural element, which would significantly simplify the understanding of such a complicated treatise, the Critique of Pure Reason presents the system of antinomies of the cosmological idea of pure reason. However, these phenomena are not identical — there is a great difference between the antinomy of pure reason and a system of particular antinomies of one of its ideas. The article addresses this complication and the reasons behind it and explicates ...

The concept of appearance within the framework of the transcendental distinction between “appearance” and “thing in itself” is the cornerstone of Kant’s transcendental philosophy. However, its conceptual status seems largely uncertain. This uncertainty is the reason for a wide range of interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism. A paradigmatic example is the contemporary confrontation between the “two objects” theory and the “two aspects” theory. In this paper, I develop a semantico-cognitive ...

... best results in reasoning and who turn out to be the only candidates to par­ticipate in a dispute about truth, as such disputes are possible with neither ideal thinkers nor logical aliens. The concept of logical penalists allows us to illustrate the idea that disputes are possible due not to the differences in opinions among humans, but to the variety of ways to justify them. Bentem, J. van., 2011. Logic and reasoning: how much do facts matter? Voprosy Filosofii [Problems of Philosophy], 12, pp. 67—84 (in Russ.). Boghossian, P. and Williamson, T., 2003. Blind Reasoning. Proceedings of the Aris­totelian Society , 77 (1), pp. 225—248. Byrne, R. M., ...

This paper deals with the “Table of the Categories of Freedom” in the second main chapter of Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. It provides an account of the role these categories are supposed to play and also of their conceptual content. The key ... ... philosophy. They point to the later Metaphysics of Morals in that Kant associates an ambitious system­building claim with them. The idea is therefore that the table of the categories organises the system of moral philosophy. Abaci, U., 2019. Kant’s Revolutionary ...

This paper considers Kant’s transcendental philosophy as a special transcendental paradigm (a special type of philosophical research) differing from both the "objective" metaphysics of Antiquity and the "subjective" ... ... Interpretation and Defense. New Hawen ; L., 2004. 11. Bird G. The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason.Chicago, 2006. 12. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason / eds. Guyer P., Wood A. Cambridge, 1998. 13. Hanna R. Kant and the ...

... ed. 2000. Erfahrung und Urteilskraft. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, pp. 113-148. Willaschek, M., 2018. Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics. The Dialectic of Pure Reason. Cambridge: University Press. Ypi, L., 2017. The Transcendental Deduction of Ideas in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 117, pp. 163-185. Zocher, R., 1958. Zu Kants transzendentaler Deduktion der Ideen der reinen Vernunft. Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 12, pp. 43-58. Zöller, G., 2011. Der negative und positive ...

I show that Kant’s depiction of the christic figure in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason is not contingent but explains how this figure functions in two essential ways: as a representation of a maximum of morality ... ... determined as moral ones; 4) the image of Christ also acts as motivator by encompassing said trans­parency and standard in the idea of moral perfection. These four points show that the image of Christ functions in a dual manner. Points 1) to 3) address ...

The prevailing interpretations of Spinoza’s ethical theory view it as an example of heteronomy in the Kantian sense of the term. I make a case for the claim ... ... ii) distinction between human nature as rational and affective, ascribing different sets of laws to each, iii) endowment of reason with moral content, iv) recognition of the non-subjective notion of goodness. Added to this is my discussion of freedom ...

... analyses Kant’s transcendental philosophy (transcendentalism) and its central concept — the thing in itself is the kind of concept without which it is impossible to enter Kant’s philosophy (a paraphrase of Jacobi’s maxim). Methodologically, transcendentalism ... ... 55—70. 13. Bird, G. 1962 (1974), Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 14. der Boer, K. 2014, Kant’s Multi-Layered Conception of Things in Themselves, Transcendental ...

The philosophy of religion as presented by Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, the founders and main representatives of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism,... ... discussion around the problems of religion began within the Marburg School and still continues among those who study that School. The reason for this is that “fitting” philosophical thinking about the phenomenon of religion into the classical triad of any ...

My aim is to demonstrate the specificities and differences between transcendental deduction of concepts and deduction of the fundamental principles of pure practical reason in Kant’s metaphysics. First of all it is necessary to examine Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not only the theoretical world of cognition, but also ...

My aim is to reconstruct the basic steps and the fundamental idea of Kant’s transcendental deduction of categories as well as Hegel’s interpretation and reframing of Kant’s idea. Hegel’s reading is crucial for two reasons: first, for fixing the basic form of the Kant­ian argument and secondly, for understanding its metaphilosophical relevance. For Hegel, philosophical proof has a specific nature, which distinguishes it from scientific proof and brings it closer ...

This article discusses the problem of correlation between the two fundamental concepts of Kantian philosophy — transcendental reflection and the ideal of pure reason. Based on the analysis of Kant’s three Critiques, the author demonstrates that the ideal of pure reason can be described as a goal that defines the shape of knowledge in any field of activity, whereas transcendental reflection is a means to embody ...

... Epistemology & Philosophy of Science, 56(2), pp. 6-18. (In Rus.) Williamson, T., 2008. The Philosophy of Philosophy. Malden, MA & Oxford & Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. transcendental philosophy, Kant, programmatics, architectonics, metaphilosophy, ideas of reason, Lakatos, research programmes, scientific theory Lewin M. 93-126 10.5922/0207-6918-2021-3-4

The starting point for this study is Kant’s approach to stating the problem of the conditions of possibility of experience and the thesis of the possibility of objects of experience (KrV, В 197). The thesis lends itself to three interpretations: the creationist interpretation, whereby a priori structures of understanding and reason create objects of experience; the moderate interpretation, in which a priori structures of understanding and reason objectify and identify intuitions; and the transcendental realist interpretation, which presents objects of experience as objectively ...

“Lectures on Poelitz’s philosophical theory of religion” are one of the four surviving manuscripts of Kant’s lectures on rational ... ... of rational theology, namely: the concept of theology, arts of natural theology, the idea of highest essence, possible types of arguments for the existent of God and their... ... semester 1783/84, i. e. the period between the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason, and shortly before the publication of Groundwork...

In modern theoretical analytical philosophy, the interest in Kant is primarily due to discussions on the nature of sensory perceptions, on the epistemological status of experience, and on the so-called ‘constructivism’. The conflict of ... ... analytical mainstream in Kant studies, the author argues that Kant’s ‘transcendental idealism’ in the field of the theoretical reason is completely compatible with epistemological realism. Hence, the term ‘thing in itself’ expresses neither ontological ...

... Filosofskiy diskurs o moderne [The philosophical discourse of modenity], Moscow, 416 p. 20. Heidegger, M. 2006, Nitsshe [Nietzsche] in Heidegger, M. Nitsshe: v 2 t. [Nietzsche: in 2 volumes], vol. 1, St. Petersburg. Enlightenment, minority, freedom, mind, idea of reason, difficulties of Enlightenment, myth Rovbo M. V. 41-51 10.5922/0207-6918-2017-1-4

In 1904, the last January issue of the newspaper “Moskoskiye vedomosti” carried an article by Alexey I. Vvedensky,... ... [Theological Bulletin], 1(2), pp. 394-454 (3rd pagin.). (In Rus.) Arnold, T., 2022. Plato’s Ideas in Lotze’s Light — On Husserl’s Reading of Lotze’s Logik. Husserl Studies... ... Alfred Fouillée (Translation from French by D. Vvedensky). Vera i razum [Faith and Reason], 1, pp. 36-48. (In Rus.) (2nd pagin.). (In Rus.) Fouillée, A., 1904b. Nietzsche’s...

This paper defends the doctrine that moral requirements are categorical in nature. My point of departure is John McDowell’s 1978 essay, “Are Moral Requirements Hypothetical Imperatives?”, in which McDowell argues, against Philippa Foot, that moral reasons are not conditional upon agents’ desires and are, in a certain sense, inescapable. After expounding McDowell’s view, exploring his idea that moral requirements “silence” other considerations and discussing its particularist ethos, I address an objection that moral reasons, as McDowell conceives them, are fundamentally incomplete in ways only a full-bloodedly Kantian appeal to ...

Kant’s turn to the subject has changed the epistemological conditions for theology. Four intellectual backgrounds of objections are examined: an Aristotelian and Thomistic teleological order of nature (1); Augustinianism based on original sin ... ... The Rise and Fall of the Kantian Paradigm of Modern Theology. In: P. M. Candler and C. Cunningham, eds. 2010. The Grandeur of Reason. Religion, Tradition and Universalism, with a Foreword by Angelo Cardinal Scola. London: SCM Press, pp. 167-196. Hübenthal,...

In this essay, I specify types of representational content that can be attributed to Kant’s account of representation. The more specific aim is to examine ... ... 64(254), pp. 1-19. Griffith, A. M., 2012. Perception and the Categories: A Conceptualist Reading of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. European Journal of Philosophy, 20(2), pp. 193-222. Grüne, S., 2009. Blinde Anschauung. Die Rolle von Begriffen in Kants ...

... definition. Historians and philosophers have lumped together their various understandings of outlooks that stress the value and importance of human life under the collective... ... three, Marxist humanism, stemmed from late Soviet-era philosophers, who advocated the idea that the human individual as such had a timeless intrinsic value. A second form... ... religiosity rooted in an understanding of the Church Fathers. They rejected the role of reason in evaluating moral choices, relying on faith to reveal objective moral laws...

... philosophy (scientific ethics). Comparative analysis reveals terminological and conceptual similarities and differences between Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophies. Another important result is identifying the principles and departure point ideas for both thinkers. These are a shared understanding of the relationship between theoretical and practical reason, the principle of the ‘purity’ of moral motives and compulsoriness of the a priori, the idea of parallelism between logic and ethics, the interaction between will and mind, and the determining role of the categorical imperative. The author ...

This article analyses the features of Kant’s [transcendental] philosophy, which Kant himself described as transcendental idealism. On the one hand, Kant’s transcendentalism ... ..., p. 426—441. 15. Bird, G., 1962, Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 16. Bird, G., 2006, The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason,...

.... Bloom A. Justice: John Rawls versus the Tradition of Political Philosophy // American Political Science Review. 1975. № 69. P. 648—662. 5. Krasnoff L. How Kantian is Constructivism? // Kant-Studien. 1999. № 90. P. 385—409. 6. Rawls J. The Idea of Public Reason Revisited // The University of Chicago Law Re¬view. 1997. № 3. P. 765—807. 7. Rawls J. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, 2001. 8. Rawls J. Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory // The Journal of Philosophy. 1980. № 9. P. ...

... detail supplementing the negative maxim of independent thinking with a positive maxim of thinking oneself in the position of others and the maxim of consistent and coherent thinking. Moreover, the requirement of independent thinking is limited by the idea of universal human reason, although Kant is not always consistent in distinguishing between reason and understanding in this context. Independentthinking as a search for the ultimate touchstone of truth within one’s reason/ understanding is supplemented with a thought ...

... Kantian Journal, 4(50), pp. 98-100. Belov, V. N., 2015a. Cohens Ethik und ihre Rezeption in der russischen Philosophie des Rechts. IDEA — Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych, 27, pp. 373-381. Belov, V. N., 2015b. Is Hermann Cohen a Neo-Kantian? Kantian Journal, 3(53), pp. 38-45. (In Rus.) Belov, V. N., 2015c. Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. On Hermann Cohen’s Article “Ethical and Historical Motives of Religion”. Judaica Petropolitana. Research on Jewish ...

To reconstruct a critique of the ontological proof of the existence of God in Schelling’s philosophy I examine his interpretation of the ontological argument ... ... be deduced from the concept of the totality of all that is possible and therefore must come before any thought. He interprets reason as having an ecstatic nature which posits precedent undoubted being. This enables Schelling to formulate his own version ...

The article sketches the development of Kant interpretation in analytic philosophy. The author turns to Kant’s transcendental ... ... Kant’s idealism can be accepted and these problems resolved in any way that (i) is reasonably faithful to Kant’s texts, (ii) renders his position consistent (and his... ... problems. However, looser but philosophically valuable reconstructions of Kant’s ideas are possible. The author also comments briefly on Robert Hanna’s, Maja Soboleva’s...

In the Club of Rome report Come on! Capitalism, Short-Termism, Population and the Destruction of ... .... I maintain that this assessment of Kant’s philosophy is groundless and that his ideas allow us both to conduct a more profound diagnosis of the crisis and to propose... .... V., 2010. Fridrikh Yakobi: vera, chuvstvo, razum [Friedrich Jacobi: Faith, Sense, Reason]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya. (In Rus.) Crowe, B., 2023. Jacobi and Philosophy:...

... shown that Kant’s enlightenment is a political project. The author focuses on the philosophical prerequisites and the essence of this project and analyses the difference between the “public” and “private” use of reason. The article emphasises the major significance of this difference for developing the ideal of enlightenment in the field ... ... comprehensive critique of social reality by a citizen capable of self-determination is considered against the background of Rousseau’s ideas, who defended the right of people to revolution. The reconstruction of Kant’s position is followed by a discussion of ...

... which is used in different disciplines from logic to ontology. In the German philosophy of the Enlightenment, this concept was centralto the work of many thinkers. For them... ... general and special metaphysics. It is explained by that the principle of sufficient reason introduced by Leibniz is closely linked to the notion underconsideration. The... ... 1984в, Razmyshlenie o poznanii, istine i ideyah [Meditations on knowledge truth and ideas] in: Leibniz, G. W. Sobranie sochineniy v 4 tomah [Collected works in 4 volumes]...

... Copernicus, N., 1995. On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres. New York: Prometheus Books. Culianu, I.P., 1992. The Tree of Gnosis: Gnostic Mythology from Early Christianity to Modern Nihilism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. Eze, E., 1997. The Color of Reason: The Idea of ‘Race’ in Kant’s Anthropology. In: E.C. Eze, ed. 1997. Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 103-140. Fisette, J. R., 2022. At the Bar of Conscience: A Kantian Argument for Slavery Reparations....

... Critique of Pure Reason. Edited and translated by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2002. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Cambridge and Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. Kant, I., 2006a. An Answer to the ... ... introduction by P. Kleingeld; translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 4-23. Kant, I., 2006b. Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on ...

... of the Southwest neo-Kantians and the ethics of pure will of the Marburg neo-Kantians are associated with the Fichtean revision of Kant’s doctrine of the primacy of practical reason. The following, in my opinion, are the main features of the image of Fichte’s philosophy: it is close to neo-Kantians precisely because it strives to combine theoretical and practical reason; it is in ethics that Fiche’s ideas are most manifest in neo-Kantianism; neo-Kantian original theories contain the ideas of self-consciousness “in the spirit” of Fichte. The conclusion is drawn that the growth of the metaphysical component in neo-Kantian doctrines may be connected ...

... nineteenth century. The object of this study is the attempt at a critical analysis of Kant made in the Philosophical Instructions for Students at the Polotsk Academy by the Academy’s professor, Giuseppe Angiolini. Angiolini constantly refers to Kant in his reasoning and sees him as his main ideological rival. The ideas articulated in the Philosophical Instructions influenced the philosophical positions of the Academy’s graduates who in turn made a tangible contribution to the development of the Belarusian intellectual tradition. The relationship between Kant’s ideas and the ideas Angiolini drew from the Scholastic tradition is analysed through the ...

The category of power is one of ontological predicates discussed by Kant in lectures on metaphysics.... ... in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Law is a simple form of unity incorporating an idea of the play of powers, whereas power is a category that makes it possible to understand... ... interpretation is inherent in the system of not only theoretical but also practical reason. Freedom is the ‘substance’ of human existence. The unity of freedom is an...

This research aims to present a coherent analysis of so-called “doctrinal hermeneutics” by examining notable passages from Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason and the Critique of the Power of Judgment. It is first shown that doctrinal hermeneutics essentially relies on symbolic ... ... interpretation inform the reconstruction of what Kant understands by “symbolic hypotyposis”. Further, the specific nature of the ideas that Kant develops in Religion is examined, and it is shown that these are to be classified as ‘impure’ ideas — in ...

Debates over Kant’s famous postulate about the existence of synthetic a priori judgements in mathematics, formulated in the Critique of Pure Reason, have been raging for over two centuries. On the one hand, it was fiercely criticised by neo-positivists in the early 20th century. On the other hand, Kant’s ideas on constructive nature of mathematics served as a philosophical framework for LEJ Brouwer’s programme of intuitionism in the foundations of mathematics. Of interest are the ideas of the great logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel about the analytical ...

... Both thinkers were central figures in their time. Kant revolutionised the philosophy of the modern period dealing with questions of ethics and epistemology; Socrates brought... ... feature shared with Kant who put forward the concept of the public and private use of reason. Today, the term “publicity” should be replaced by the more accurate term... ... Ignatius Press, 2009. Kupriyanov, V. A., 2020. The First Scientific Journals and the Idea of the Publicity of Reason in Modern Science. Dialogue with Time, 70, pp. 41-56...

... is a sensor-directed performance automatism, which — compared with the potential for ethical judgment in human “practical reason” — proves to be limited in significant ways (even if, in so-called “machine learning”, digital technologies are able to probabilistically adapt to new data). This is shown in some detail with reference to the idea of a “digital humanism”, which was introduced by Julian Nida-Rümelin and Nathalie Weidenfeld, who argue that algorithms (possibly) ...

I critically examine the plausibility of Kant’s conception of rationalising, a form of self-deception that plays a crucial role for Kant’s moral psychology and ... ... normative theory and that become apparent when we look at clear-cut abuses of rationality. These standards of minimally decent reasoning can help us diagnose rationalising. I develop these standards by looking at inadequate uses of rational capacities that ...

The study of the “first wave” of reactions to the Critique of Pure Reason in Germany from the second half of the 1780s until the beginning of the nineteenth century reveals the paradoxical status ... ... The status ascribed to the transcendental subject is sometimes that of a thing-in-itself and sometimes that of a “mere” idea. Finally, Kant’s transcendental subject was sometimes seen as something to be overcome and sometimes as an infinite challenge ...

Carl Arnold Wilmans received his degree of doctor in philosophy in Halle in 1797 for a bold thesis. He claimed a latent similarity between Kant’s enlightened philosophy ... ... towards Kant’s essay On a Newly Arisen Superior Tone in Philosophy. I show that the central Kantian theorem of the fact of reason con­verges with his doctrine of respect to the moral law as intelligible feeling. This rapprochement allows the latter ...