A poetic function in an expanding context: title — monoverse — polytext (on the example of Ivan Zhdanov's poetry)
... boundaries. The material of the research is Ivan Zhdanov's monoverses, which were considered both immanently and as part of the book. The main methods of research are semantic, contextual and distributive analysis. The author concludes that the heading, interpreting the text, sets its reference, and the monoverse is both a self-sufficient text and an aphoristic expression of many other texts in which the keywords forming it are found. They represent a synthetic proposition corresponding to the set ...
Retranslation as an (un)successful counter-narrative: Les frères Karamazov versus Les frères Karamazov
... Regular Temática — Retrans
la
tion in Context,
39 (1), pp. 117—144.
Boulogne, P., 2019b. The psychologization of the Underground Man. Nietzsche’s image of Dostoevsky through the French translation.
L’esprit souterrain.
Translation and Interpreting Studies,
14 (1), pp. 21—38.
Brownlie, S., 2006. Narrative Theory and Retranslation Theory.
Across Languages and Cultures
, 7 (2), pp. 145—170.
Dostoïevski, F., 1888.
Les frères Karamazov.
Translated by E. Halpérinsky and C. Morice....
Literary communication: from semiotic models to a theory of linguistic aesthetics
... writer]. Leningrad (in Russ.).
Lotman, Ju. M., 1998. Ob iskusstve [On art]. Saint-Petersburg (in Russ.).
Mukařovsky, J., 1996. Struktural'naja pojetika [Structural poetics]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Nikolaeva, T. M., 1984. Communicative-discursive approach and interpretation of linguistic evolution. Voprosy jazykoznanija [Linguistic issues], 3, pp. 111—119 (in Russ.).
Novikov, L. A., 2001. Izbrannye raboty. Tom II. Jesteticheskie aspekty jazyka. Miscellanea [Selected works. Vol. II. Aesthetic aspects of ...
Peritext of the Russian translation of William Hogarth’s Analysis of Beauty: a case study
... paratextes de traduction. Atelier de traduction, Section Dossier thématique, 30, pp. 33—47.
Genette, G. and Maclean, M., 1991. Introduction to the Paratext. New Literary History, 22 (2), pp. 261—272.
Genette, G., 1987. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Translated from French by J. E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gondek, H.-D., 2011. On the Translation of Philosophical Texts and Philosophical Translation Theories. Filosofsko-literaturnyj zhurnal “Logos” [Philosophical ...
Pushkin texts in the description of characters by Dostoevsky and Nabokov
... characters. For Dostoevsky, Pushkin is an ethical and aesthetic touchstone; the writer’s voice is consonant with that of the poet’s persona. In some cases, the Pushkin text is embedded in religious discourse (the parable of the prodigal son). In interpreting the Pushkin text, Dostoevsky’s characters present and disclose themselves. The ‘dreamer’ from ‘White Nights’ invokes the Pushkin text to convey the values of his own. In her peculiar account of the ‘poor knight’ ballad, Aglaya ...
The concept “people” in the modern European political thought: Hobbes, Spinoza, Pufendorf
... politics and, as a consequence, to the rejection of one of the most powerful mystical and theological abstractions of the late Middle Ages — the concept “people” as a kind of mystical body. Protestant science makes a clear choice in favour of interpreting the concept as an “artificial person”. The author emphasizes that the introduction of the concept “natural state” led to changes in the ontological status of people in political theory. The concept “people” becomes “a flickering ...
“The point of departure of peoples determines their fate”: Peter Chaadaev and Alexis de Tocqueville
... 1836, Peter Chaadaev in his private letter to Alexander Turgenev mentioned that the French thinker Alexis de Tocqueville had stolen from him a “deep thought” that the point of departure of peoples determined their fate. Russian and foreign scholars interpreted these words differently, trying to assess the seriousness of Chaadaev’s reproach. The article explores the history of the expression ‘le point de départ’ and the use of it in the works by Tocqueville (“Democracy in America”) and ...
The concept “people” in the Cadet Party rhetoric
The article considers the interpretation of the concept “people” by the Constitutional Democratic Party supporters. This concept is of fundamental importance for the analysis of Cadet ideology. The concept “people” was of great political value for the Cadet party. The ...
Digital World Communication аnd Translation
... Benjamins Publishing.
Esser, A., Bernal-Merino, M. Á. and Smith, I. R. eds., 2016. Media Across Borders. Localizing TV, Film and Video Games. New York: Routledge.
Federici, F. M. ed., 2016. Mediating Emergencies and Conflicts. Frontline Translating and Interpreting. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Floridi, L., 2014. The 4
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Revolution. How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Folaron, D., 2006. A discipline coming of age in the digital age. In: K. J. Dunne, ed. Perspectives ...
The Book of Life in the hermeneutics of Johann Georg Hamann
... Kant: Struggle for Pure Reason]. Kaliningrad (in Russ).
Kant, I., 1994. The Answer for the Question: What is Enlightenment? In: I. Kant. Sobranie sochinenii [Collected Works]. Vol. 8. Moscow: Choro. pp. 29—37 (in Russ.).
Eco, U., 1987. The limits of Interpretations. Munich, Vienna: Carl Hanser Verlag.
Hamann, J., 1949—1957. Collected Works. Vienna: Thomas Morus Presse im Verlag Herder Wien.
Hamann, J., 1965. Correspondence. Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Insel.
Ricoeur, P., 1974. Philosophische und theologische ...
Translation and Discourse Analysis
... 2012. Political Discourse Analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
Foucault, M., 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on language (tr. S. S. Smith). New York: Harper.
Halliday, M. A. K., 1978. Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Hatim, B., 2009. Translating text in context. In: J. Munday, ed. The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 36—53.
Hatim, B. and Mason, I., 1990. Discourse ...
The text in the context of the Tartu Semiotic School: problems and prospects
... of Osip Mandelstam. In: R. Jakobson, C. H. van Schooneveld, D. S. Worth, eds. Slavic Poetics: Essays in Honor of Kiril Taranovsky. The Hague — Paris: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 367—388 (in Russ.).
Taranovskii, K. F., 1973. About the closed and open interpretation of the poetic text. In: American Contributions to the Seventh International Congress of Slavists, I: Linguistics and Poetics. Warsaw, 21—27August 1973. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 333—360 (in Russ.).
Fuko, M., 1996. The Order ...
Textual, moral and psychological voices of translation
... translation. Voice is typically used in studies that investigate stylistic or structural characteristics of translated texts, intertextuality and other forms of multivocality and ethical questions related to agency, ideology and power in translation and interpreting. The first part of this article defines two essential concepts related to voice in translation — voice and text — and describes the state of the art of research in this field. The second part aims to deepen the discussion on voice in ...
Textonics: an introduction to electronic philology
... interact with the entire Web: each word has to be properly placed not only within its immediate context, but also in the supratexts of its usage by other authors throughout the history of writing. As a result, the main philological procedure is shifting: interpretation, as a deep-semantic reading of a text, is increasingly superseded by its retextualization, transformation, expansion or narrowing of its sign frameworks. The internet makes it easy to synthesize new texts that integrate or disperse the ...
Embedding imagology in Translation Studies
... Perspectives. Oslo: Novus Press. pp. 227—239.
Smecca, P. D., 2009. Tourist guidebooks and the image of Sicily in translation. Perspectives, 17(2), pp. 109—119.
Valdeón, R. A., 2013. Doña Marina/La Malinche. A historiographical approach to the interpreter/traitor. Target, 25(2), pp. 157—179.
van Doorslaer, L., 2012. National and cultural images. In: Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer, eds., Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 3. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 122—127.
van ...
The intertexteme as an instrument in the past — present — future dialogical space of urbanism practices: an intersemiotic analysis of graffiti and inscriptions in Gdansk and Kaliningrad
... Kaliningrad. The authors describe the urban space as an object of research, give a definition of the urban inscription, characterize the semiotic nature of the latter, consider terminology problems relating to the category of intertextuality, and broadly interpret the intertexteme as a tool in the ‘past — present — future’ dialogical space in the urban narrative. The study relies on rich empirical material. In summing up the features of semantic formation in the narrative urban practices, the ...
How translations are willed into existence
... Communication and Cognition. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Sperber, D. and Wilson, D., 2004. “Relevance Theory”. In: L. R. Horn and G. Ward, eds. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 607—632.
Stecconi, U., 2004. “Interpretive Semiotics and Translation Theory: The Semiotic Conditions to Translation”. Semiotica, 150, pp. 471—489.
Stecconi, U., 2009. “Semiotics”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 260—263....
Ambiguity matters in linguistics and translation
... is intended or not. Intended ambiguity occurs when the speaker intentionally does not follow the logic of conceptual clues (primes) and opts for a set of communicative strategies and linguistic means, which allow him/her to offer several possible interpretations of one event or even refer to several different events. I explore a rarely analyzed event-referential ambiguity, which requires additional conceptual information for disambiguation and, consequently, may pose a problem for translation....
The philosophy of the text as texts of philosophy
... are interrelated, interconnected, and reminiscent of Ludwig Wittgenstein's ‘family of language games’. Philosophy is a universal, ultimate understanding of the world, society, human beings, and their self-determination in this reality. In this interpretation, being in itself appears as a text. Philosophizing as such is realized in various forms of textualization, which are the focus of this article. Verbal textualization (single words, paremia, aphoristics, parables, detailed plots, hermeneutic ...
The media image of San Escobar in the space of fictional worlds: a socio-semiotic perspective
... Logic and Conversation. In: P. Cole, J. Morgan, eds. Speech Acts. Syntax and Semantics. New York. pp. 41—58.
Halliday, M. A. K., 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London.
Halliday, M. A. K., 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic. The social interpretation of Language and Meaning. London.
Halliday, M. A. K., 1967. Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English. Journal of Linguistics, 3, pp. 50—77.
Hintikka, J., 1992. Eseje logiko-filozoficzne. Warszawa.
Iedema, R., 2003. Multimodality, Resemiotization: ...
‘Reaching out’ beyond the text: philosophical notes
... concepts of speech and discourse. I demonstrate how the humanities treat texts and examine the structural-semiotic and the hermeneutic approach. Further, I identify both the differences between these approaches and the similarities in the ways they interpret texts. I argue that the philosophical approach seeks to go beyond the text as far as possible without leaving it altogether and stress that the divide between the humanities approach and the philosophical approach to the text lies in their ...
The paradox of the ‘semiotics of life’: Yuri Lotman’s later works
... these issues had been addressed earlier by other authors. The problem of the relationship between cyclicality and openness, the old and the new, repetitions and novelty, the algoritmicity and non-algoritmicity as aspects of semiosis and of each act of interpretations has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, Lotman’s later work deserves attention today.
Avtonomova, N. S., 2014. Pozdnij Lotman [Late Lotman]. In: N. S. Avtonomova. Otkrytaya struktura: Yakobson — Bakhtin — Lotman — Gasparov ...
The problem of meaning in Social Semiotics: Max Weber today
... svyatogo ottsa nashego Ioanna Zlatousta, arkhiepiskopa Konstantinopol'skogo [The works of our holy father John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople]. Vol. 8. St. Petersburg (in Russ.).
Halliday, M. A. K., 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Leeuwen, T., 2005. Introducing Social Semiotics. London — New York: Routlegde.
Searle, J., 1995. The construction of social reality. New York.
The symbolic complexes of mass culture and the semiosis of political discourse
... Obshchestvo, sreda, razvitie [Society, environment, development], 1(26), pp. 203—206 (in Russ.).
Eco, U., 2016. Ot dreva k labirintu. Istoricheskie issledovaniya znaka i interpretatsii [From the tree to the maze. Historical studies of the sign and interpretation]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Jung, C., 1991. Arkhetip i simvol [Archetype and symbol]. Moscow (in Russ.).
The rhetoric and logic of the representations of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in Russian public discourse
... (in Russ.).
Guzikova, M. V., 2004. «Total'naya mobilizatsiya» Ernsta Yungera kak proekt modernosti: istoricheskaya rekonstruktsiya i interpretatsiya [“Total Mobilization” by Ernst Jünger as a project of modernity: historical reconstruction and interpretation]. Ph. D. Ekaterinburg (in Russ.).
Dmitriev, A. P., Fedorov, D. A., 2016. Krymskaya voina v istorii Rossii i v zhizni slavyanofil'skogo semeistva: Perepiska Very Aksakovoi i Marii Kartashevskoi (1853—1856) [The Crimean War in the history ...
‘The Word, an Ulcer…’: Aleksey Chicherin’s semiotic utopia
... the basic conventions of text generation and reception. The use of non-verbal (visual and auditory) signs entails both the semantic enrichment of the sign and an uncontrolled increase in its entropy. This way, the sign is deprived of the predictable interpretive frameworks and conventions.
Grübel, R., 1987. Kang-Fung: constructivism-functionalism. In: Russian Literature. Vol. XXII, pp. 51—62.
Janecek, G., 1989. A. N. Čičerin, konstruktivist poet. In: Russian Literature. Vol. XXV, pp. 469—524....
Indirect translation: Main trends in practice and research
... Knowledge. Sources, concepts, effects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 19—38.
Gasparov, M., 2001. The interlinear and the measure of accuracy. In: M. Gasparov. O russkoi poezii. Analizy. Interpretatsii. Kharakteristiki [On Russian Poetry: Analyzes, Interpretations, Characteristics]. Moscow: Azbuka, pp. 363—372.
Genette, G., 1997. Paratexts: thresholds of interpretation. Transl. by J. Lewin. Cambridge UP.
Grigaravičiūte, I. and Gottlieb, H., 1999. Danish Voices, Lithuanian Voice-over. The Mechanics ...
V. The hagiographic topic in I. S. Shmelev’s novel The Inexhaustible Chalice
... emigratsii [Russian literature in exile]. Pittsburgh (in Russ.).
Lebedev, N.V., 1994. Pochitanie svyatykh. Kratkii slovar' agiograficheskikh terminov [Veneration of the saints. A Brief Dictionary of Hagiographic Terms]. Moscow. Available at:
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445/word/%CF%FO%EE%EB%EE%E3 [Accessed 25 November 2017].
Lisitsyna, O., 2014. Ikonografiya angelov [Iconography of the angels]. Available at:
http://www.pravmir.ru/lektsiya-olgi-lisitsyinoy-ikonografiya-angelov-video/
[Accessed ...
Ergonomics and the translation process
... Safety Guide. 6
th
ed. Hamilton, ON: CCOHS.
Chesterman, A., 2009. The name and nature of translator studies. Hermes — Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 42, pp. 13—22.
Chesterman, A., 2013. Models of what processes? Translation and Interpreting Studies, 8 (2), pp. 155—168.
Clark, A. and Chalmers, D. J., 2010. The extended mind. Reprinted. In: R. Menary, ed. The Extended Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 27—41.
Ehrensberger-Dow, M., Hunziker Heeb, A., Massey, G., Meidert,...
Age-related characteristics of English, American, and Russian compliments
... identification of semiotic markers of age identity. The promising area of linguistic research — social semiotics — lends an urgency to such a study. To achieve the goal of the research, I employ the methods of contextual analysis and semantic and pragmatic interpretation. The qualitative calculations ensure the relevance of the study, which takes into account the intentional and stylistic features of compliments and reactions to compliments. The need to study these aspects is explained by the orientation ...
‘The Radical Black Colour’. On the Semantics of the Black Colour in Anarchist Discourse
... The author considers examples demonstrating that the colour black is used to criticise political representation and the anonymity of power. The primary focus is on the artistic practices of blackout (painting over/blocking out in black ink), which are interpreted in the context of the criticism of the political idea of transparency. In conclusion, the opacity of the black and white colours is compared. It is shown that the colour black can serve as a tool to create a radical semantic gap.
1. Batai,...
Linguistics in the 21st Century: Problems, Prospects, and Growth Points
This paper considers four problems that are most likely to affect the future development of linguistics: 1) linguistic diversity; 2) the text/system interpretation of language; 3) the role of quantitative methods; 4) the role of diachronic analysis. The author concludes that systemic, static, synchronic, qualitative linguistics is replaced by linguistics of variability, which is asystemic and oriented ...
Reflections on the history of the Kaliningrad region
This article describes differences and contradictions in identifying the subject of Kaliningrad regional history. Some researchers and media interpret the term ‘Kaliningrad regional history’ as the history of the region per se and others as the whole scope of local history. The ‘History of West Russia: The Kaliningrad Region’, a secondary school discipline taught since 2006, presents ...
Transformations in the Communicative Characteristics of Political Discourse in the Current Information Space
... communicative interactions caused by the emergence of new information technologies. Special emphasis is placed on the formation of public space as the only realm where political discourse is produced legitimately. Another focus is the current ‘conflict of interpretations’ in regard to the markers and symbols of political language. To identify the metamorphoses of PD and to understand their genesis, the author investigates the main features of and transformations in the cognitive mechanism of PD and traces ...
The mythical-historical images of Bruno Schulz’s ‘Spring’ in the context of Kafka’s mythologism
... story ‘Spring’ in the context of Franz Kafka’s mythological oeuvre — ‘The Great Wall of China’ and The Trial. The presence of mythical-historical images in their works is a common impulse, which creates a space for versatile mythopoetic interpretations shared by the two authors. The article examines the autonomy and synthesis of myths and history.
1. Toporov, V. N., 2014. History and myths. In: Mifologiya. Stat'i dlya mifologicheskikh entsiklopedii [Mythology. Articles for the mythological ...
On the Semiotic Model of Image
... certain exemplary act). The author explores the relationship between the category of image and a number of similar concepts. In particular, the definitions of the category of symbol (by S. S. Averintsev and Yu. M. Lotman), the category of myth (in the interpretation of R. Barthes) and the concept of meme (by R. Dawkins) are analysed and juxtaposed with the notion of image.
Averintsev, S., 2006. Artistic symbol. In: Sobranie sochinenii [Collected Works]. Kiev. pp. 386—394 (in Russ.).
Bart, R., ...
The linguistic paradigm in Kant studies
... pragmatics) can be paired with the study of the verbal-semantic, cognitive, and motivational levels of the philosopher’s linguistic persona. The author stresses the importance of the linguistic investigations of philosophical texts for an in-depth interpretation of their philosophical content.
1. Serebrennikov, B. A., 1988. Rol' chelovecheskogo faktora v yazyke. Yazyk i myshlenie [The role of the human factor in the language. Language and Thinking]. Moscow.
2. Novodranova, V. F., 2009. Category ...
Imagology as a Part of Compartive Literary Studies
... thesis about interdisciplinary nature of images, the threefold procedure of an ethnotype's analysis, "frame/trigger" approach, irony and meta-images. The author describes some aspects of imagological studies in Russia. The author analyzes interpretations of the term “imagology” of such Russian researchers as A. R. Oshchepkov, V. A. Khorev, N. P. Mikhalskaia, E. V. Papilova, V. B. Zemskov, O.Iu. and O. A. Poliakovy. It is underlined that for Russian researches the main dilemma of imagology ...
Conceptualisation of transfer and translation in modern linguistics
... transfers. The authors identify key notions of each theory or school. Some of these notions — code, opposition, discretion, and border — permeate the scientific vocabulary of many linguistic schools. However, these terms easily acquire new meanings and interpretations in research works. The continuity of communication space is key to semiotic and cultural transfer approaches. The paper shows how scholars conceptualise translation and how the concept of translation transforms. The differences between ...
Images of Paradise in the Russian Poetry of the End of the 20th Century
... the Garden of Eden, the earthly and heavenly Paradise in the image of the city and the mountain, the boundaries of Paradise, the light as a marker of heavenly elements and energies. The study shows that both the Old and New Testaments determine poetic interpretations of Paradise, and the Paradise itself looks apocalyptic. The author analyzes the images of the Forbidden fruit and the Tree of knowledge, and reinterprets the expulsion from Paradise into exile in Paradise. It is emphasized that the poetry ...
On the problem of cultural reference of proverbs (the Russian proverbs with images of clothing)
... proverbs featuring clothing items. Another focus is the ways to refer to garment elements. Clothing items are universal realia; they form concepts, mythologemes, symbols, gauges, stereotypes, etc. in the realm of ideas about the world. These ideas are interpreted within different fields of human spiritual life, for instance, in proverbs. Proverbs featuring clothing items are a major source for understanding tastes, preferences, lifestyles, customs, and worldview of a nation. Images of garments in proverbs ...
The Text and Discourse in the Light of Communicative Meaning Formation
This article analyses differences between the static and dynamic interpretations of the text and discourse. The concept of a communicative action (a semiotic act) is considered as the main distinguishing factor that is crucial for the communicative model of text but is ignored within the language model. The communicative ...
The value fundamentals of the “we image” in Russian culture through the prism of mother-child communication
This article interprets the results of an analysis of communicative interaction between a mother and a child in the Russian national linguistic and cultural community. Based on the author’s video corpus of interactions in the mother-child dyads, a number of maternal ...
The modifications of the fairy tale genre in the modern Czech literature: The case of A. Mikulka O jelenovi s kulometem and J. Černický’s O Sasance
... genre in the modern Czech literature. On the one hand, writers take into account the traditions of the 20th century Czech author’s fairy tale, which was developed by many other Czech authors. In Mikulka’s works, elements of folklore fairy tale are interpreted based on the principles of surrealism, grotesque, language game, and nonsense literature. On the other hand, modern author’s fairy tale interacts with the genres of legend, myth, parable, and literary phantasy (Černický).
1. Černický ...
Structural characteristics of the conceptual field of ‘Mission’ in J. H. Wichern’ religious discourse
... religious conceptual field in the discourse of the German theologian J. H. Wichern. The structure of the corresponding core concept incorporates basic characteristics – representatives of group meanings and varying characteristics, i. e. the author’s interpretation of group meanings.
1. Кубрякова Е. С. О тексте и критериях его определения // Текст: Структура и семантика. М., 2001. Т. 1. С. 72—81.
2. Макаров М. Л. Основы ...
Parable of the prodigal son in the image-conceptual field of Leonid Leonov's novel "The Pyramid"
A new interpretation of the novel "The Pyramid" by L. Leonov is suggested. The article supports the idea that in his ideology developed in the novel, Leonov is close to Dostoevsky: the central religious and philosophical statement of the novel is ...
‘Conservative symbolism’ in Erich Fromm’s theory of dreams
This article analyses attitudes relevant to dream interpretation according to Fromm. The central element is understanding the image of a dream as a symbol common to both the realm of dreams and culture in general. The key mechanism of symbol formation is cultural- associative, which is a function of ...
The aesthetic position of A. A. Delvig as a critic
This article considers the aesthetic views of Delvig as a critic and identifies the sources that help him develop individual criteria for assessing literary works. The author emphasises his original interpretation of theoretical problems of aesthetics characteristic of Romanticism. It is stressed that the category of harmony defined by Delving as a crucial principle of artistry is very productive in his system of views and underlies his own poetry....
Criminal songs: The hero and the plot
... whereas the other characters and different situations are found in folklore and plots are borrowed from other fields of the folk or popular song. Having borrowed ‘external’ material, the criminal song develops its own language meant to model and interpret its special worldview.
1. Natales grate numeras? Сборник статей к 60-летию Георгия Ахилловича Левинтона. СПб., 2008.
2. Астафьев В. П. Собрание соч. : в 6 т. Т. 3 : Последний ...
From the fall of man to the image of the Antichrist : Biblical allusions in W. Gombrowicz’s novel Pornografia
This article analyses W. Gombrowicz’s novel Pornografia as a parodic interpretation of Nietzsche’s overman philosophy. The myth of the fall of man from the Book of Genesis and the biblical and eschatological myth of Antichrist are considered as the interpretive key to the novel.
1. Гомбрович В. Космос....