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... theoretical and practical reason; it is in ethics that Fiche’s ideas are most manifest in neo-Kantianism; neo-Kantian original theories contain the ideas of self-consciousness “in the spirit” of Fichte. The conclusion is drawn that the growth of the metaphysical component in neo-Kantian doctrines may be connected with the influence of Fichte’s philosophy. Beiser, F., 2018. Neo-Kantianism as Neo-Fichteanism. Fichte-Studien, 45, pp. 309-327. Belov, V. N., 2014. Ethics in the System of Philosophical ...

... revealed in Kant’s discussions of criteria of scientificity, the classification of sciences, or methods of theoretical and experimental research in specific sciences. The topics discussed fell into two broad categories: firstly, the relationship between metaphysics and science in the context of Kant’s time; secondly, the relevance of Kant’s ideas to modern sciences and the concepts of philosophy of science in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Bazhanov, V. А., 2020. Nature of Mathematics ...

... philosophy, 1755-1770. Edited by D. Walford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 373-416. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2002. Prolegomena to any Further Metaphysics that Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science, In: I. Kant, 2002. Theoretical Philosophy After 1781. Edit­ed by H. E. Allison and P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53-169. Nordmann, A., 2005. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus: ...

... Western European Philosophy. Kantian Journal, 28(2), pp. 59-66. (In Rus.) Rumyantseva, T. G., 2010. M. Mendelssohn in the Epistolary Legacy of I. Kant. Kantian Journal, 31(1), pp. 41-49. (In Rus.) Rumyantseva, T. G., 2011. I. Kant, E. Swedenborg and metaphysics of the Supersensitive. Kantian Journal, 38(4), pp. 7-17. (In Rus.) Rumyantseva, T. G., 2015. Nemeckij idealizm: ot Kanta do Gegelya: uchebnoe posobie [German Idealism: from Kant to Hegel: a Textbook]. Minsk: Vyshejshaya shkola, 2015. (In Rus....

.... Kant, I., 2007. Lectures on Pedagogy. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden; translated by R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 434-485. Kant, I., 2011. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. German-English Edition. Translated by M. Gregor, edited by J. Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kashnikov, B. N., 2004. Liberal’nye teorii spravedlivosti i politicheskaya praktika Rossii [Liberal Theories of Justice ...

... sense of our moral duties, we can never be certain whether some particular action of ours is done from duty or simply in accordance with it. This view is voiced in several of Kant’s writings. Most prominent is its appearance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, but we also find it in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and in The Metaphysics of Morals, and it is even present in smaller writings such as “On a Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy” or “On the ...

... paradigmatic case of the famous Königsbergian proponent of Aristotelianism, Paul Rabe, Kant cannot have received the suggestion for his own critical distinction from Rabe’s Cursus Philosophicus. Instead, Piccart refers to a passage of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, which suggests the very distinction between an analytic philosopher who searches for scientific truth and dialecticians and sophists. For different reasons, they do not claim any scientific seriousness. Adickes, E., 1887. Kants Systematik ...

This interview with Professor Dr Jürgen Stolzenberg, board member of the Kant-Gesellschaft and co-editor of the Kant-Lexikon (2015), explores a wide range of topics — from Leibniz and Wolff to Heidegger and Husserl. The leading idea of Stolzenberg’s philosophical research is the justification of the principle of modern subjectivity in Kant’s philosophy and its transformations until our days. He discusses the meaning and development of the concept of self-consciousness and the understanding of subjectivity...

The aim is to examine Alois Riehl’s contribution to the “culture war” (Kulturkampf) in the second half of the nineteenth century. We show that he used Kant’s autonomy principle to argue against the idea that religious dogmatism is a fundament of morality. We prove this thesis by focusing on the forgotten historical background, which is important for an understanding of Morals und Dogma. Originally this essay was an expert opinion for the court case of the socialist H. Tauschinski who was accused...

... eds. 2014. The Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215-221. Höffe, O., 2010. Kant’s Innate Right as a Rational Criterion for Human Rights. In: L. Denis, ed. 2010. Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71-92. Kant, I., 1991. The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1998. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals....

... Intellectual Development, 1711–1752. In: M. Frasca-Spada and P. J. E. Kail, eds. 2005. Impressions of Hume. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 11-58. Vasilyev, V. V., 1998. Podvaly kantovskoi metafiziki (deduktsiia kategorii) [Basements of Kant’s Metaphysics: Deduction of the Categories]. Moscow: Nasledie. (In Rus.) Vasilyev, V. V., 2009. Trudnaya problema soznaniya [The Difficult Problem of Consciousness]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya. (In Rus.) Vasilyev, V. V., 2010. Filosofskaia psikhologiia ...

... University Press. Hanna, R., 2006. Kant, Science, and Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jacobi, F. H., 1787. David Hume über den Glauben oder Idealismus und Realismus: ein Gespräch. Breslau: Löwe. Kant, I., 2004. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics that will be Able to Come Forward as Science. Translated by G. Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2005. Notes and Fragments. Translated by C. Bowman, P. Guyer and F. Rauscher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ...

... Science in the Architectonic of Pure Reason and the Essential Ends of Reason. In: Kant-Studien, 105(3), pp. 372-393. Habermas, J., 2003. Truth and Justification. Translated by B. Fultner. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Kant, I., 1991. The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1992. The Jäsche Logic, in: Lectures on logic. Translated by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 521-640. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of ...

... Weltweißheit für das Frauenzimmer. Mit Anmerkungen und einer Vorrede begleitet von J. G. Krüger. 2. verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Halle: Hemmerde. Walch, J. G., 1726. Philosophisches Lexicon, darinnen die in allen Theilen der Philosophie, als Logic, Metaphysic, Physic, Pneumatic, Ethic, natürlichen Theologie und Rechts-Gelehrsamkeit, wie auch Politic fürkommenden Materien und Kunst-Wörter erkläret, und aus der Historie erläutert; die Streitigkeiten der ältern und neuern Philosophen erzehlet,...

Numerous passages in the context of Kant’s philosophy of religion show without doubt his acquaintance with Lessing. But apart from the obvious affinity and agreement between Kant and Lessing with regard to many substantial questions, serious differences cannot be overlooked; the frequently diagnosed closeness and widely suspected “harmony” between the two is probably also the primary reason why important factual differences and controversial aspects have so far usually been neglected or ignored in...

... 1801. Slovar nemetsko-rossiyskiy i rossiysko-nemetskiy staraniyem I. Geyma [German-Russian and Russian-German Dictionary of Diligence by J. Heym], Volume 1. Riga: Hartmann. Kant, I., 1803. Kantovo osnovanie dlia metafiziki nravov [Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals]. Translated by Y. A. Ruban. Nikolaev: Tipografiia Chernomorskogo shturmanskogo uchilishcha. (In Rus.) Kant, I., 1897. Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason]. Translated by N. M. Sokolov. St. Petersburg: Izdanie ...

... Cannstatt: fromann-holzboog, S. 85-106. Carl, W., 2008. The Highest Point of Transcendental Philosophy. In: J. Stolzenberg und K. Ameriks, Hg. 2008. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Idealismus / International Yearbook of German Idealism 2007. Band 5: Me­taphysik / Metaphysics. Berin und Boston: De Gruyter, S. 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110192438.1.33 . Düsing, K., 1987. Cogito, ergo sum? Untersuchungen zu Descartes und Kant. In: H.-D. Klein, Hg. 1987. Wiener Jahrbuch für Philosophie 19, Wien: New Academic ...

... and need to be revised or even reversed. The first reversal explored in this article determines the origin of the categories which are now revealed not “from the top down” where Kant sought them, i. e. not in logical functions in accordance with metaphysical deduction and not in self-consciousness as transcendental deduction claims, but “from the bottom up” if one considers things in the evolutionary dimension, i. e. in the instincts. The second reversal shifts the freedom of will which Kant ...

The early decades of the last century saw European philosophical thought becoming increasingly interested in the sociological extension of the idea of law. From the viewpoint of the sociology of law, law is formed in the process of social interactions and is not sanctioned by the state. Sergey Hessen and Georges Gurvitch base their conceptions of social law on the sociology of law in the 1920s and 1930s. They start a polemic in the pages of the journal Sovremenniye zapiski (Contemporary Notes). Although...

The paper attempts to demostrate that E. T. A. Hoffmann’s novel «The Life and Opinions of Tomcat Murr…» has build in accordance with the classification of anthropological types in Kant’s work «Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft». 1. Гофман Э. Т. А. Житейские воззрения кота Мурра… // Гофман Э. Т. А. Крейслериана. Житейские воззрения кота Мурра. Дневники. М., 1972. 2. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности // Кант И. Соч. : в 6 т. М., 1965.Т. 4 (1). 3. Кант И. Критика практического...

... Forschungen zum Platonismus. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, pp. 227-240. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Edited and translated by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2011. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. A German-English Edition. Traslated by M. Gregor, edited by J. Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kubalica, T., 2010. Relative Truth of the Reflection Theory in the Interpretation of Heinrich Rickert. (Translated ...

My aim is to prove that Hermann Cohen was not only a philosopher of dialogue but has played an exceedingly important role in the history of that current of thought. His books Ethics of Pure Will (1904) and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (1919) offer a detailed analysis of the relationships between I and Thou, I and It, I and We. In the first book these relationships are considered from the ethical-legal point of view and in the second from the viewpoint of religious anthropology...

..., 2016. Kant’s Dynamic Hylomorphism in Logic. Con-Textos Kantianos. International Journal of Philosophy, 4, pp. 127-137. 7. Forster, M., 2012. Kant’s Philosophy of Language? Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 74(3), pp. 485-511. 8. Gale, R., 1963. Some Metaphysical Statements about Time. The Journal of Philosophy, 60(9), pp. 225-237. 9. Hamann, J. G., 1995. Metacritique of the Purism of Reason. In: G. G. Dickson, 1995. Johann Georg Hamann’s Relational Metacriticism. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter,...

... Cambridge University Press, pp. 233-328. Kant, I., 1996c. Critique of Practical Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-271. Kant, I., 1996d. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. In: I. Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-108. Kant, I., 1997. Lectures on Ethics. Translated and edited by P. Heath and J. Schneewind. Cambridge: ...

... ideal-realism. Alekseyev (Askoldov), S. A., 1914. Mysl i deistvitelnost’ [The Thought and the Reality]. Moscow: Put’. (In Rus.) Berdnikova, A. Yu., 2017. ‘Back To Kant’ or ‘Back To Leibnitz’? A Critical View from the History of Russian Metaphysical Personalism. Kantian Journal, 36(2), pp. 33-45. (In Rus.) Beshkareva, I. Yu., 2016. Intuitionism in Russian philosophy: Lossky and Frank. In: V. P. Filatov, ed., 2016. Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky. Moscow: Politicheskaya enciklopediya, pp. ...

This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочи­нения. М., 1995....

Die moderne Kant-Forschung der letzten Jahrzehnte hat zu einer Neuinterpretation der theoretischen Grundlagen von Kants Metaphysik bzw. Erkenntnistheorie der Erfahrung geführt. Diese Deutungen können zu einer modifizierten Wiederbelebung und Neueinsetzung der Kantischen Erkenntnistheorie im Sinne eines kritischen Restrealismus und zu einer modernen konstruktivistischen Umdeutung von Kants transzendentalphilosophischem Ansatz Anlass bieten, die — mit relativ geringer „Liberalisierung“ und Modifikation...

This article constitutes the first block of a study into publications of Russian thinkers in Kant-Studien — the leading journal of international Kant studies and the main periodical of the international Kant's Society. The article offers an overview of Russian authors' publications in Kant-Studien in 1896—1933. 1. Архимандрит Антоний (Храповицкий). Моральное обоснование важнейшей христианской догмы» // Теологический журнал. 1894. № 3. С. 423—445. 2. Беседа с Хансом-Георгом Гадамером. Русские в...

... Untersuchung über Kants Wi­derlegung des Idealismus. Mainz, 1995. 6. Mattey G. J. Kant's Conception of Berkeley's Idealism // Kant-Studien. 1983. 7. Miller G. Kant and Berkeley: The alternative Theories // Kant-Studien. 1973. 8. Paton H. J. Kant,s Metaphysic of Experience. London, New York, 1970. Vol. 2. 9. Smith N. K. A Commentary to Kant,s «Critique of Pure Reason». New York: Hu­ma­nities Press, 1962. 10. Turbayne C. M. Kant,s Relation to Berkeley // Kant-Studies Today, hg. v. L. W. Beck....

The major difference between Kant's axiological and cognitive discourse is that the former contains a greater number of persona pronouns that signify different speech roles of the author. This text is characterised by a more direct expression of the addressee factor, which explains the emergence of the speech acts that are absent in Kant's cognitive texts. Another substantial difference is the explicit imperative modality of this type of Kant's texts. 1. Арутюнова Н. Д. Язык и мир человека. М....

Anhand einer Analyse von Kants Religionsschrift wird ein Nachweis versucht, in der Kantischen Religionsphilosophie, neben der Perspektive einer autonomistischen Vernunftreligion, auch eine transzendental konforme Grundlage zur christlichen Geistesphilosophie, im Sinne der sittlichen Lebensganzheit, und auch für eine Philosophie der Offenbarung, vorhanden ist. Kant hat die Religionsphilosophie im Neuen Europa sowohl möglich, als auch fast ebenso unmöglich gemacht. 1. Кант И. Религия в пределах только...

This article analyses, first of all, the epistemological theory of reflection (Abbildtheorie) of Heinrich Rickert, the main representative of the Baden Neo-Kantianism School. The author analyses the key arguments put forward by Rickert against the understanding of cognition as a reflection of reality. Rickert’s standpoint is neutral. He criticises the transcendental theory of reflection, but does not reject the idea of reflection as a model of cognition and acknowledges the immanent theory of reflection...

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird am Material des Kantischen Textes ein Versuch unternommen, zu zeigen, dass die 2- und 3-gliedrigen logischen Strukturen — nach Kant Verstand- und Vernunftschlüsse — logische komplexe propositionale Einheiten (Gebilde) sind, deren manchmal zahlreiche sekundäre Propositionen, d. h. die nach Kant keine Sätze sind, sich um den logisch-strukturellen Kern dieser Schlüsse gruppieren, so dass sie eigentlich als Formen der Textualität des Kantischen Diskurses überhaupt angesehen...

This offers an introduction to the analysis of Kant’s refutation of the ontological argument in his dissertation A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (Nova dilucidatio). The author explains the importance of the pre-critical argument analysis for the understanding of argumentation presented in the Critique of Pure Reason. The traditional interpretation of the arguments in Nova ...

Zusammen mit dem Protagonisten des Romans von Ralf Ellison „Invisible Man“ akzeptiert der Autor des Beitrags das Problem der Demütigung der menschlichen Persönlichkeit mittels des „Hindurchschauens“, des „looking through“. Der Autor hebt die Frage hervor, „was zur Wahrnehmung, zum "Erkennen" einer Person hinzutreten muss, um daraus einen Akt der Anerkennung zu machen“. Mit diesem Ziel wird die Bedeutung der (Un-)Sichtbarkeit im direkten und indirekten Sinne eingeführt, sowie Ergebnisse...

This article proves that the philosophical system of Kant is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and existence to the practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. ...

In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Begriffe vom intelligiblen und empirischen Charakter in A. Schopenhauers Philosophie behandelt. Der Autor zeigt, wie sich diese Begriffe bei Schopenhauer inhaltlich wandeln und welche Ursachen seiner Lehre über den Charakter zugrunde liegen mögen. 1. Кант И. Критика практического разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 4. С. 373—565. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Там же. Т. 3. С. 5—678. 3. Шеллинг Ф. В. Й. Философские исследования...

This article offers a critical analysis of the general idea of “overcoming Kant”, presented by Ye. N. Trubetskoy in the book “The metaphysical assumptions of knowledge” (1917). 1. Соловьёв В. С. Теоретическая философия // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч.: в 9 т. 1-е изд. СПб., 1903. Т. 8. 2. Соловьёв В. С. Критика ...

This article considers Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work “A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition”. The alternative interpretations of Kant’s argumentation offered by T. Pinder and J. Schmucker are discussed. The author comes to the conclusion that none of these interpretations has advantages over the traditional one. ...

... in his critical works. Subsequently Kant’s criticism of the philosophical enthusiasm is rendered more precisely in the context of his criticism of the philosophers of intuition (“Philosophen der Anschauung”) and his criticism of rationalistic metaphysics. Both positions refer — explicitly or implicitly — to intellectual intuition in order to justify philosophical knowledge. As the concept of intellectual intuition is invalid for Kant but central for enthusiastic philosophical positions,...

... philosophische Religionslehre [K. H. L. Pölitz]. Nebst einer Einleitung, welche eine kurze Übersicht der wichtigsten Veränderungen der Metaphysik seit Kant enthält, Erfurt, pp. 80—343. Kant, I. 1997, Metaphysik Mrongovius, in: Kant I. Lectures on Metaphysics. Cambridge. Kant, I. 2016, Lectures on Philosophical Theology, ed. by K. H. L. Pölitz, transl. and comment. by L. E. Kryshtop, ed. by A. N. Krouglov, Moscow. (In Russ.) Kanzian, Chr. 1993, Kant und Crusius 1763, in: Kant-Studien, Bd. 84, ...

... pluralism of conceptual systems that can be interpreted within possible experience. Thus, the optimisation problem of finding the best conceptual design from all feasible designs is beyond the competence of transcendental logic. Aristotle, 1995a, Metaphysics. In: Complete Works of Aristotle, Vol. 1. The Revised Oxford Translation, One-Volume Digital Edition, ed. by J. Barnes. Princeton, pp. 3343—3717. Aristotle, 1995b, Physics. In: Ibid., pp. 699—983. Aristotle, 1995c, Prior Analytics. In: ...

... (In Russ.) Katrechko, S. L. (ed.) 2017c, Transtesndentalny povorot v sovremennoy filosofii (1): Metafizika, teoriya opyta, teoriya soznaniya. Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo seminara [Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy (1): Metaphysics, Theory of Experience, Theory of Consciousness. Proceedings of an International Research Seminar], Moscow. (In Russ.) Katrechko, S. L. (ed.) 2017d, Transtesndentalny povorot v sovremennoy filosofii (2): Kantovskoe yavleniye, ego ontologicheskiy ...

The paper attempts to demostrate that E. T. A. Hoffmann’s novel «The Life and opinions of Tomcat Murr…» has build in accordance with the classification of anthropological types in Kant’s work «Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft». 1. Гёте И. В. Годы учения Вильгельма Мейстера. Кн. 6 // И. В. Гёте. Собр. соч. : в 10 т. Т. 7. М., 1978. 2. Гофман Э. Т. А. Дневники. Бамберг. 1812, 8 февраля, 18 мая // Гофман Э. Т. А.Крейслериана. Житейские воззрения кота Мурра. Дневники. М., 1972...

... Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of Pure Reason] in: Kant, I. Sochinenija v shesti tomah [The works in six volumes], vol. 3, Moscow. 9. Kant, I. 1965, Prolegomeni ko vsjakoj buduschej metafisike, moguschej pojavitsja kak nauka [Prolegomena to any future metaphysics that may appear as a science] in: Kant, I. Sochinenija v shesti tomah [The works in six volumes], vol. 4/1, Moscow. 10. Karnap R. 1971, Filosofskie osnovaniya fiziki [Philosophical Foundations of Physics]. Moscow, Progress. 11. Karnap R.,...

1. Васильев В. В. «Маргинальная» метафизика Канта // Логос. 1997. № 10. С. 100—107. 2. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Письма 1793—1831 // Гегель Г. В. Ф. Работы разных лет : в 2 т. М.,1971. Т. 2. 3. Гюйгенс Х. О движении тел под влиянием удара // Голин Г. М., Филонович С. Р. Классики физической науки (с древнейших времен до начала XX века). М.,1989. С. 124—128. 4. Жучков В. А. Черновые заметки // Собр. соч. : в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 8. С. 698. 5. Кант И. Из рукописного наследия (материалы к «Критике чистого разума»...

... (1787) [Critique of Pure Reason (second edition)]. In: Kant, I. Sobranie sochinenij v 8 tomah. [Works in 8 volumes], vol. 3. 6. Kant, I. 1994v, Prolegomeny ko vsiakoy budushey metafizike, kotoraia mozhet poiavit’sia kak nauka [Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics] In: Kant, I. Sobranie sochinenij v 8 tomah. [Works in 8 volumes], vol. 4, s. 5—133. 7. Katrechko, S. L. 2014, Transcendentalizm Kanta kak transcendental’naja paradigma filosofstvovanija [Kant’s transcendentalism as transcendental paradigm ...

Postulates play an important role in Kant’s philosophy. Kant’s understanding of this term differs from the previous tradition. For Kant, postulates are originally subjective propositions necessarily supposed as objective ones. Otherwise, the systematic theoretical cognition and compliance with the moral law become impossible. However, this feature of Kant’s word usage is hardly taken into consideration. That is why Kant is wrongly accused of atheism. 1. Аристотель. Вторая аналитика // Собр. соч...

... which it is impossible to enter Kant’s philosophy (a paraphrase of Jacobi’s maxim). Methodologically, transcendentalism implies a transcendental turn from studying [empirical] objects to analysing the [transcendental] conditions of their cognition. Metaphysically, Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the crucial distinction between the thing in itself and the appearance. To give a more precise definition of Kant’s thing in itself, this article considers three theses. Firstly, Kant’s thing in ...

This article proves that Kant's philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and existence to the practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. ...