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... generalised characters representing entire classes. The two opposing parties are Kant and his favourite philosophers (Saint-Pierre and Rousseau) against the ‘government’ and ‘lawyers’. Kant’s philosophy of law, which is believed to rest on a metaphysical foundation, is constructed using a minimum of anthropological premises, which is often viewed as a virtue. However, Kant’s political teaching is closely connected with moral anthropology, which is considered as another virtue. Justifying ...

... formed the basis for the theory of social choice. However, Condorcet’s ideas on the limits of mathematical constructs’ application in social and moral sciences opened up opportunities for social philosophy to go beyond the borders of speculative metaphysics and develop as a ‘practical’ science serving both the individual and the community. This paper also assesses Condorcet’s ideas in the history of probability calculus as a method to describe historical chronology. The nature of Condorcet’s ...

... Moskwa. 4. Greshnykh, V. I. 2001, Misterija ducha. Chudozhestvenaja proza nemetzkogo romantizma [The Mystery-play of Spirit. Fictional Prose of the German Romantics]. Kaliningrad. 5. Kant, I. 1994, Osnovopolozhenija metafiziki nravov [Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals], Kant I. Sochinenija v 8 tomah [Works in 8 volumes]. Moscow, 1994. T. 4. 6. Kant, I. 1994, Kritika sposobnosti suzhdenija [Сritique of Judgement], Kant I. Sochinenija v 8 tomah [Works in 8 volumes]. Moscow, 1994. T. 5. 7. Kristeva,...

..., it is possible to state that, in Cohen’s critical idealism, this belongs to the basic structure of the pure activity, which generates thought, and that thought is a sign of otherness and the other. 1. Aristotel. 1934, Metaphisika. M. — L. [Metaphysics] Moscow-Leningrad. 2. Natorp P. 2006, Kant I marburgskaja škola [Kant and Marburger school], Izbrannije raboti [Selected works], Moskow, p. 119—145. 3. Poma A. 2012, Kriticheskaja filosofija Germana Kogena [The critical philosophy ...

... Kaliningrad. 7. Kant, I. 1966, Otvet na vopros: chto takoye Prosveshcheniye [Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?], in Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 tomah [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 6, Moscow. 8. Kant, I. 1965, Metafizika nravov [The metaphysics of morals], in Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 tomah [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 4(2), Moscow. 9. Markov A., 2009, Kant v russkoj poehzii (rec.) // Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009, № 95 [New Literary Review, 2009, № 95]. 10....

... vol. 4 (1), Moscow. 2. Kant, I. 1966, Kritika sposobnosti suzhdenija [Critique of Judgment], in: Kant, I. Sobr. soch. v 6 t., [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 5, Moscow. 3. Kant, I. 1965б, Osnovyi metafiziki nravstvennosti [Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals], in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 4 (1), Moscow. 4. Kant, I. 1963, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of Pure Reason], in: Kant, I. Sobr. soch. v 6 t., [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol....

... Allison, H. 1983, Kant’s Transcendental Idealism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 537 p. 3. Carr, D. 1997, „Krisis“ Husserla i Problema Istorii. [Husserl’s “Crisis” and a Problem of History], in: Metaphysicheskie Issledovania [The Metaphysical Investigation], № 3, St. Petersburg: St Petersburg State University, P. 214—241. 4. Carr, D. 1987, Interpreting Husserl. Critical and Comparative Studies. In: Phaenomenologica, 106, Dordrecht, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff, 303 p. 5. Carr,...

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the content, meaning, and scenarios of applying the transcendental principles of public law formulated in the second appendix to Kant’s treatise Toward Perpetual Peace. The author compares different interpretations of these principles by Russian and international researchers. The article strives to answer the question as to what type of ‘public’ is meant by these principles, whether these principles can serve as a priori criteria for selecting maxims...

... philosophy of mind but also pointed to the growing contradictions in Russian philosophy caused by the development of scientific knowledge amid the dominance of religious philosophy. Using the tools of criticism, the Russian philosopher identified the metaphysical origins in scientific knowledge in order to eliminate them, although preserving the particular critical field of metaphysics dealing with issues transcending the available rational knowledge. Such an approach to the role of metaphysics, as ...

... Kant’s apriorism and at¬tempts at ‘joint thinking’ with Kant and about Kant using his original epistemological style of thinking. This style is fundamentally non-solitary, reciprocal; it suggests formal logical and con¬tent-related clarity, metaphysical cautiousness, and conceptual pluralism. 1. Baluev, B. P. 2001. Spori o sud’bah Rossii. N. Ja. Danilevsky i ego kniga “Rossija i Ev-ropa”[The polemics on the fate of Russia. Danilevsky and his book "Russia and Europe"],...

... nevertheless largely influenced by that created by Kant. Thirdly, at the time, Schopenhauer believed his vision of objectives and essence of philosophy to be a direct continuation of Kant’s philosophy, the central objective being the construction of metaphysics of a science responsible for the conceptual grasping associated with cognizing the divine and supersensible. Schopenhauer called such science ‘genuine criticism’ and the faculty of supersensible cognition a ‘better consciousness’. ...

This article presents an overview of Russian philosophers’ publications in German periodicals of the late 19th/early 20th centuries. At the time, Germany boasted a significant number of journals dedicated to philosophy or addressing philosophical problems. Even in the first approximation, there are several dozen journals featuring either texts by Russian scientists or works dedicated to Russian philosophy. Of special importance are two journals with the most pronounced presence of Russian authors...

The article introduces Kant’s doctrine of schematism (Critique of Pure Reason A 137-A 147; B 176-B 187). The inclusion of the chapter on schematism in the ‘Doctrine of the Principles’ rather than the ‘Doctrine of Concepts’ is taken as a clue to distinguishing the Doctrine of Schematism from the Deduction of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding. This provides clarity on the function of schematism. The author conceives of schematism as something entirely new to the Transcendental Deduction of the...

... subsystems. 1. Kant, I. 1964, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of Pure Reason] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol 3, Moscow. 2. Kant, I. 1965, Оsnovy metafiziki nravov [Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 vo¬lu¬mes], vol 4(1), Moscow. 3. Kant, I. 1965a, Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected ...

A reflection on the meaning of Kant’s manuscript where he uses the expression ‘metaphysics of science’. 20th century philosophy of science acknowledged empiricism and it was anti-metaphysic and positivistic. However, all forms of empiricism and positivism lead to a negation of philosophy, replacing it with logical, methodological,...

... essentially non-Kantian way. Against the background of these concepts, the article deals with questions of what the state has to protect and what it is entitled to punish in the domain of marriage. 1. Kant, I, 1965. Metafisicheskiye nachala ucheniya o prave [Metaphysical Elements of Justice] In: Kant, I. Soch. v 6 t. Vol. 4. Part 2, Moscow, p. 107—302. 2. Fichte, J. G., 2014. Osnova jestestvennogo prava soglasno prinzipam naukoucheniya [Foundations of Natural Right according to the Principles of the Science ...

... [Works in 6 volumes], Moscow, vol. 3. 2. Kant, I. 1966, O voprose, predlozhennom na premiyu korolevskoy berlinskoy akademii nauk v 1791 godu: kakie deystvitelnyie uspehi sdelala metafizika v Germanii so vremeni Leybnitsa i Volfa? [What Real Progress Has Metaphysics Made in Germany Since the Time of Leibniz and Wolff?] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Works in 6 volumes], vol. 6, Moscow. 3. Kant, I. 1965, Prolegomeny… [Prolegomena…], in Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Works in 6 volumes],...

... that this Principe was explicitly formulated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the principle of sufficient reason implies the unlimited necessity of all things and excludes the possibility of any happenstance,...

... possible types of arguments for the existent of God and their limitations etc. The first part is called “Transcendental theology”. It is of limited research interest, since it largely follows contemporary textbooks (first of all, Baumgarten’s Metaphysics). The second part “Moral Theology” is of considerable research interest, since it departs from the textbook material and presents Kant’s own ideas on the subject. This manuscript is dated winter semester 1783/84, i. e. the period between ...

... different disciplines from logic to ontology. In the German philosophy of the Enlightenment, this concept was centralto the work of many thinkers. For them, necessity is related not only to logic but rather to the disciplines of general and special metaphysics. It is explained by that the principle of sufficient reason introduced by Leibniz is closely linked to the notion underconsideration. The recognition of this principle as one of the two basic principles of philosophy inevitably raises the ...

... to the patterns of inferences (i. e. the syllogistic moods in the three figures) shifts focus from the schematic to dynamic model of formality. Secondly, the author assesses the logical hylomorphism of Alexander of Aphrodisias, who connected it with metaphysical form vs. matter dichotomy. Thirdly, it is argued that Kant’s transcendental logic is a logic in the formal sense. Whereas general logic is concerned merely with constitutive rules of inference, transcendental logic is concerned with regulative ...

The originality of Kant’s answer to the question of the Enlightenment in a 1784 article consisted not in addressing the words of Horace, which was commonplace in Germany of the time, but in linking it to the revised legal notion of immaturity, which is now interpreted from the philosophical and theological perspective and has become one of key philosophical notions. However, Kant’s view is fraught with certain complications: firstly, it is dominated by negative characteristics; secondly, unlimited...

This article offers an analysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Энциклопедия философских наук. Т. 1 : Наука логики. М., 1974. 2. Джемс В. Многообразие религиозного ...

This essay concerns an unusual note of Kant’s that has been available in Hamburg since the 1920s but otherwise neglected in the Kant literature. This small 8 x 6.3 cm sheet belonged to the manuscript collector Oskar Ulex (1852—1934), who appears to have bought it from a dealer in France. Writing covers both sides of the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer”...

This article sets out to demonstrate that E. T. A. Hoffmann’s novel “The Life and Opinions of Tomcat Murr…” is cvonstructed in accordance with the classification of anthropological types given n Kant’s work “Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft”. 1. Гофман Э. Т. А. Житейские воззрения кота Мура…// Гофман Э. Т. А. Крейсле- риана. Житейские воззрения кота Мура. Дневники. М., 1972. С. 102. 2. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности // Кант И. Соч. : в 6 т. Т. 4 (1). М., 1965. ...

The article provides, for the first time in the philosophical literature, a general description of the Konigsberg Kant studies as a special local direction in the history of philosophy. Core activities in this direction formed the Society of Kant’s Friends, as well as "archival Kant studies" — the work of collecting, annotating and publishing the manuscript heritage, correspondence and lecture notes Kant. Given the large volume of primary and secondary sources, we propose a variant ofspecification...

... Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason to demonstrate the existence of evil disposition (Gesinnung). The author be¬lieves that, in this work, Kant introduces two innovations in respect of the fundamental project presented in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. He emphasises that freedom is not justified and postulates a transcendental structure similar to the unity of transcendental apperception in order to unify all volitions of an agent and make the initial application of freedom possible....

... theories) is balanced by his reservations concerning the prospects of their realization, based on his «empirical anthropology», which is remarkably close to conservative skepticism. Kant's liberalism lies in the domain that he called «pure» or «metaphysical», whereas his «empirical», «real-world» estimation of the prospects of liberal project is approaching conservatism. 1. Кант И. Сочинения в шести томах. М., 1963—1966. 2. Клемме Х. Понятие антропологии ...

... approach to the problem of evil in the differentiation of the levels of the existing and the due in his theory. The article has the following structure: first, the author emphasis that, for Kant, evil is a practical moral phenomenon unlike, for example, metaphysically interpreted evil. It is shown that the problem of evil is closely connected to that of the nature or essence of a human being. The article presents an analysis of Kant’s notion of human ‘nature’. It is emphasised that Kant understands ...

... Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right, recently published in Russian for the first time, this article investigates the logic and basic statements of Fichte’s theory on family law. The first part of the study is dedicated to Fichte’s ethical and metaphysical “deduction of marriage”, which views the family union as a natural-and-moral community of sexes, which only subsequently assumes a legal form through the principle of law. Fichte’s viewpoint is juxtaposed with Kant’s concept of family ...

This article offers an aanalysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Gegel' G. V. F. Jenciklopedija filosofskih nauk. T. 1 : Nauka logiki. M., 1974. 2. Dzhems V. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. SPb., 1992. 3. Kant I. Grezy duhovidca, pojasnennye ...

... especially when describing both the world as a whole and its constituent bodies. Consequently, the initial meaning of that notion underwent peculiar changes: not only an artificial mechanism but also a natural organic body were defined as machines. A metaphysical comprehension of the notion of machine was developed predominantly in the framework of cosmology. 1. Васильев В. В. Философская психология в эпоху Просвещения. М., 2010. 2. Вольф Хр....

1. Austin, 1956: Austin J. L. Ifs and C ans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black, 1940: Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black, 1964: Black M. A Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS. 4. Carnap, 1931: Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap, 1934: Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien : Julius Springer, 1934...

This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal, and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic. 1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в ...

1. Austin J. L. Ifs and Cans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black M. A. Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS, 1964. 4. Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien, 1934. 6. Fodor J. The Language of Thought. N. Y., 1975. 7. Gellner E. Words and...

This article offers a critical analysis of the general idea of “overcoming Kant”, presented by Ye. N. Trubetskoy in the book “The metaphysical assumptions of knowledge” (1917). 1. Соловьёв В. С. Теоретическая философия // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч.: в 9 т. 1-е изд. СПб., 1903. Т. 8. 2. Соловьёв В. С. Критика ...

The paper analyzes Kant’s philosophy of matrimonial law. It focuses on the idea of this law as “possession of a person as a thing and its use as a person”: Kant conceives marriage as an interpersonal relation in an external form of real possession, in the aspect of the objective and subjective goal of such relation, but primarily in the aspect of its legal and ethical possibility. Given the naturalistic interpretation of the constitutive act for this kind of law, the legal deduction of marriage comes...

The major difference between Kant's axiological and cognitive discourse is that the former contains a greater number of personal pronouns that signify different speech roles of the author. This text is characterised by a more direct expression of the addressee factor, which explains the emergence of the speech acts that are absent in Kant's cognitive texts. Another substantial difference is the explicit imperative modality of this type of Kant's texts. 1. Kant I. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der...

... основание для доказательства бытия Бога // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 1. С. 391—508. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Там же. Т. 3. 3. Walsh W. H. Kant’s Criticism of Metaphysics. Chicago, 1976.

This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения. М., 1995....

The formation of science and its separation from metaphysics are among the key characteristics of the early modern period. This separation faces a particular problem with conceptualization of body, which, while being a physical body, is closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the ...

On the basis of Kant's texts, the author attempts to prove that two and three-element logical-semantic structures — called the judgements of understanding and reason by Kant — represent logically organized complexes of propositions grouping around the structural core of both types of inferences and are communicative forms of textual material "packaging" and, thus, are forms of textuality in I. Kant's discourse. Moreover, they give assertoric and apodictic modality to Kant's discourse....

... reveals the national, historical and social specificity of the conflict between the intellectual and the boor in the context of the crisis of modern Western civilization. The author concludes that the disintegration of the bourgeois ethos in Chekhov's metaphysical theatre is more than natural and the paradoxical reconciliation of the parties to the conflict in Mrożek's absur­distic play, devoid of metaphysics, is also more than anticipated.

... Inquisitor by F. Dostoevsky. It is shown that F. Dostoevsky reduces the ideology of freedom and power, typical of F. Schiller and A. Mickiewicz, to the Evangelical archetype of the three temptations of Christ and the choice between freedom and power — to a metaphysical dispute about the human soul. 1. Кибальник С. А. «Легенда о Великом инквизиторе» Ф. М. Достоевского и «Дон Карлос» Шиллера // Русская словесность ...

... Просвещения и логический язык Христиана Вольфа // Христиан Вольф и философия в России. СПб., 2001. С. 107—124. 5. Allair E. B. Berkeley´s Idealism: Yet another Visit // Berkeley´s metaphysics.Pennsylvania, 1995. 6. Atherton M. Berkeley without God // Ibid. 7. Berkeley G. A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. L., 1949.Vol. 2. 8. Berkeley G. Philosophical commentaries. L., 1948. Vol. 1. 9. Berkeley G. Philosophical ...

.... Eddington and Quinn about Eureka URL: www.bo.astro.it/~cappi/ poeeddington.html. 13.  Lartigue J.   G. Edgar Allan Poe and Science: A Cosmic Poet. URL: www.poedecoder.com/essays/lartigue. 14.  Livi St. Armand L.   B. Usher Unveiled: Poe and the Metaphysic of Gnosticism. URL: http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1970/p1972101.htm. 15.  Page P.   C. Poe, Empedocles, and intuition in Eureka URL: www.eapoe.org/ pstudies/PS1970/P1978201.htm.