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... Mendieta. New Jersey: Humanities Press. Apel, K.-O., 1994b. From a Transcendental-Semiotic Point of View. Edited by M. Papastephanou. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press. Apel, K.-O., 1996. Selected Essays, Volume 2: Ethics and the Theory of Rationality. Edited by E. Mendieta. New Jersey: Humanities Press. Bunte, M., 2016. Erkenntnis und Funktion. Zur Vollständigkeit der Urteilstafel und Einheit des kantischen Systems. Berlin & Boston: de Gruyter. Förster, E., 2015. Transzendentalphilosophie....

... Besides, I substantiate my assertion that Marburg Neo-Kantians had different concepts of the special place of religion in the system of philosophy. The specific nature of this difference warrants the discussion not only of the boundary of reason and rationality but adds new dimensions to that boundary, filling it with content and thus broadening the very sphere of critical idealism. In the course of the discussion of the problems of religion, Paul Natorp (in a more immediate and extended fashion) ...

... good disposition, is thus enabled by the principle of the good. Thus one can reasonably hope to achieve goodness in one’s moral conduct because of God’s grace. A transcendental deduction (b) has to justify conditions that enable the acquisition of rational claims. The justification of the claim of practical reason that faith is a necessary precondition of one‘s moral conduct has now to be understood as complementary to the result of the transcendental deduction of the categories, namely the restriction ...

... Kant, 1996. Practical Philosophy. Translated & edited by M. J. Gregor, General Introduction by A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-604. Kant, I., 1996d. Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. In: I. Kant, 1996. Religion and Rational Theology. Translated by G. Giovanni, edited by A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36-216. Kant, I., 1997. Lectures on Ethics. Translated & edited by P. Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1998. Critique ...

... particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy is due to the doctrine of the two worlds, the mundus sensibilis and the mundus intelligibilis,...

The brief letter exchange between Hamann and Kant, in which they discussed a physics textbook for children, is the main purpose of this text. It unravels an urgent question about the nature of consciousness and its role in the structure of the physical world. 1. Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 т. М., 1978. 2. Вергилий. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида. Гораций. Оды. Эподы. Сатиры. Посла­ния. Наука поэзии. М., 2005. 3. Гаман И. Г. Aesthetica in nuce (пер. и коммент. В. Х. Гильманова) // Гильманов В. Х. Герменевтика...

The author analyses the Enlightenment's principle of justifying lie from altruistic motives, which was criticised by Kant in the article "On a supposed right..." The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of arguments drawn in Kant's work. The author proves and specifies the admissibility of lie due to ethical and legal principles put forward by Kant in other publications and lectures, namely: need for self-defence and internal legal duty to humanity (categorical imperative)...

This article analyses the impact of Kant's ideas on the development of logic and University philosophy in Russia. The integrity of philosophy, psychology (pedagogy), and logic until the early 20th century implied that Kant's ideas influenced logic via its philosophical foundations (empiricism versus the rationalistic aspects of Kant's philosophy). It was especially evident in the interpretations of logic in terms of psychologism and anthropologism ensuing from empiricism. 1. Андреев А. Ю. Лекции...

... reveal the extent of possibility and necessity of dignity for a person pursuing their vocation. Kant showed the world as the world should be in accordance to the sensible disposition of the human being. The author analyses the main concepts of Kant's rational ethics and attempts to classify his pedagogical ideas, which can be traced through all his works. The article also addresses the influence of Immanuel Kant's philosophical and pedagogical ideas on the development of pedagogy in Germany in the ...

The article broaches the issue of Kant’s claim of the enlightenment of the philosophizing subject by tracing his criticism of philosophical enthusiasm (“Schwärmerei”). For Kant intellectual intuition (“intellektuelle Anschauung”) serves in case of philosophical enthusiasm as a reason for the justification of philosophical knowledge. This determination is a threat for his project of enlightenment, because it entices the philosophizing subject to contradict the maxim of self-thinking. In order to show...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

... ed. by H. Hardy, Oxford, pp. 166—217. 2. Byrd, B. S. 2010, Intelligible Possession of Objects of Choice, in: Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide, ed. by L. Denis, Cambridge, pp. 93—110. 3. Höffe, O. 2010, Kant’s Innate Right as a Rational Criterion for Human Rights, in: Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide, ed. by L. Denis, Cambridge, pp. 71—92. 4. Kant, I. 2005, On the Common Saying, that May be Correct in Theory, but is of no Use in Practice, in: Practical Philosophy,...

... theory of coercion. I will especially tackle Kant’s account of international political order. First, I claim that Kant attributes a systematic role to the cosmopolitan right, what justifies considering this part of the doctrine of law as a necessary rational conclusion of the legal system, although its institutional embodiment differs from that required by the rights of states. I highlight that according to Kant states may not behave as individual citizens do, since they do not recognize any higher ...

Kant scholars have rarely addressed the notion of optimism as it was interpreted by the Königsbergian philosopher in the mid-18th century. The notion originates from Leibniz’s Theodi­cy and from debates over whether the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. The first of a two-part series, this article studies the historical context in which appeared Kant’s 1759 lecture advertisement leaflet entitled An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism. The study describes the requirements of the...

This paper deals with the forms of satisfaction in the Critique of Judgement — disinterested affection for a beautiful form in a pure feeling, vital love for something sensorily pleasant, rational respect for unconditioned good, and non-self-regarding love for humanity. A synthetic union of the above gives the conceptual key to the critical philosophy of love, which was never fully articulated in Kant’s lectures or published works. Moral ...

... for millennia of human history, the awareness of this ignorance becomes parti­cularly problematic during the Enlightenment when irreducible yet systematically repressed elements of human ignorance were integrated into the epistemology of 18th-century rationalism. This article discusses the development in the shift from ignorance as a given to ignorance as a systematically reflected part of the conditions of human knowledge from a historical point of view through the examples of Christian Wolff, Alexander ...

The article considers the first of the two principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls as universal principles that would be chosen by every reasonable and rational person in an ‘original position’. The work analyses the problematic aspects of the principle’s formulation (the vagueness of the list of key rights and freedoms and the value criterion for ranking them) and of the methods used by Rawls ...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of Neokantianism in Russia. The originality of Russian Neokantianism is marked, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the domestic philosophical thought. The 1. Булгаков С. Н. От марксизма к идеализму. Статьи и рецензии. 1895—1903 / сост., вступ. ст. и комм. В. В. Сапова. М., 2006. 2. Введенский А. И. Вторичный вызов на спор о законе одушевления и ответ про­тивникам // Введенский А. И. Статьи...

... Foundations of Analytic Philosophy, New York. 11. Hogan, D. 2009a, How to Know Unknowable Things in Themselves, in: Noûs, 43, p. 49—63. 12. Hogan, D. 2009b, Noumenal Affection, in: Philosophical Review, 118, p. 501—32. 13. Hogan, D. 2009c, Three Kinds of Rationalism and the Non-Spatiality of Things in Themselves”, in: Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47, p. 355—382. 14. Howell, R. 1979, A Problem for Kant, in: E. Saarinen et al., eds., Essays in Honour of Jaakko Hintikka, Dordrecht, p. 331—349....

Postulates play an important role in Kant’s philosophy. Kant’s understanding of this term differs from the previous tradition. For Kant, postulates are originally subjective propositions necessarily supposed as objective ones. Otherwise, the systematic theoretical cognition and compliance with the moral law become impossible. However, this feature of Kant’s word usage is hardly taken into consideration. That is why Kant is wrongly accused of atheism. 1. Аристотель. Вторая аналитика // Собр. соч...

Probability theory, which emerged as early as the 17th century thanks to the works of Pascal and Fermat, served for a long time as a tool of professional mathematicians. It was not considered a means of rational prediction of social actions. In the late 18th century, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743—1794) first proposed to apply probability theory to moral and political disciplines thus creating a basis for social forecasting. The methods he developed made ...

This paper is devoted to investigation of destination of religion in the process of forming of the concept of law in determined cultural circumstances. This study is actualizes the essential link between comprehension of content of domain of law and concept of subjectivity. Nikolay Alexeev overcomes concept of subjectivity represented in philosophy of early modern period of European history, (primarily in the rationalistic tradition of Rene Descartes). The crucial significant in his concept of law...

... interpretation without E-type pronoun: How Peirce’s Graphs capture the uniqueness implication of donkey sentences, in Synthese, no. 192 (4), pp. 971—990. 8. Hookway, C., 1985. Peirce, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. 9. Hookway, C., 2002, Truth, Rationality, and Pragmatism: Themes from Peirce, New York, Oxford University Press. 10. Keeler, M., 1995, The Philosophical Context of Peirce's Existential Graphs. University of Washington, Seattle, available at: www.dipf.de/projekte/PaedSem HCI/Texte/Keeler ...

... committed to a well-reasoned apologia of reason as a mediator between the reality and the spirit — a mediator that acts through the mystery of imagination and the psychology of unconscious interest. The authors examine relevant aspects of Gottsched’s rational aesthetics in his struggle against pre-Romanticism theories. Attention is paid to the ideational proximity between Gottsched’s ideas and Kant’s regulative principles of practical reason. The authors emphasise the significance of Gottsched’s ...

This article presents an overview of Russian philosophers’ publications in German periodicals of the late 19th/early 20th centuries. At the time, Germany boasted a significant number of journals dedicated to philosophy or addressing philosophical problems. Even in the first approximation, there are several dozen journals featuring either texts by Russian scientists or works dedicated to Russian philosophy. Of special importance are two journals with the most pronounced presence of Russian authors...

Leaping beyond the limits of one’s time with the help of imagination is a rather common procedure; however, such leap made with the help of rational philosophical principles and taking one 150 years into the future to a precisely designed landing ground is unprecedented. Kant preformed this intellectual feat through understanding the true essence of human nature. All the novelties and discoveries ...

... neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According to Kistyakovsky, the rational element of legal rules is their key characteristic. Not unlike concepts, law is created by reason, without which legal rules cannot be formulated. Legal rules are an expression of the normal (typical) human consciousness and behavior. However,...

... Thought of Immanuel Kant and Edmund Burke // The Journal of Religious Ethics. Vol. 36, № 3, Sep. 2008. 10. Louden, R. Kant's Human Being: Essays on His Theory of Human Nature. Oxford University Press, 2011. 11. Louden, R. Kant's Impure Ethics. From Rational Beings to Human Beings. Oxford University Press, 2000. 12. Seebom, Th. Kant’s Theory of Revolution // Social Research. Vol. 48, № 3 (Autumn, 1981). Р. 557—587.

... philosopher’s manuscripts, the article focuses on Erhard’s writings. As Erhard emphasizes, medical theory lacks a foundation necessary for a contemporary science. It has neither a clear concept of its object — a human being and their diseases, nor a rationally justified method, nor reliable treatment techniques. With the help of Kant’s theory of teleology in nature and based on the system of medi¬cine developed by the Scottish physician John Brown, Erhard attempted to formulate such foundations ...

... 66, № 255. P. 106—114. 13. Papineau D. Philosophical Devices. Oxford University Press, 2012. 14. Pearl L. A Puzzle about Necessary Being // Philosophy. 1990. Vol. 65, № 252. P. 229—231. 15. Plantinga A. God and Other Minds. A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God. Ithaca ; N. Y., 1967. 16. Prior A. N. Is Necessary Existence Possible? // Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 1955. Vol. 15, № 4. P. 545—547. 17. Tichy P. Existence and God // The Journal of Philosophy....

In the 18th century, a philosophical dispute over the Principle of sufficient reason arose in Germany. Despite the fact that this Principe was explicitly formulated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the...

This article reconstructs certain episodes of the early intellectual biography (1889—1960) of S. L. Rubinstein — a Russian Neo-Kantian, philosopher, and psychologist — and presents the fol-lowing archive documents: the letter of Martha Cohen (1918), the widow of the German neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen, S. L. Rubinstein’s teacher; two Rubinstein’s autobiographies of the early 1920s; a review of Rubinstein’s thesis, which was supervised by H. Cohen and P. Natorp and de-fended at Marburg University, prepared...

Necessity is a key philosophical notion, which is used in different disciplines from logic to ontology. In the German philosophy of the Enlightenment, this concept was centralto the work of many thinkers. For them, necessity is related not only to logic but rather to the disciplines of general and special metaphysics. It is explained by that the principle of sufficient reason introduced by Leibniz is closely linked to the notion underconsideration. The recognition of this principle as one of the...

... attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “ratonal egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue ethics and to contemporary communitarianism. 1. Васильев В. В. Неуловимая свобода: проблема ...

... Jungius considers the question about the limits of our cognition reflective and forbids posing it in the beginning of research.J. Jungius formulated the basis of German methodological tradition through reorienting theory of science towards the search for rational bases of scientific experience and emphasising the fundamental role of mathematical knowledge. J. Jungius’s epistemological doctrine contains the following principles adopted by Kant: sensible experience and reason are necessary components ...

The 18th century philosophy actively used the notion of machine in its extended meaning, especially when describing both the world as a whole and its constituent bodies. Consequently, the initial meaning of that notion underwent peculiar changes: not only an artificial mechanism but also a natural organic body were defined as machines. A metaphysical comprehension of the notion of machine was developed predominantly in the framework of cosmology. 1. Васильев В. В. Философская психология в эпоху...

... Wright von, 1989: The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright / ed. by L. Hahn, P. A. Schilpp The Library of Living Philosophers. Chicago : Open Court, 1989. 33. Cultural Relativism and Philosophy / ed. by M. Dascal. Leiden : Brill E. J., 1991. 34. Rationality and Relativism / ed. by M. Hollis, S. Lukes. Oxford, 1982. 35. The revolution in Philosophy / ed. by A. J. Ayer, Kneale W. C., Paul G. A. [et al.]. With an Introduction by Ryle G. L., 1956. 36. Der Wiener Kreis der Wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung....

John Rawls’s interpretation of Kant’s categorical imperative is reviewed, some significant aspects of Rawls’ treatment of key notions of rationality, interests and ends are revealed, which limit the possibilities of application of Kantian ethics within Rawls’ liberal egalitarianism. 1. Калинников Л. А. Категорический императив и телеологический ...

... L. : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. 32. The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright / ed. by Hahn L. and Schilpp P. A. // The Library of Living Philosophers. Chicago, 1989. 33. Cultural Relativism and Philosophy / ed. by Dascal M. Leiden, 1991. 34. Rationality and Relativism / ed. by Hollis M. and Lukes S. Oxford, 1982. 35. The Revolution in Philosophy / ed. by Ayer A. J. [et al.] With an Introduction by Ryle G. L., 1956. 36. Der Wiener Kreis der wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. Herausgegeben ...

... 2003. 9. Maimon S. Versuch einer neuer Logik oder Theorie des Denkens. Tübingen, 2004. 10. Schechter O. The Logic of Speculative Philosophy and Skepticism in Maimon’s Philosophy: Satz der Bestimmbarkeit and the Role of Synthesis // Salomon Maimon: Rational Dogmatist, Empirical Skeptic. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. P. 18—53.

The analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “rational egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for ...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of neo-Kantianism in Russia. Russian neo-Kantianism is marked with originality, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the national philosophical thought. The stages and specific character of the development of Russian neo-Kantianism are considered by example of the creation of A. I. Vvedensky, B. V. Yakovenko and V. E. Sesemann. 1. Bulgakov S. N. Ot marksizma k idealizmu. Stat'i i recenzii. 1895—1903...

... discipline. Teamwork on clinical anatomy cases while employing interactive 3D anatomical atlases, learning surgical skills as part of a surgical team, and role reversal increase motivation and build the foundations of new clinical thinking based on a rational combination of hard and soft skills. 1. Амирова В. Р. Инновационные технологии в совершенствовании специа­листа в медицинском вузе // Подготовка врачей ...

... perception of the Freemasons became an ideal, an object and a tool. At the same time, the instrumental function, that is, one’s own practice in the framework of the real world, implied a mystical desire for an ideal, that is, the Word of God, and rational and mystical know­led­ge of an object, that is, the Lost Word. 1. Мельгунов С. П., Сидоров Н. П. (ред.) Масонство в его прошлом и настоя­щем : в 2 т. М., 1914. Т. 2. 2. Папюс....

... 5. P. 415—435. 11. Lipman M. Thinking in Education. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003. 12. Paul R. W. Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survive in a Rapidly Changing World. Rohnert Park, CA, 1990. 13. Siegel H. Educating Reason: Rationality, Critical Thinking, and Education. Routledge, 1988.

... // Journal of Personality. 1987. № 55. Р. 219—316. 11. Forman M., Tosi D., Rudy D. Common irrational beliefs associated with the psychological conditions of low back pain, peptic ulcers and migraine headache: A multivariate study // Journal of Rational Emotive Therapy. 1987. Vol. 5(4). Р. 255—265. 12. Gupta M. Is chronic pain a variant of depressive illness? A critical review // Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1986. № 31. Р. 241—248. 13. Maciejewski P. K., Prigerson H. G., Mazure C....

Irrational borrower behaviour is considered as failure to develop competencies set out in the federal requirements for non-economic professional education. The authors describe the structure of preparedness for rational borrower behaviour as part of the cognitive, socio-affective, and hortatory components and of the practical borrowing experience. The article presents the results of an empirical study into the common types of irrational borrower behaviour and ...

The article provides a rationale of the expedience and necessity of the amplification of professional functions of social humanitarian sphere workers with the new function of the cross-cultural mediator. The cross-cultural mediator professiogram is revealed on the basis of the professiographic approach. 1. Иванова Е.   М. Психология профессиональной деятельности: М.: ПЕР СЭ, 2006. 2. Иеронова И.   Ю. Формирование профессионально-посреднической куль­туры будущего переводчика в культуросообразной...