Search

... London: Harvard University Press. Ehrsam, R., 2016. Le problème du langage chez Kant. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2007. Anthropology, History and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden. Cambridge, New York et al.: Cambridge University Press. Kitcher, P., 1990. Kant’s Transcendental Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Lütterfelds, W., 2004. Kant ...

In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Begriffe vom intelligiblen und empirischen Charakter in A. Schopenhauers Philosophie behandelt. Der Autor zeigt, wie sich diese Begriffe bei Schopenhauer inhaltlich wandeln und welche Ursachen seiner Lehre über den Charakter zugrunde liegen mögen. 1. Кант И. Критика практического разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 4. С. 373—565. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Там же. Т. 3. С. 5—678. 3. Шеллинг Ф. В. Й. Философские исследования...

... 2011, Fenomenologicheskaja teorija poznanija M. Shelera — sozercanie sushhnosti [The phenomenological theory of cognition of M. Scheler — contemplation of the the essence] // Filosofskaja antropologija Maksa Shelera: uroki, kritika, perspektivy [Philosophical anthropology of Max Scheler: tasks, critique, perspectives], Saint Petersburg, P. 27—42. 13. Windelband, W., 1995a, Chto takoe filosofija? (O ponjatii i istorii filosofii) [What is philosophy? (On the concept and the history of philosophy)]) // Windelband,...

This essay concerns an unusual note of Kant’s that has been available in Hamburg since the 1920s but otherwise neglected in the Kant literature. This small 8 x 6.3 cm sheet belonged to the manuscript collector Oskar Ulex (1852—1934), who appears to have bought it from a dealer in France. Writing covers both sides of the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer”...

.... Golosenko, I. A. and Gergilov, R. E., 2000. Georgii (Georges) Gurvitch as Sociologist. The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 3(1), pp. 21-31. (In Rus.) Gurvitch, G., 1926. Ethics and Religion. Sovremennye zapiski / Annales contemporaines,... ... Problems of the Sociology of Law. Journal of Social Philosophy, 6, pp. 197-215. Gurvitch, G., 1942. Sociology of Law. New York: Philosophical Library. Inc. Gurvitch, G., 1951. Die gegenwärtige Lage der Soziologie und ihre Aufgaben. In: Karl Gustav Specht ...

... Kant, I., 2007. Review of J. G. Herders Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Humanity. Parts 1 and 2. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden; translated by A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University ... ... Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 233-328. Kaplun, V., 2001. From Nietzsche to Nietzsche: On the Intersection of Two Philosophical Biographies (Semyon Frank and Michel Foucault). In: O. Kharkhordin, ed. 2001. Michel Foucault i Rossiya [Michel ...

... University Press. Kant, I., 1998b. The Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2007. Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim. Translated by A. Wood. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-120. Kant, I., 2009. Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company....

... Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin & Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 5-54. Chignell, A., 2007. Belief in Kant. Philosophical Review, 116 (3), pp. 323-360. Heimsoeth, H., 1966. Transzendentale Dialektik. Ein Kommentar zu Kants Kritik der ... ... Critique of the Power of Judgment. Translated and edited by P. Guyer. New York: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I. Lectures on Anthropology. Edited by A. Wood and R. Lauden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keller, P., 2015. Schein. In: M. Willaschek,...

... translated by D. L. Colclasure. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 3-16. Kant, I., 2006c. Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and ... ... Education, 55(6), pp. 1112-1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12619 . Zhavoronkov, A. G., 2019. Social Aspects of Kant’s Anthropology and Their Influence on the 20th Century Sociology: Problems and Cases. Voprosy Filosofii, 12, pp. 187-197 (In Rus....

... system proceeding from the foundational principles of critical thinking. As a result, he managed to overcome the abstract concept of the human being characteristic of Neo-Kantians to put the concrete human in the absolute horizon of being at the focus of philosophical investigations. In his metaphysics anthropology begins to play a system-forming and meaning-forming role, and onto-epistemological reasoning is used as a methodology for revealing the specificities of the human being. Here, too, Frank follows Kant who in his Logic defined the question ...

... Hikmet as one of the first attempts to create a philosophy of petroleum, which will find its most large-scale embodiment in the philosophical novel “Cyclonopedia” by Reza Negarestani, where petroleum constitutes a new type of subjectivity, simultaneously ... ... Russ.). Latour, B., 2006. Novogo vremeni ne bylo. Esse po simmetrichnoi antropologii [We have never been modern. Essays on symmetric anthropology]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Lekmanov, O. and Sverdlov, M., 2012. Sergei Esenin: biografiya [Sergey Yesenin: ...

Kant’s mourning letter or necrology for his student Johann Friedrich von Funk (1760) has hardly been received. This study attempts to change this by explaining the contexts of the short missive. In the first part this concerns in particular the influence that Gottsched exerted on the style of such printed speeches or necrolo­gies. Kant’s references therefore to the ‘Royal German Society’ in Königsberg and its founder Flottwell, a friend of Gottsched’s, are described. The influence of the Roman Stoa...

... von Funk, in einem Sendschreiben an die Hochwohlgeborne Frau, Agnes Elisabeth, verwitt.). In: J. Wuerth, ed. 2021. The Cambridge Kant-Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 542-543. Förstl, H., 2024. Immanuel Kant und die Medizin. Der Philosoph als Anthropologe, Arzt und Patient. Berlin: Springer Nature. Gawlick, G., 2022. Cicero. Person und Lehre im Urteil der Jahrhunderte. Herausgegeben von L. Kreimendahl. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog. Gottsched, J. G., 1975a. Ausführliche Redekunst. He­rausgegeben ...

This paper critically addresses the unwitting gender oppression underpinning Kant’s anthropological and legal approach to domestic labour, highlighting the helpfulness of his analysis of reproductive tasks for casting light on some of the historical causes behind the current view of such labour. With this general aim in mind, I first ...

... 124-146. https://doi.org/10.3917/dio.273.0124 . Babich, B., 2023. Nietzsche and AI: On ChatGPT and the Psychology of Illusion. Philosophical Salon: Los Angeles Review of Books, 19 June 2023. Available at: < https://thephilosophicalsalon.com/nietzsche-and-ai-on-chatgpt-and-the-psychology-of-illusion/ ... ... in the Early Modern Era. State College: Penn State University Press, pp. 101-130. Clark, D. L., 2001. Kant’s Aliens: The “Anthropology” and Its Others. CR: The New Centennial Review, 1(2), pp. 201-289. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2003.0052 . Dahlstrom,...

... sacraments of man and the Church: Experience of modern mystagogue of the second stage: in 3 parts. Part 2: New Christian (Orthodox) anthropology: On the dispensation and salvation of man and mankind. Fundamentals of Christian as­ceticism and mysticism]. Moscow ... ... Matematicheskii apparat strukturnogo opisaniya tsenozov i giperbolicheskie N-ogranicheniya. Tsenologicheskie issledovaniya [Philosophical Founda­tions of Technology. Mathematical apparatus of the structural description of cenoses and hyperbolic H-limits....

... Aivazovsky, I. K., 1992. Pervyi poezd v Feodosii [The first Тrain in Feodosia]. Feo­dosiya Art Gallery after I. K. Aivazovsky. Available at: https://clck.ru/ajvyc [Acces­sed 16 January 2022] (in Russ.). Avanesov, S. S., 2018. Urban Space as anthropological Phenomenon. ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Problemy vizual'noi semiotiki [Praxema], 2 (16), pp. 10—31. doi: 10.23951/2312-7899- 2018-2-10-31 (in Russ.). Angaladyan, R., 2017. I. K. Aivazovsky. The world as a wind from the sea. 21st century, 3, pp. 130—134 ...

The article investigates a religious and philosophical dialogue of Miłosz and Dostoevsky. The antinomic content of Miłosz's poem “Theological Treatise” is analyzed ... ....ru/book/OurAutors/saraskina/ amerika.php [Accessed 23 January 2021] (in Russ.). Suzi, V. N., 2016. About apocatastasis and Christian anthropology by Dostoevsky and in patristics (to the question). In: Literatura i istoriya. XIX vek [Literature and his­tory. ...

... books/2017/aug/31/lost-to-translation-how-english-readers-miss-out-on-foreign-wo men-writers Cassin, B., Apter, E., Lezra, J. and Wood, M., eds., 2014. Dictionary of Untranslata­bles . A Philosophical Lexicon . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chesterman, A., 2006. Interpreting the Meaning of Translation. ... ... Jianzhong, X., 2009. Translation Ecology . Beijing: Three Gorges Publishing House. Kohn, E., 2013. How Forests Think: Toward an anthropology beyond the human . Oak­land: University of California Press. Kraidi, M., 2005. Hybridity, or the Cultural Logic ...

... ga-m-m-bahtina-o-rable-v-kontekste-idey-shkoly-fosslera-k-postanovke-problemy [Accessed 09 August 2019] (in Russ.). Poselyagin, N., 2012. An anthropological turn in the Russian humanities. Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie [New Literary Review], 113, pp. 27—36 (in Russ.... ... N., 2000. Istoriya filosofii [A history of philosophy]. Moscow, Vlados (in Russ.). Sobolevskaya, E., 2004. Pratext and text (Philosophic aspects of art). Doksa, 6, pp. 260—267. Available at: http://dspace.onu.edu.ua:8080/handle/123456789/1347 [Accessed ...

... consideration. Nowadays researchers become increasingly interested in the category of image. A noticeably stronger position of anthropological, communicative and pragmalinguistic approaches to the analysis of linguistic phenomena and discursive practices ... ... Russ.). Borisenko, I. V., 2008. Natsional'nyi obraz Rossii: filosofsko-kul'turologicheskii analiz [National image of Russia: philosophical and cultural analysis]. PhD Thes. Southern Federal University (in Russ.). Bezotosnyi, I. A., 2011. Pozitivnyi obraz ...

... Schellingian, etc. Poems, articles, and letters are used to emphasise the Christian foundations of his oeuvre, which focuses on the anthropological problem of the ‘mystery of the human being’. The vicissitudes of human spirit, the dramatic conflict between ... ... veneration of god – these and similar issue comprise the world-view foundation of the physiophilosophical and love poems and philosophical historical and political reflections of the poet. 1. Аксаков И. С. Биография Фёдора Ивановича ...

... Heath, translated by G. Hatfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49-169. Kant, I., 2007. Lectures on Pedagogy. In: Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden, translated by R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge ... ... the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. In: I. Lakatos, 1978. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Edited by J. Warall and G. Currie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 8-101. Lakatos, ...

... Belarusі: dapamozhnіk dlya studentaў, yakіya navuchayucca pa specyyal’nascі 1-21 02 01 “Fіlasofіya” u 3 t. [Anthology of Philosophical Thought of Belarus: A Manual for Students Who Study in the Specialty 1-21 02 01 “Philosophy”: in 3 vol.]. Volume ... ..., 2014. Filosofiya istorii I. Kanta: antropologicheskie i social’no-politicheskie aspekty [Kant’s Philosophy of History: Anthropological and Socio-Political Aspects]. Minsk: RIVSH. 2015. (In Rus.) Rozhin, N. V., 2001. Problema ob”ektivnoj dostovernosti ...

... introduction by C. M. Korsgaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2007. Lectures on Pedagogy. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 434-485.... ... MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. Phillips, D. Z., 1977. In Search of the Moral “Must”: Mrs Foot’s Fugitive Thought. Philosophical Quarterly, 27(107), pp. 140-157. Rödl, S., 2007. Self-Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wiggins,...

... Crary and R. Read, eds. 2000. The New Wittgenstein. London & New York: Routledge, pp. 149-173. Dragalina-Chernaya, E. G., 2020. Colours in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Logical Space. Voprosy Filosofii, 6, pp. 146-156. Engelmann, M. L., 2013. Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development. Phenomenology, Grammar, Method, and the Anthropological View. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Fehige, Y. and Stuart, M. T., 2014. On the Origins of the Philosophy of Thought Experiments: The Forerun. Perspectives on Science, 22(2), pp. 179-220. Hacker, P. M. S., 2013. Kant and Wittgenstein: The ...

... L. Colclasure. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 3-16. Kant, I., 2007. Lectures on Pedagogy. In: I. Kant, 2007. Anthropology, History, and Education. Edited by G. Zöller and R. B. Louden; translated by R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge ... .... and Ugleva, A., 2019. The Birth of the Idea of Perfectibility: From the Enlightenment to Transhumanism. Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences = Filosofskie nauki, 62(4), pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-4-113-131

... time is superior to Kant’s. Nevertheless, it is high time to examine whether Heidegger’s claim can bear up against a micro-hermeneutical and micro-analytical test. Such an examination, to be fair and appropriate to the leading aspects of the two philosophers, has to bear in mind from the very beginning the deep differences of these leading aspects: Kant concentrates on the formal structure and the strictly subjective status of time as a form of intuition, Heidegger concentrates on the roles time ...

... culture, are given considerable attention. Professor Deng also shares some thoughts on the process of translating classical German philosophical texts into Chinese and provides an overview of his scholarship as a translator and thinker. Deng, X., 1992. 思辨的张力: ... ... Taipei: 台湾学生书局 Taiwan xuesheng shuju [Taiwan Student Book Company]. Kant, I., 1987. 实用人类学 Shiyong renleixue [Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View]. Translated by X. Deng. Chongqing: 重庆出版社 Chongqing chubanshe [Chongqing ...

... Press. Bittner, R., 2001. Doing Things for Reasons. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brewer, T., 2002. Maxims and Virtues. The Philosophical Review, 111(4), pp. 539-572. Bubner, R., 2000. Another Look at Maxims. In: P. Cicovacki, ed. 2000. Kant’s Legacy: ... ... the Power of Judgement. Translated & edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2012. Lectures on Anthropology. Translated & edit­ed by A. W. Wood & R. B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCarty, R., 2009. Kant’s ...

... edition. Berlin: Nicolai. Munzel, G. F., 1999. Kant’s Conception of Moral Character. The Critical “Link” of Morality, Anthropology, and Reflective Judgment. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Novyy Zavet Gospoda nashego Iisusa Khrista na ... ... Brockhaus, pp. 266-269. Scheler, M., 2007. Fragmente. In: M. Scheler, 2007. Filosofskie fragmenty iz rukopisnogo naslediya [Philosophical Fragments from the Archive]. [Published in German, translated into Russ­ian and commented by M. Khorkov.] Мoscow: ...

... Political Writings. Edited by H. S. Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1795. Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. In: I. Kant, 2006. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited and ... ... Introduction by P. Kleingeld. Translated by D. L. Colclasure. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. Kant, I., 1798. Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. Translated and edited by R. B. Louden, 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press....

... York: Routledge. Gergilov, R. E., 2005. Law as a Social Control: George Gurvitch’s Conception. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 8(3), pp. 71-78. (In Rus.) Gurvitch, G., 1918. Rousseau and the Declaration of Rights: The Idea of the Inalienable ... ... 17-40. Gurvitch, G., 1945. Social Control. In: G. Gurvitch and W. Moore, eds. 1945. Twentieth Century Sociology. New York: The Philosophical Library, pp. 267-269. Gurvitch, G., 1949. Groupement Social et Classe Sociale. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie,...

... Sources of Judaism (1919) offer a detailed analysis of the relationships between I and Thou, I and It, I and We. In the first book these relationships are considered from the ethical-legal point of view and in the second from the viewpoint of religious anthropology. However, Cohen considers the problem of inter-personal relationships not in isolation, but as an important component of his entire philosophical system. Deduction of the concept of personality in Ethics of Pure Will is based on Cohen’s logic of the origin expounded in the first part of his system in The Logic of Pure Cognition. Cohen explains that the origin of the self-consciousness ...

... Paradoxien der Kritischen Philosophie // Kant-Studien 98 (2007). S. 40—56. 21. Louden R. The Second Part of Morals // Jacobs. 2003. S. 60—84. 22. Sturm T. Kant und Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Bielefeld, 2009. 23. Wood A. Unsociable Sociability. The Anthropological Basis of Kant’s Et­hics // Philosophical Topics. Vol. 19 (1991). P. 325—351. 24. Wenzel U. J. Anthroponomie: Kants Archäologie der Autonomie. B., 1992.

This article puts forward the idea that the basis of Kant’s philosophy is moral ontology dominated by things in themselves, which provide the basis for the moral world order: God, soul, and freedom. Kant's epistemology, teleology and anthropology are determined by the attempt to prove the possibility of such world order. The ultimate end of this order is a human as a moral being, the thinking, experience, and knowledge of which are consistent with this end. 1. Голосовкер ...

This article suggests that rationality has to be treated as one of the basic categories of liberal philosophy. Together with freedom and equality, rationality lies at the anthropological core of liberalism, which makes it stand out among other political theories. The development of the main models of rationality relied upon by various liberal theories is reviewed. 1. Вебер М. О некоторых категориях ...

The concepts of style and topos in their cultural studies interpretation by Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky are applied to the analysis of some fragments of N. O. Lossky's philosophical concept pertaining to the features of Russian culture in general and the originality of Russian philosophy in particular. The topic is developed through comparative digressions into the field of anthropological aspects of I. Kant's philosophy. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Сравнительное исследование западноевропейской и русской философии методами теории аргументации ...

... article analyses the impact of Kant's ideas on the development of logic and University philosophy in Russia. The integrity of philosophy, psychology (pedagogy), and logic until the early 20th century implied that Kant's ideas influenced logic via its philosophical foundations (empiricism versus the rationalistic aspects of Kant's philosophy). It was especially evident in the interpretations of logic in terms of psychologism and anthropologism ensuing from empiricism. 1. Андреев А. Ю. Лекции по истории Московского университета (1755—1855). М., 2001. 2. Бажанов В. А. История логики в России и СССР....

... sochinenij v 8 tomah. [Works in 8 volumes], vol. 8, S. 57—136. 2. Kant, I. 1994b, Antropologija s pragmaticheskoiy tochki zrenija [Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View] In: Kant, I. Sobranie sochinenij v 8 tomah. [Works in 8 volumes], vol. 8. 3. Katrechko,... ... Transcendentalizm Kanta kak transcendental'naja paradigma filosofstvovanija [Kant’s transcendentalism as transcendental paradigm of philosophizing]. In: Kantovskiiy sbornik [The Kantovsky sbornik], 2014, no. 2 (48). s. 10—25. 4. Katrechko, S. L. 2017a, Transcendentalizm ...

... relationship worthy of humanity and compatible with morality. This condition is discovered by Kant beyond the borders of ethics. Therefore, it is not discussed within those borders any more. The crucial significance of love based on aesthetic taste to Kantian anthropology evokes some superficial Kantian objections but proves to be justified by the philosophy of the culture of free personality as striving towards the integral self, as it was formulated later in German idealism. 1. Kant, I. 1965, Metafisika ...

The article broaches the issue of Kant’s claim of the enlightenment of the philosophizing subject by tracing his criticism of philosophical enthusiasm (“Schwärmerei”). For Kant intellectual intuition (“intellektuelle Anschauung”) serves in case of philosophical enthusiasm as a reason for the justification of philosophical ...

... und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen überhaupt, anderer Theil, bestehend in ausführlichen Anmerckungen, und zu besserem Verstande und bequemerem Gebrauche derselben. Frankfurt am Main, 1740. 41. Zammito J. H. Kant, Herder, and the Birth of Anthropology. Chicago, 2002. 42. Zedler J. H. Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon. Bd. 20. Halle, 1739.

... 1784 they distinctly demonstrate that the basic principles of Kant’s philosophy of right are not a late production of the philosopher, but they have been formed already in the middle of 80’s of 18th century. Therewith we can use this lectures notes ... ... fragment of Introduction to the Natural Law Feyerabend. 1. Kant, I. 1994a, Antropologija s pragmaticheskoj tochki zrenija [Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View], Sobranije sochinienij v 8 tt. [Works in 8 vol.], Moscow, Vol. 7. 2. Kant, I. 1994b,...

Against the background of a dispute with K. Jaspers, this article considers the Critique of Pure Reason as a system of epistemology and an overview of Kant’s philosophical system. The cen-tral thesis is the statement that Kant’s epistemology is based on transcendental anthropology con-nected with the history of philosophy. It is proven that, in terms of its content, the formal dual divi-sion of the Critique is a triad system comprising a number of similar subsystems. 1. Abramjan, L. A. 1981, Glavnyj trud Kanta ...

Against the background of a dispute with K. Jaspers, this article considers the Critique of Pure Reason as a system of epistemology and an overview of Kant’s philosophical system. The central thesis is the statement that Kant’s epistemology is based on transcendental anthropology connected with the history of philosophy. It is proven that, in terms of its content, the formal dual division of the Critique is a triad system comprising a number of similar subsystems. 1. Kant, I. 1964, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique ...

... Fichte as a phenomenon of the internal life and an element of personal freedom, hence the role of clergy in this field. In Fichte’s theory, special attention is paid to the nature and legal effects of a legitimate divorce interpreted based on his moral anthropology of sexes as a moral fact and a legal status. A divorce, once accomplished in the moral substance, transforms the personal union of family partners into a concubinage, which is seen considered in an essentially non-Kantian way. Against the ...

.... URL: kant-online. ru/?p=1693 (accessed on 18.07.2015). 5. Kant, I. 1994а, Antropologija s pragmaticheskoj tochki zrenija [Anthropology from a Pragmatical Point of View], in: Kant, I. Soch.: v 8 t. T. 7. [Writings: in 8 vol. Vol. 7] М. 6. Kant, I.... ... the Tractate “Toward Perpetual Peace”], in: Kalinnikov, L. А. Kant v russkoj filosofskoj kul'ture [Kant in the Russian Philosophical Culture]. Kaliningrad. P. 78—81. 14. Krouglov, А. N. 2014, Nesovershennoletie i zadacha istinnogo preobrazovanija ...

... first readers. Kant’s opponents are both concrete authors — either living or dead contemporaries (Garve, Mendesohn, Frederick the Great) — and generalised characters representing entire classes. The two opposing parties are Kant and his favourite philosophers (Saint-Pierre and Rousseau) against the ‘government’ and ‘lawyers’. Kant’s philosophy of law, which is believed to rest on a metaphysical foundation, is constructed using a minimum of anthropological premises, which is often viewed as a virtue. However, Kant’s political teaching is closely connected with moral anthropology, which is considered as another virtue. Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate ...

... society, rested on reason, virtue, justice, and tolerance, which reflected the common attitudes of burgher Germany towards apparently natural human inclinations. It contradicted both Augustine’s teaching of human corruption and Hobbes’s misanthropic anthropology. This German sensitivity served as the basis for Lessing’s philosophy of hope. Lessing’s “code of hope”, whose ideas developed in the “pre-critical” period of the Elightenment is based on trust in human sensibility, within which,...