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... the debate has barely begun. What might philosophers have said, or what did they say, about human life itself and its value to merit reproduction? Herein it is useful to look to Kant, who wrote much on whether, by reproducing, humans do wrong or right morally. Two main arguments are put forward and assessed: one examining whether perfect or imperfect duties condone reproduction, the other whether Kant’s teleological or, in the opposite sense, his eschatological outlooks can salvage reproduction. ...

... than in those of earlier eras. Anzenbacher, A., 1992. Einführung in die Ethik. Düsseldorf: Patmos. Anzenbacher, A., 2002. Sozialethik als Naturrechtsethik. Jahrbuch für Christliche Sozialwissenschaften, 43, pp. 14-32. Auer, A., 1984. Autonome Moral und sittlicher Glaube. 2. Auflage. Düsseldorf: Patmos. Baur, F. C., 1827. Primae Rationalismi et Supranaturalismi historia capita potiora, Pars II: Comparatur Gnosticismus cum Schleiermacherianae theologiae indole (Tübinger Osterprogramm). Tübingen: ...

... inoculated first (vaccine distribution). Following Beauchamp and Childress’s principlism, adopted guidelines have tended to value both whole lives (survival to discharge) and life-years (survival for years past discharge). This process of collective moral reasoning has revealed our common commitment to both Kantian and utilitarian principles. For Kant, respecting people’s rights entails that we ought to value whole lives equally. Therefore we ought to allocate resources so as to maximise the number ...

... Subjectum, táxis [griechisch] deniq; et diaíresis eis ta kephália [griechisch] breviter et succincte poponitur. Olim a Michaele Piccarto Professore Organico Altdorffino, aucta & Notis plurimus illustrata. A M. Joh. Conrado Dürrio S. S. Theol. et Philos. Moral. in illustri Acad. Altdorff. Prof. Pub. Praemissa est Epistola Viri Celeberrimi Hermanni Conringii, continens judicium de isto libello eiusdemq[ae], iterata editione. Altdorf: Georg Hagen. Piccart, M., 1665. Isagoge in lectionem Aristotelis. Hoc ...

... law of the Stoical and Kantian type. Fichte stresses that in his youth he himself shared this worldview. However, he hastens to adduce a series of original arguments to show that this position is essentially incapable of delivering a pure and higher moral doctrine. I examine the substance of these critical arguments in the context of his later metaphysics. Fichte maintains that in the “second type” of worldview man himself feels and understands, respects and loves himself only as a subject of ...

... aim is to examine Alois Riehl’s contribution to the “culture war” (Kulturkampf) in the second half of the nineteenth century. We show that he used Kant’s autonomy principle to argue against the idea that religious dogmatism is a fundament of morality. We prove this thesis by focusing on the forgotten historical background, which is important for an understanding of Morals und Dogma. Originally this essay was an expert opinion for the court case of the socialist H. Tauschinski who was accused ...

The ethics of Kant and the ethics of Crusius are strikingly similar. This is manifested in a whole range of principles and concepts. Crusius’ moral teaching hinges on the rigorous moral law which has to be obeyed absolutely, and which makes it different from other prescriptions that are binding only to a relative degree. This is very close to the Kantian distinction between hypothetical and ...

This article puts forward the idea that the basis of Kant’s philosophy is moral ontology dominated by things in themselves, which provide the basis for the moral world order: God, soul, and freedom. Kant's epistemology, teleology and anthropology are determined by the attempt to prove the possibility of such world order. The ...

... contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject. Therefore, Wolff's Philosophy has a great impact on Kant's own moral philosophy and especially on his concept of obligation. I will conclude by showing to what extent Kant was going beyond the early modern concept of the natural law tradition....

... State. 1. Berlin, I. 2002, Two Concepts of Liberty, in: Berlin, I. Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty, ed. by H. Hardy, Oxford, pp. 166—217. 2. Byrd, B. S. 2010, Intelligible Possession of Objects of Choice, in: Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide, ed. by L. Denis, Cambridge, pp. 93—110. 3. Höffe, O. 2010, Kant’s Innate Right as a Rational Criterion for Human Rights, in: Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: A Critical Guide, ed. by L. Denis, Cambridge, pp. 71—92. 4. Kant,...

... Fichte as a phenomenon of the internal life and an element of personal freedom, hence the role of clergy in this field. In Fichte’s theory, special attention is paid to the nature and legal effects of a legitimate divorce interpreted based on his moral anthropology of sexes as a moral fact and a legal status. A divorce, once accomplished in the moral substance, transforms the personal union of family partners into a concubinage, which is seen considered in an essentially non-Kantian way. Against ...

... Fermat, served for a long time as a tool of professional mathematicians. It was not considered a means of rational prediction of social actions. In the late 18th century, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743—1794) first proposed to apply probability theory to moral and political disciplines thus creating a basis for social forecasting. The methods he developed made it possible to predict the results of political elections and formed the basis for the theory of social choice. However, Condorcet’s ideas on ...

... Bibliographic index of literature in Russian 1803—1994], Moscow. 2. Hinski, N. 2014, Nezamechennyj kommentarij Kanta 1784 goda k “Osnovopolozheniju k metafiziki nravov” (1785) [An Annoticed Kant’s Commentary to the “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” (1785) from 1784], Istoriki-filosofskij jezhegodnik [History of Philosophy Yearbook], p. 31—38. 3. Kant, I. 1994, Metafizika nravov [Metaphysic of Morals], in: Sobr. soch. w 8 tomach, ed. by A. V. Gulyga, Moscow, T. 6. 4. Kant, I. 1997, Kritika ...

... gender and love, as well as Schopenhauer’s doctrine, which can be seen as a naturalistic profanation of Fichtean metaphysics of love. According to Fichte, sexual appeal takes on the shape of a self-sacrificing impulse of love in the soul and in the moral character of a woman; yet, only a man is capable of becoming aware of everything that is morally present in himself and of renouncing, out of his inborn magnanimity, all claims to unlimited dominance. It is the combination of both characters that,...

... Philosophical Review. 1995. 3/104. 6. Höffe O. Kants kategorischer Imperativ als Kriterium des Sittlichen // Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung. 1977. Bd 31, H. 3. S. 354—384. 7. Paton H. J. The categorical imperative: a study in Kant’s moral philosophy. London, 1947. 8. Rawls J. A theory of justice. Revised edition. Harvard University Press, 1999. 9. Rawls J. Lectures on the history of moral philosophy. Harvard University Press, 2000. 10. Rawls J. Political Liberalism. Columbia University ...

... transformation of the socio-cultural space—leads the author to argue for strengthening the humanitarian component in the content of teacher education. A special role in fostering students’ orientation toward accepting and following traditional spiritual and moral values is attributed to the creation of a unified socio-cultural environment of like-minded individuals within the educational institution, offering students elective exposure to religious and cultural directions, anthropology, and pedagogy, and ...

... emergence of this article. Antonov, M., 2016. La théorie du droit de Georges Gurvitch et ses origines philosophiques russes. Droit et société, 94 (3), pp. 503-512. https://doi.org/10.3917/drs.094.0503 Bergson, H., 1935. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. Translated by R. A. Audra and C. Brereton with the assistance of W. H. Carter. London: Macmillan and Co. Blumer, H., 1936. Social Attitudes and Nonsymbolic Interaction. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 9(9), pp. 515-523. https://doi....

....1051/shsconf/202316103001 Kalinnikov, L. A., 2023. Kant’s Philosophy as the Development of the Intentions of Enlightenment. SHS Web of Conferences, 161, e02001. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316102001 Kant, I., 2011. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. A German-English Edition. Edited and translated by M. Gregor and J. Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krouglov, A. N., 2023. The Concept of Enlightenment in Russian Philosophy of the 18th Century. Khristianskoye Chteniye, 1, pp....

... edited by J. M. Young. Cambridge. Kant, I., 1905. Physical Monadology (Translated from German by P. A. Florensky). Bogoslovskiy vestnik [Theological Bulletin], 3(9), pp. 95-127 (3rd pagin.). (In Rus.) Kant, I., 1997. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor, Introduction by C. M. Korsgaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant,...

... which cannot possess this property. In theory, Kant grounds the view that humanity should resign itself to the fact of its perspective being limited and local. Kantian practical philosophy provides the traveler with a map of regulative ideas and a “moral compass”, along with an explanation of disruptive factors, offering a working explanation of the situation and its possible outcomes. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” brings human beings back into focus and imagination to order, allowing for ...

... I. Hessen. St. Petersburg: D. E. Zhukovsky. (In Rus.) Rickert, H., 1911. Nauki o prirode i nauki o kul’ture [Natural Sciences and Cultural Sciences]. Translated by S. I. Hessen. St. Petersburg: Obrazovanie. Solovyov, V., 2015. Justification of the Moral Good: Moral Philosophy. Edited and translated by T. Nemeth. Cham, Heidelberg etc.: Springer. Stepun, F. A., 1951. In Memory of S. I. Hessen. Novy zhurnal [New Journal] (New York), 25, pp. 215-218. Vishnyak, M. V., 1950. Freedom and Socialism. Novy ...

An Old English poem, preserved in a copy of the 12th century, Instructions for Chris­tians, consisting of 265 lines, is considered through the prism of the explication of the theme of moral instructions in the Old English tradition. The poem, along with other Old English sermons and Christian poems, represents the suggestion of moral rules regarding early Chris­tian life, being a set of orders for believers. This article provides ...

... the French Revolution, Kant coined the concept of a true enthusiasm, related to the ideas of freedom and justice. Finally, Kant introduces the concept of the enthusiasm of good resolution. It is a preliminary stage of the feeling of respect for the moral law in moral education. It is no longer regarded as an affect, but is under the guidance of reason. The first part discusses the partly incompatible conceptions of enthusiasm. The second part examines Jean-François Lyotard’s interpretation and ...

... science of knowledge”; Yakovenko suggested interpreting “the science of knowledge” as a teaching on life and freedom, as the philosophical grounding of the Christian idea; Lanz wrote about Fichte’s philosophy in the same vein as “the revolt of morality against theory”, as a philosophy of freedom. Abaschnik, V.A., 2013. Patriot oder Nationalist? Rezeption von Fichtes Reden an die deutsche Nation in Russland und der Ukraine. Fichte-Studien, 38(1), pp. 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1163/18795811_03801015 ...

... (1935—2002), a classic of Armenian literature. To analyze the specific type of societal relations reproduced by Matevosyan in his Tsmakut Cycle, the article uses the model of ‘mix of mores (Sittlichkeit), which refers to the spontaneous movement of morals considered from an ontological point of view. In the hopeless struggle to preserve this syncretic environment of morals, subjected to the destructive attack of mobi­liza­tion, Matevosyan-the-person suffered defeat as a traditionalist. But Matevosyan-the-writer,...

... Voices in Translation. Vita Traductiva, 2(1). Mon­treal: Éditions québécoises de l’œuvre. pp. 1—39. Johansen, J. D. and Larsen, S. E., 2002. Signs In Use. An Introduction to Semiotics. Lon­don & New York: Routledge. Kolwalski, D. A., 2012. Moral theory at the movies: An introduction to ethics. Lan­ham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Koskinen, K., 2000. Beyond ambivalence: Postmodernity and the ethics of translation. Tampere: Tampere University Press. Available at: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951-44-4941-X ...

... of lexical modifiers of the modality of necessity in the New Testament differs from that in the Old Testament. In the Old Testament texts, necessity is perceived primarily as a legal and social law, whereas in the New Testament it is understood as a moral duty. This contributes to the Christian idea of the existence of a legal and social law and a higher, moral law, which are not always identical. Using the findings of this study, I describe the formation of the division between the spiritual and ...

... series of antithesis themes and binary oppositions (peace/war, life/death, god/evil, love/hate, faith/disbelief, God/devil), which reveal the author’s worldview and integrate semantically different dimensions of the novel — subjective, psychological, moral, philosophical, and fictional ones. These oppositions emphasise the novel’s leitmotif (the metaphor of the road as a person’s life journey) and its central moral-philosophical idea and dilemma — the tragic fate of a person who has chosen the ...

... development of the theme of robbers’ life, which was introduced by Pushkin and became central to Russian Romanticism. An analysis of the poem in the axiological aspect shows that A. Veltman – as well as other Russian poets – is interested in the moral and psychological reasons behind this phenomenon rather than social ones. The plot structure and the author’s position suggest that robbery is depicted in the poem as a cardinal sin that cannot be justified; it forces a person to abandon the moral ...

... pre-critical and critical periods. The author looks at the role God plays in Kant’s practical philosophy. Comparing the positions of Kant and Wolff, the author finds many similarities between them. Chief of them is that although both thinkers saw the moral/natural law as universal and obligating regardless of a person’s faith in God, in fact faith in God turned out to be an inevitable consequence of the true moral attitude of the individual. Albrecht, M., 1978. Kants Antinomie der praktischen ...

... distinguish them from descriptive characteristics attributed to them by predicative thought. Kant’s “practico-dogmatic” account of the postulates of God and immortality of the soul, based on the “fact of freedom” and its connection to the moral imperative, ensure the possibility of the “highest good” as final aim of moral behaviour — but cannot satisfy our need for knowledge of the supersensible. To “lay the groundwork” for experience of our own self-conscious reality, the reality ...

... autonomous self-determination, the concept of “structural rationality” that they advocate is, on the other hand, quite problematic. “Digital humanism”, however, can be improved as I argue — with reference to Barbara Herman’s analysis of “moral judgment” and to Allen Wood’s reflections on “human dignity”. Becker, C. and Seubert, S., 2020. Die Selbstgefährdung der Autonomie. Eckpunkte einer Kritischen Theorie der Privatheit im digitalen Zeitalter. In: P. Kruse and S. Müller-Mall,...

... opposite directions. Theoretical deduction proceeds from pure forms of sensible intuition to concepts of understanding and thence to fundamental principles. Practical deduction proceeds from a priori principles to the concepts of the metaphysics of morals and thence to moral feelings. Fourth, deduction in the theoretical sphere forbids speculative reason to go beyond experience. Practical deduction has pointed to the intelligible world and has proved its “legitimacy”. Allais, L., 2015. Manifest ...

... frommann-holzboog, pp. 183-309. Garve, C., 1787. Philosophische Anmerkungen und Abhandlungen zu Cicero’s Büchern von den Pflichten. Anmerkungen zu dem Zweyten Buche. Breslau: Korn. Garve, C., 1792. Versuch über verschiedene Gegenstände aus der Moral, der Litteratur und dem gesellschaftlichen Leben, Part 1. Breslau: Korn. Geneva Bible: 1560 Edition. The Bible of the Protestant Reformation: 2007. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. Grünewald, B., 2010, Gesinnung oder Verantwortung? Über den ...

... the interpretation of this concept in the critical period. In the Critique of Practical Reason these include the questions of manifestation of Gesinnung in the world, apprehended through the senses, the method of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem of the immutability of Gesinnung in the progress towards the good. The new theses that appear in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason are Gesinnung as the internal subjective principle of maxims, on virtue ...

In the second section of the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant introduces the concept of an end in itself and defines it as something whose existence has an absolute value. He continues with the assertion that the ground of a possible categorical imperative lies solely in this end in itself. Now Kant,...

This article offers a comparative analysis of Kant's moral philosophy and the philosophy of Sade revealing the paradoxes of the categorical imperative. The satisfaction of the requirement of the categorical imperative is, on the one hand, a single and unique act and, on the other hand, a permanent and universal ...

Der Beitrag hat die Eigenart der Moral und ihrer Rolle im System der Sitten zum Gegenstand. Dabei wird ein Exkurs in die Geschichte der Sitten und der Rezeption der Kantischen Sitten-Lehre polemisierend vorgenommen. Die von Kant angeführten Beispiele für die Anwendung seiner Theorie ...

Kant's 'Technique of hope' appears to be the 'most genuine hope of the Enlightenment' for the moral intersubjectivity of being. Its immense significance becomes obvious against the background of Kant's 'Copernican Revolution', which resulted in the new subject-oriented ontology. The viability of this ontology depends on the possibility of freedom,...

This article analyses different definitions, types and tasks of Kant's anthropology: Is "moral" or "practical" anthropology identical to "pragmatic" anthropology? Does anthropology aim to answer the question about the vocation of a human being? To what extent is metaphilosophy present in the Anthropology? What is ...

... Disparate variations of the relative priority rule seem more convincing. The author gives a generally positive assessment of the improved formulation of the first principle of justice and emphasises that the principles of justice must take into account moral principles. Moreover, rights and freedoms should include those relating to personal and family lifestyle, childbirth and parenting and priority should be given to those freedoms that contribute to the development of the feeling of justice and the ...

... behave as individual citizens do, since they do not recognize any higher authority than themselves. Second, cosmopolitan law shows that coercion is not an insurmountable condition to fulfill legal obligations, since the cosmopolitan order depends on the moral equality among states, far from involving a hierarchy over governmental structure. Third, I will discuss that the only reason to perform an active role in the political sphere according to Kant stems from the statehood, so that to help other needy ...

This interview explores the extent to which Kant’s philosophy, which postulates certain moral principles categorically, has influenced the contemporary theory of justice. Many academics believe such principles to be relative and emphasise that justice lies beyond the remit of science. Otfried Höffe is convinced that categorical legal principles ...

... Freedom is the ‘substance’ of human existence. The unity of freedom is an idea, whose unity is presented in the diversity of actions in the sensible world. A condition for cognising freedom is the categorical imperative. Apparently, applying the moral law formula may lead to contradictions. One of these contradictions is contained in the famous question regarding the alleged right to lie out of love of humanity. Kant's theory of impossibility of total delusion makes it possible, on the one hand,...

... axiological model of law onto religious foundation. Religion — is a tool for initiating condition of values and there setting in political domain. Paper argued how religion conducts genesis of law. In that sense religion evaluated like a link between morality and law. Essential item of philosophy of law of Nikolay Alexeev — is a superiority of Christianity in the midst of couple of religions in solution of problem in development of law. Author shows the historical role of Christianity in revealing ...

... Lectures to the practical aspects of this idea addressed in the Religion. The Lectures contain a vast body of speculative evidence of the existence of God, which is completely absent in Religion. Religion places a much stronger emphasis on the need for the moral perfection of human beings than the Lectures do. However, it would be wrong to assume that the Lectures present a position different from the responsibility of human beings for their own moral condition and its development. 1. Kant, I. 2016, ...

... Sobr. Soch. v 8 t. [Works in 8 volumes]. T.8. Moscow. 6. Kant, I. 1994, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of pure reason]. In: Kant, I. Sobr. Soch. v 8 t. [Works in 8 volumes]. T. 3. Moscow. 7. Kant, I. 1994, Metafizika nravov [Metaphysics of morals]. In: Kant, I. Sobr. soch. v 8 t. [Works in 8 volumes], T. 6. Moscow. 8. Kant, I. 1994, Osnovopolozhenija k metafizike nravov [Basic principle to the metaphysics of morals]. In: Kant, I. Sobr. soch.v 8 t. [Works in 8 volumes], T. 4. Moscow....

... achieve a ‘true reform in ways of thinking’ and that cruel political revolutions can liberate the society from such oppression. The paper explains Kant’s positive attitude to the French revolution as a ‘historical sign’ of the possibility of moral and legal improvement of humanity through striving for moral goals. Political revolutions are considered as the initial (‘negative’) stage of enlightenment consisting in the liberation from coercion and ‘assistance’ from guardians. This ...