On the Role of Gesinnung in Kant’s Ethics and Philosophy of Religion. Part II
... G. W. F., 1977. Filosofiia dukha [The Philosophy of the Spirit]. In: G. W. F. Hegel, 1977. Entsiklopediia filosofskikh nauk [Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences], Volume 3. Translated by B. A. Fokht. Moscow: Mysl. (In Rus.)
Hegel, G. W. F., 1986. Texte zur Philosophischen Propädeutik. In: G. W. F. Hegel, 1986. Werke in 20 Bänden, Volume 4. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, pp. 9-304.
Hegel, G. W. F., 1989. Phänomenologie des Geistes. In: G. W. F. Hegel, 1989. Werke in 20 Bänden, Volume 3. Frankfurt ...
The Nature of Appearance in Kant’s Transcendentalism: A Seman- tico-Cognitive Analysis
The concept of appearance within the framework of the transcendental distinction between “appearance” and “thing in itself” is the cornerstone of Kant’s transcendental philosophy. However, its conceptual status seems largely uncertain. This uncertainty is the reason for a wide range of interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism. A paradigmatic example is the contemporary confrontation between the “two objects” theory and the “two aspects” theory. In this paper, I develop a semantico-cognitive...
Inadvisable Concession: Kant’s Critique of the Political Philosophy of Christian Garve
... and politics presents arguments in defence of unjust principles. Recognition of these principles is, according to Kant, an inadvisable concession to those who are inclined to abuse it. I interpret this judgement by making a detailed comparison of the texts of the two treatises. I demonstrate that Garve’s work is an eclectic attempt to combine in one concept the lessons of historical experience with the ideas drawn from British empiricism and German rationalism. These ideas were criticised by Kant ...
Is Spinoza’s Ethics Heteronomous in the Kantian Sense of the Term?
The prevailing interpretations of Spinoza’s ethical theory view it as an example of heteronomy in the Kantian sense of the term. I make a case for the claim that is not in harmony with such interpretations. In the course of the argument I discuss Kant’s concepts of autonomy and heteronomy showing how they refer to will and to ethics. Then I describe a group of interpretations which portray Spinoza’s moral theory as heteronomous. My critique begins by presenting some textual evidence which vividly...
The Paradox of Kant’s Transcendental Subject in German Philosophy in the Late Eighteenth Century
... Radikalen Konstruktivismus. In: P. Watzlawick, ed. 1981. Die Erfundene Wirklichkeit. München: Piper, pp. 16-38.
Hamann, J. G., 2007. Metacritique on the Purism of Reason. In: K. Haynes, ed. 2007. Hamann: Writings on Philosophy and Language. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205-218.
Jacobi, F. H., 1815. Beylage. Ueber den transscendentalen Idealismus. In: F. H. Jacobi, 1815. Werke. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Leipzig: Gerhard Fleischer, pp. 289-310....
Deduction of Freedom vs Deduction of Experience in Kant’s Metaphysics
... poloviny XVIII veka [Tetens, Kant, and the Discussion of Metaphysics in Germany in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century]. Moscow: Phenomenology – Hermeneutic. (In Rus.)
Leibniz, G. W., 2000, Metaphysics Summarized. In: Voltaire. Candide and Related Texts. Translated, with an introduction, by D. Wootton. Indianapolis: Hackett, pp. 84-86.
Leibniz, G. W., 1989. On the General Characteristic, II. In: G. W. Leibniz, 1989. Philosophical Papers and Letters. A Selection. Translated and edited, with an Introduction,...
Sergey Askoldov’s Reviews concerning Kant and Others Published in the Russian Press in Early Twentieth Century
... tserkvi (1897—1927): issledobaniya, materialy, ukazateli. [From Marxism to Idealism and the Church (1897—1927): Research, Materials, Indexes]. Moscow: Tsiolkovsky Bookstore Publishing, pp. 125-144. (In Rus.)
Kolerov, M.A., 2018a. New Editions and Texts of Sources on the History of Russian Thought. Part 1: (...) S. Bulgakov. German Science on Morozov’s Interpretation of the Apocalypse (1912) (...). In: History. Scientific Review OSTKRAFT, 1. Moscow: Modest Kolerov, pp. 109-111. (In Rus.)
Kolerov,...
Kant’s Dissertation for the Master’s Degree On Fire and the Transformations of his Ideas of Ethereal Matter
... fire, heat and light containing the forces of attraction and repulsion originates in the dissertation On Fire. I identify the provisions in Kant’s early works which he later develops in the Master’s dissertation and establish continuity between the text of On Fire and the so-called Physical Monadology, draw parallels between the ideas enunciated by Kant in his first dissertation and the interpretation of ether in the printed works that followed. Finally, I put forward the hypothesis of the heuristic ...
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
...
https://doi.org/10.1080/10611967.2016.1290414
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Duguit, L., 1921. Objective Law. II. Columbia Law Review, 21(1), pp. 17-34.
Durkheim, E., 1982. The Rules of Sociological Method. In: E. Durkheim, 1982. The Rules of Sociological Method: And Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method. New York, London et al.: Free Press, pp. 1-163.
Durkheim, E., 2013. Division of Labour in Society. 2nd Edition. Edited and with a new introduction by S. Lukes. Translation by W. D. Halls. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave ...
Der Einfluss Kants auf das philosophische Denken in Russland
The text is devoted to the influence of Kant’s personality and philosophical ideas on the Russian thought. Kant considered as the great philosopher, who was the bright spokes of German spirit, the creative genius and genius loci of Königsberg, which has ...
"Salvation of nature" in three Hammann's letters to Kant
The brief letter exchange between Hamann and Kant, in which they discussed a physics textbook for children, is the main purpose of this text. It unravels an urgent question about the nature of consciousness and its role in the structure of the physical world.
1. Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 т. М., 1978.
2. Вергилий. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида....
A page of poetical Kant heritage
Poems devoted to Kant give different poeticalphilosophical interpretations of both the personality of philosopher and his teaching on God and human being. In his poems about Kant, poet Alexander Kushner demonstrates theological agnosticism, which correlates with Kant’s own theories. In the poem Kant's Mask and the aphorisms Kant Unmasked, Vl. Mikushevich addresses Kant’s attitude to God from the religiousphilosophical point of view. Such dialogue at a high level of poetic and philosophical culture...
Kant und das Recht der Lüge
....-G. Kants Lügenverbot in sozialethischer Perspektive // Kant-Studien. 2004. Bd. 95.
12. Klemme H. F. Perspektiven der Interpretation: Kant und das Verbot der Lüge // Kant verstehen — Understanding Kant. Über die Interpretation philosophischer: texte / Schönecker D., Zwenger Th. (Hg). Darmstadt, 2001.
13. Korsgaard C. M. The Right to lie: Kant on dealing with evil // Ethical Theory / James Rachels (ed.). New York, 1998.
14. Bien G. Lüge // J. Ritter, K. Gründer (Hrsg.). Historisches Wörterbuch ...
Zur Subjekt-Redestruktur des axiologischen Diskurses von I. Kant
The major difference between Kant's axiological and cognitive discourse is that the former contains a greater number of persona pronouns that signify different speech roles of the author. This text is characterised by a more direct expression of the addressee factor, which explains the emergence of the speech acts that are absent in Kant's cognitive texts. Another substantial difference is the explicit imperative modality of this type of Kant's ...
Verstandes- und Vernunftschlüsse als Faktoren der Textualitaet in dem philosophischen Diskurs von I. Kant
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird am Material des Kantischen Textes ein Versuch unternommen, zu zeigen, dass die 2- und 3-gliedrigen logischen Strukturen — nach Kant Verstand- und Vernunftschlüsse — logische komplexe propositionale Einheiten (Gebilde) sind, deren manchmal zahlreiche sekundäre Propositionen,...
Kant und das Problem des Wertes
Gesetzmäßig ist, dass sich «die Philosophie des Wertes» in der konsequentesten und systematisierten Art gerade in der Tradition von Kant formiert. Für Kant ist die menschliche Persönlichkeit bei all ihrer Einzigartigkeit weder ethisch, noch ästhetisch in sich geschlossen. Die Entwicklung der axiologischen Ansichten Kants entwickelte sich je nach seinem Begreifen der allgemein-menschlichlichen Grundlagen der Werte. Zu einer unvergänglichen Errungenschaft Axiologie Kants ist seine Behauptung der humanistischen...
Die Grenze zwischen Glauben und Wissen: Zur Wirkungsgeschichte und aktuellen Bedeutung von Kants Religionsphilosophie
... Kulturwissenschaft des Historizismus // Neuner P.; Wenz G. Theologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Darmstadt, 2002. S. 53—69.
22. Habermas J. Motive nachmetaphysischen Denkens // Habermas J. Nachmetaphysisches Denken. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1988. S. 35—60.
23. Habermas J. Texte und Kontexte. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1991.
24. Habermas J. Vorstudien und Ergänzungen zur Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1984.
25. Habermas J. Zur Architektonik der Diskursdifferenzierungen // Habermas J. Zwischen Naturalismus ...
Report of the ‘Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy 2’ International Seminar (Moscow, 27—29 April 2017)
This is a report of the international workshop «Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy 2: Kant’s Appearance, Its Ontological and Epistemic Status» (April 27—29, 2017, Moscow), the tasks of which was (1) to discuss the specificity of transcendental idealism, (2) to study the nature of one of Kant’s important concepts — that of appearance — within the framework of the essential conceptual triad of transcendentalism: thing in itself (Ding an sich) — appearance (Erscheinung) — representation...
I. Kant’s and E. Husserl’s practical philosophy
This article focuses on the problem of reconciling a priori and empirical dimensions of freedom, will, and action as the crucial point for understanding the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophy. Relying on the explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical freedom given in Kant's practical philosophy, the author problematizes Kant’s thesis about the primacy of practical reason. This is the starting point and leitmotif...
Analytic Work on Kant — Idealism, Things in Themselves, and the Object of Knowledge
... Themselves: an Interim Report” (XI Kant Readings, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 2014), the author questions how far Kant’s idealism can be accepted and these problems resolved in any way that (i) is reasonably faithful to Kant’s texts, (ii) renders his position consistent (and his major arguments valid), and (iii) does not rest on premises that are themselves philosophically implausible. The author argues that these three desiderata are not met in any strictly Kantian and philosophically ...
Analytical Kant studies, transcendental idealism, and the thing in itself
... consider him an anti-conceptualist. For some, he is an internalist and, for others, an externalist. For some, he is a constructivist and, for others is a realist. This paper develops the main arguments pro and contra possible interpretations of Kant’s texts and presents the author’s interpretation of some key points of Kant’s theory of knowledge. Contrary to the analytical mainstream in Kant studies, the author argues that Kant’s ‘transcendental idealism’ in the field of the theoretical reason ...
Hermann Cohens Konzept der Anthropodizee in der Sicht Jacob Gordins
... Nikolai Boldyrev und Jacob Gordin“, in: Der Begriff der Geschichte im Marburger und Südwestdeutschen Neukantianismus. Hg. Ch. Krijnen und M. de Launay. Würzburg, S. 173—193.
12. Gordin, J. 1995, Écrit. Le renouveau de la pensée juive en France. Textes réunis et présentés par M. Goldmann, avec préface de L. Askénazi. Paris.
13. Gordin, J. 1929, Untersuchungen zur Theorie des unendlichen Urteils. Berlin. (Veröffentlichungen der Hermann Cohen-Stiftung bei der Akademie für die Wissenschaft ...
Königsberger Kant-Forschung: Allgemeine Aufgaben und Popularisierung
The first part of the article describes general development of Kant studies in Königsberg as a local movement (not a school) with some special traits, which has significantly contributed to the culture of the town. Core activities were formed by the Society of Kant’s Friends, as well as by archival studies, i. e. collecting, annotating and publishing Kant’s manuscripts, correspondence, and lecture notes. In view of primary and secondary sources we would suggest to structure this movement in four...
Consequences and Design in General and Transcendental Logic
In this article, I consider Kant’s dichotomy between general and transcendental logic in light of a retrospective reconstruction of two approaches originating in 14th century scholasticism that are used to demarcate formal and material consequences. The first approach (e. g., John Buridan, Albert of Saxony, Marsilius of Inghen) holds that a consequence is formal if it is valid — because of its form only — for any matter. Since the matter of a consequence is linked to categorematic terms, its formal...
Russian-German philosophical dialogue in the late 19th/the first half of the 20th centuries: Publications of Russian philosophers in the Kant-Studien and Logos journals
... periodicals of the late 19th/early 20th centuries. At the time, Germany boasted a significant number of journals dedicated to philosophy or addressing philosophical problems. Even in the first approximation, there are several dozen journals featuring either texts by Russian scientists or works dedicated to Russian philosophy. Of special importance are two journals with the most pronounced presence of Russian authors, namely, Kant-Studien and Logos. Both journals have a strong Neo-Kantian spirit — many ...
Aspects of the ‘transcendental’ according to Kant and Husserl: Logos, matheme, metaphor
... Christensen, R. 1981, Lebendige Gegenwart und Urerlebnis. Zur Konkretisierung des transzendentalen Apriori bei Husserl und Reiningen. Wien: Verlag der österreichen Akademie der Wissenschaft, 152 s.
9. Derrida, J. 1974, White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy. In: New Literary History, Vol. 6, No. 1, On Metaphor. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, p. 207—271.
10. Husserl, E. 1959, Idee der vollen Ontologie. In: E. Husserl, Erste Philosophie. 2. Teil. Theorie der phänomenologischen ...
Condorcet interpretation of probability’s theory: the use of a mathematical construct to the field of social action
...
1. Althusser, L. 2006, Politique et histoire de Machiavel à Marx, Paris, Seuil.
2. Binoche, B. 2013, Nouvelles lectures du Tableau historique de Condorcet, Paris, Hermann.
3. Boczko, B. 1982, Une éducation pour la démocratie: choix de textes et projets de l’époque révolutionnaire, Paris, Garnier.
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5. Condorcet, N. de. 1785, Essai sur l’application ...
Kant on the rights of citizens in matters of religion: The concept of religious tolerance in the German Enlightenment
... 221—246.
5. Bordoni, G., S. 2016, Note al Testo, Kant I. Lezioni sul Diritto Naturale (Naturrecht Feyerabend), a cura di N. Hinske, G. S. Bordoni. Milano, p. 233—282.
6. Ciafardone, R. 1990, Einleitung, in: Die Philosophie der deutschen Aufklärung. Texte und Darstellung, hrsg. von R. Ciafardone, Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam. S. 11—38.
7. Dreitzel, H. 1997, Christliche Aufklärung durch fürstlichen Absolutismus. Thomasius und die Destruktion des frühneuzeitlichen Konfessionsstaates, in: Christian ...
Systematicity of the CPR and Kant’s system (III)
This article continues to analyse the systemacity of the CPR as a text ensuring the integrity of Kant’s philosophical system. Following the ideas presented in the first two parts of this work, part three considers the correlation between the spheres of concepts and reality. Kant divides concepts into phaenomena and ...
Studies into the history of Russian Neo-Kantianism in Poland
.... I. Vvedensky’s philosophy of faith). Trans. H. Rarot] // Rosja — Wielki Nieznajomy. Wybor tekstow ze wspolczesnej filozofii i socjologii rosyjskiej / pod red. H. Rarot, J. Mizinskiej. Colloquia Communia [Russia — Great Stranger. Selection of texts on the Russian contemporary philosophy and sociology / eds. H. Rarot, J. Mizinska. Colloquia Communia]. № 2, p. 29—39.
75. Noras A. J. 2011, Kant a novokantovstvo — badenska a marburska skola. Pier. E. Andreanskyego, V. Lesko, P. Tholta [Kant ...
Neo-Kantian and phenomenological axiology in N. N. Alekseev’s philosophy of law
This paper analyzes receptions of phenomenological and neo-Kantian axiology trends in the interpretation of the concept and status of value in N. N. Alekseev’s philosophy of law. The author identifies the role of Neo-Kantian nomothetic—idiographic division of sciences proposed by the Southwest German school of Neo-Kantianism in interpreting the essence of law within Aleseev’s philosophy. It is shown that Alekseev uses Windelband's distinction between the due and the existing as a convenient methodological...
Knowing humanity without knowing the human being: The structure of polemic in Kant’s political argumentation
Kant’s treatises on political problems form a loosely structured text corpus. However, due to its passionate polemic, it can be rewritten in the form of dialogues. The most dramatic instalment is the authoritative treatise Toward Perpetual Peace, which is full of memorable phrases that used to excite the very first ...
Kant in Nikolai Strakhov’s philosophical research (An experience of epistemological orientation)
This article considers the major references to Kant’s works in the texts of an authoritative Russian thinker Nikolai Strakhov (1828—1896), whose legacy has been revised in recent historical and philosophical studies. The author of the article analyses the materials of Strakhov’s works ‘The key feature of thinking’,...
Ideas of Kant’s theoretical philosophy in Peirce’s graph theory
..., Rationality, and Pragmatism: Themes from Peirce, New York, Oxford University Press.
10. Keeler, M., 1995, The Philosophical Context of Peirce's Existential Graphs. University of Washington, Seattle, available at:
www.dipf.de/projekte/PaedSem
HCI/Texte/Keeler context.htm (accessed 01 August 2016).
11. Kempski, J. v., 1952, C. S. Peirce und der Pragmatismus, Stuttgart.
12. Kiryushenko, V., 2011, Logic, Ethics and Aesthetics: Some Consequences of Kant’s Critiques in Peirce’s Early Pragmatism,...
The Philosophy of Vasily Sesemann and Marburg Neo-Kantianism
... Natorp P. 2011, Kant a szkoła marburska. Pier. A. J. Norasa [Kant and the Marburg school. Trans. A. J. Noras] // Neokantyzm badenski i marburski. Antologia tekstow / pod red. A. J. Norasa, T. Kubalicy [Baden and Marburg neo-Kantianism. Anthology of texts]. Katowice, p. 241—266.
39. Noras A. J. 2004, Postneokantyzm wobec Kanta [Post-neo-kantianism regarding Kant] // Idea. Studia nad Struktura i Rozwojem Pojec Filozoficznych [Idea. Studies on the struc-ture and development of philosophical concepts]....
Kant’s lectures on natural law: Justice and conscientiousness
... problems of Kant’s ethical concept and interpretation of the connection between ethics and law. An important role is played by the concept of Billigkeit, which is rather difficult to translate into the Russian language and is found in other Kant’s texts on practical philosophy. This term is usually translated as justice. However, there is another word in the German language — Gerechtihkeit — that has the meaning of justice. Moreover, such translation of Billigkeit creates a false connection ...
Paul Natorp
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6. Дмитриева Н. А. Религия в пределах...
Moral theology and the cosmological argument. Comments and delibera¬tions on a little-known Reflection of Kant
... expressions ‘Moraltheologie’ (moral theology) and ‘Endzweck’ (final purpose), as well as the discussion of ‘an object of the moral will’ — all of which touchupon a central point of Kant’s developing moral philosophy — show that the text on both sides of the sheet could not have been written before the last third of the 1780s. Finally, it will be shown that the term ‘moraltheologie’, and the positive connection between moral philosophy and theologycontained in it, is a relatively ...
The problem of antinomy of pure theoretical reason in Kant’s system
... constituting the first Critique and its comparison with the analogous structure of the second and third Critiques show that the Critique of Pure Reason lacks such an important element as the antinomy of pure theoretical reason. Of course, it is implied in the text: Kant’s reasoning is based on it and takes it into account. However, it is not explicitly expressed. Instead of this crucial structural element, which would significantly simplify the understanding of such a complicated treatise, the Critique of ...
The teaching on postulates in Kant’s lectures on philosophical theory of religion
“Lectures on Poelitz’s philosophical theory of religion” are one of the four surviving manuscripts of Kant’s lectures on rational theology. The Lectures include an introduction, two parts, and an appendix. The introduction contains an overview of the basic questions and problems of rational theology, namely: the concept of theology, arts of natural theology, the idea of highest essence, possible types of arguments for the existent of God and their limitations etc. The first part is called “Transcendental...
I. Kant in the development of N. O. Lossky’s philosophical views: The case of a translation
... философского знания (Лейбниц, Кант, Лосский) // Русская и европейская философия: пути схождения и расхождения. СПб., 1999. URL: http://anthropology.ru/ru/person/malevannyy-dv/ text/intuiciya-kak-vnutrennee-uslovie-filosofskogo-znaniya-leybnic-kant-losskiy (дата обращения: 19.06.2015).
21. Попова В. С. Сравнительный анализ интерпретации силлогистики И. Кантом ...
“Kant’s theory of politics” in “existential liberalism” of Gerhardt
... современных дискуссиях о глобальном политическом устройстве. Калининград, 2002.
2. Arendt H. Was ist Politik? (Fragmente aus dem Nachlass 1950—1959). Vorwort ;München, 1993.
3. Arendt H. Das Urteilen. Texte zu Kants politischer Philosophie. München: Piper,1982.
4. Ebbinghaus J. Kants Lehre vom ewigen Frieden und die Kriegsschuldfrage. Tübingen, 1929.
5. Gerhardt V. Existentieller Liberalismus / Hrsg. H. Wittwer. Berlin, 2009.
6. Gerhardt V. Immanuel ...
On the author’s speech structure of Kant’s axiological discourse
The major difference between Kant's axiological and cognitive discourse is that the former contains a greater number of personal pronouns that signify different speech roles of the author. This text is characterised by a more direct expression of the addressee factor, which explains the emergence of the speech acts that are absent in Kant's cognitive texts. Another substantial difference is the explicit imperative modality of this type of Kant's ...
Thinking and faith. An afterword to the correspondence regarding relations between Hamann and Kant
This article is somewhat of an afterword to the publication of Georg Hamann’s text — including his correspondence with Immanuel Kant, earlier not available to Russian readers and related to their complicated “philosophical” relation — on the pages of Kantovsky Sbornik. These materials have comprised a book entitled Hamann ...
Inferences of understanding and reason as factors of textuality in I. Kant's philosophical discourse
On the basis of Kant's texts, the author attempts to prove that two and three-element logical-semantic structures — called the judgements of understanding and reason by Kant — represent logically organized complexes of propositions grouping around the structural core of ...
Text-forming function of modal explicators of necessity in Leo Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina”
The article examines the specific aspects of functioning of the modal predicative necessary and its derivatives in the novel “Anna Karenina” by Leo Tolstoy. The contexts of their use are analyzed in relation to the artistic aspect of the linguistic world view. The author investigates the usage pattern of the predicative necessary for the main characters in various plot situations. The interrelation of the artistic image and the representation of individual reality perception by explicators of the...
Labyrinths of memory in “Animal triste” by Monica Maron
... analysed. The selective nature of the nameless character’s retrospective activity is based on the desire to level out her commitment to the death of her beloved who betrayed her. The author concludes that the role of the forgetting leitmotiv in the text of the novel is forming.
“The Forgotten stories” by Hans Christian Andersen in the context of his creative evolution
... and poetics are considered at the background of the writer’s creative evolution. The authors studies the reasons that determined the incompleteness of a number of works, and the circumstances that prompted the author to refuse to publish completed texts. “The Forgotten Stories” become the source for analyzing the writer’s creative manner and his work on expressing historical, moral, political, philosophical and religious meanings in such genres as fairy tale, parable, allegory.
The artistic embodiment of meteorological phenomena in the novel “Polar lands — tragic lands” by P.- E. Victor
... the Arctic and their literary psychologization. A close connection is revealed between the images of snow, blizzard, frost, wind and the reflection of the worldview of travelers exhausted by difficult living conditions. Analytical observations of the text of the novel also give grounds to assert that the artistic embodiment of meteorological phenomena occupies a strong textual position in it and reflects the specifics of the narrative style of the genre of diary entries.
Spatial poetics of the story “Number 13” by M. R. James
... disappears during the day). Thus, the diversity of spatiopoetics, the variability of oneiric spaces, the liminality of the Gothic toposes, the permeability and impenetrability of the borders of the surreal space stand out as the main means for modeling the text.