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... This point of view makes it possible to identify the psychological function of each character as a reflection of a certain aspect of their psyche. Ovechin, whose image is dominated by the solar symbolism, appears as a projection of Ego and of momentary consciousness. Olya, who is associated with the images of the moon and air, appears as a projection of the Anima, which refers to the subconscious. The narrator and his character play the role of the conscious part of the psyche abiding behind the momen­tary ...

... the Christian idea of the existence of a legal and social law and a higher, moral law, which are not always identical. Using the findings of this study, I describe the formation of the division between the spiritual and social aspects of duty in human consciousness and identify the causes of contradictions between the spiritual and social duty. Vaulina, S.S., 2003. About the modality of the old Russian text. In: Tekst v lingvodidakticheskom aspekte. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskogo seminara [Text ...

... plot-compositional levels of the novel. I demonstrate that the principle of fragmentarity is utilised by the author to the full extent across the novel, primarily, in its chronotope. The latter is closely connected with the fragmentary-discrete structure of human consciousness and memory, including the spiritual memory, which secures the most vivid events and episodes from the life of the main character in the textual space of the novel. I prove that, at the ideational-thematic level, the principle of fragmentarity ...

Semiotic systems are closely associated with social practices, within which the former record, store, and disseminate social experience. These systems affect the human consciousness to change the semantic picture of the world, behaviour, and the way one perceives reality. Almost all cultural artefacts perform the function of a sign. As a semiotic system develops special signs emerge to replace the artefacts by denoting ...

... constants captured in the names of clothing items used in proverbs. Such constants are defined as essential for understanding the Russian mentality. 1. Abakumova, O. B., 2012. Poslovitsy v yazyke, soznanii i kommunikatsii [Proverbs in the language, consciousness and communication]. St. Petersburg. 2. Arnol'd, I. V., 1978. The value of strong position for interpretng a literary text. Inostrannye yazyki v shkole [Foreign languages at school], 4, pp. 23—31. 3. Arutyunova, N. D., 1982. Linguistic ...

... corresponding sentence of a text; 4) communicative meaning formation implies that the author sees sense in the procedure of communication per se rather than in reflecting reality or conveying thoughts; 5) when perceiving a written text, the reader’s consciousness constantly interprets a single communicative action and this makes a not-procedural understanding of a text ineffective. In dynamic terms, discourse represents a recognized situation of a given communicative action or a flexible system of ...

... are moving from one country to another throughout their literary career. Existing in two or more cultural and/or linguistic spaces at the same time and thus making transfers across the boundaries of different languages easier, more efficient, and more conscious, multilingual poets serve as exemplary agents of cultural transfer. This study analyses different cases of poetic multilingualism where poets who can speak and write freely in two or more languages and intentionally create either variants of ...

Myths and history are different but related forms of consciousness. They date back to the archaic and new periods of world history. New forms of synthesis between history and myths translated in the ‘mythical-historical imagery’ of the 20th-century art. For the first time in the history of world culture,...

... The author analyses the semantics of the Church Slavonic lexemes as an equivalent to the paired Greek words, the way the matching Greek lexemes were selected, and the effect of semantic inconsistencies on the formation of the idea of the ruler in the consciousness of Slavs. The study employs the methods of etymological, lexicographical, lexical-semantic analysis, as well as methods of modern comparative studies. The author identifies the integral and differential significance contained in the semantics ...

This article considers the cultural background to the perception of F. Nietzsche’s philosophy in Russia and the philosopher’s influence on the consciousness of Russian emigration. The author stresses the value of periodicals as a source for historical and philosophical studies and addresses the heuristic aspects of publications in periodicals. A general methodological framework for using such ...

This article examines the mechanisms of dream interpretation used by C. G. Jung. It is shown that they differ in depth. The surface level of linguistic consciousness is the focus of paronomasic connections between words in dream descriptions. Deeper levels are targeted by semantic mechanisms: associative, metaphorical, and metonymical ones. In these conditions, of special importance is the interpretation ...

... are described in a comparative aspect. The author also examines different herbs that exhibit similar features. It is concluded that the magic properties of herbs are determined by their connection to the chthonic kingdom and the other world in folk consciousness.

... virtually no specialized studies into the creation of poetic image of N. Karamzin in late 18th — early 19th centuries in Russian literature; though it is the expressiveness and imagery of poetry which can have a great impact on the myths in public consciousness. The present study is based on the texts published in the following collections of poems: “Epigrams and Satire: from the history of literary feud of the 19th century” (Epigramma i satira: iz istorii literaturnoy bor’by XIX veka. Moscow,...

The article reveals the relevance of N. Karamzin’s historical and providential method in the context of philosophical hermeneutics of H.-G. Gadamer. Highlighting a deep connection of the ideological basis of Karamzin’s historiography with the up-to-now-incomplete search for the “Russian idea” the paper shows the suitability of appealing to Karamzin’s historiographical methodology against the backdrop of still controversial dynamics of Russian history, with its typical duality, dual beliefs, and vagueness...

... is stressed that the entire theological and aesthetic image of icons, which is based on rhythm and metaphor, expresses the cosmogonic ideas of the Church Fathers. However, the practical realisation of this image would have been impossible without the conscious creative contribution of the artist. Icon painters never perceived iconography as a dogmatic prescription. Iconography played the role of a cognitive scheme steering artists’ creative ideas. Creating visual metaphors required the development ...

This article considers judgements about Napoleon in the culture of German pre-romanticism as signs of literary diagnostics indicative of the contradictory dialectics of artistic consciousness in distinguishing the “codes” of life and death in arts. The completely opposite assessment of Napoleon in the history of German romanticism identifies the problem of a human being as a “field of fate” — a site of the battle between ...

... V. Shukshin’s characters: the author shows the most important features of the Russian national character of the second half of the 20th century, as well as the peculiarities of the axiological system characteristic of a non-clerical, but religious consciousness. The author identifies typological features of the characters according to their attitude to the society and nature. The article shows how the tradition of Russian classical literature with its focus on the spiritual development of a person ...

... after the transition to the 3rd generation federal state education standards. A comparison of 2010—2013 survey of junior and senior students of Kaliningrad State Technical University helps come to a conclusion that the goal of teaching is to develop conscious needs in students and encourage them in individual work in order to improve the level of communicative knowledge. 1. Караулов Ю. Н. Русский язык и языковая личность. М., 2010. 2. Рижский И. С....

... metaphilosophy and philosophical methodology, as well as to reveal the main approaches and development trends of transcendental philosophy in “theoretical” and “practical” fields and modern Kant studies, notably transcendental philosophy of language and consciousness. The solution of these tasks will make it possible to raise the question of the prospects of Kantian transcendentalism in relation to the pressing problems of our time (especially political philosophy and the philosophy of law) and to chart ...

... pure thinking moves in a logical circle, having no access into real being. In an effort to break out of this circle and find its causality, thinking turns not to the being of the world of phenomena, but to the Absolute I. Such a speculative approach to consciousness, thinking and being has little in common with Cohen’s critical position. Aquila, R. E., 1989. Matter in Mind: A Study of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Brelage, M., 1965. Studien ...

... University Press. Bojanowski, J., 2018. Thinking About Cases. The European Journal of Philosophy, 26(4), pp. 1253-1268. Carson, R., 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Chalmers, D., 2020. The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 17(9-10), pp. 7-65. Conly, S., 2016. One Child: Do We Have a Right to More? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dawkins, R., 1975. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hannan, S., Brennan, S. and Vernon, R. eds. 2016....

... Philosophy”. Transcendental’ny zhurnal, 1. doi: 10.18254/S271326680008967-4. (In Rus.) Krouglov, A. N., 2005. Did Kant Have a Transcendental Subject? History of Philosophy Yearbook — 2004, pp. 279-295. (In Rus.) Molchanov, V. I., 1997. Loneliness of Consciousness and Communicativeness of the Sign. Logos, 9, рр. 5-24. (In Rus.) Nancy, J. -L., 1996. Être singulier pluriel. Paris: Galilée. Nancy, J. -L., 2006. La Naissance des seins suivi de Péan pour Aphrodite. Paris: Galilée. Okorokov, V. B....

Das vorliegende Buch greift mit dem Vermögen der Einbildungskraft ein Thema auf, das in eine lebhafte Forschungsdiskussion eingebettet ist (vgl. zuletzt etwa Schäfer, 2019; Fliethmann, 2019; Mühlbacher, 2019; Moeller und Whitehead, 2019; Horstmann, 2018; Costelloe, 2018; Altschuler, 2018; Sommadossi, 2018). Dem Band gelingt es, namhafte Forscherinnen und Forscher aus verschiedenen Disziplinen — der Philosophie, der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und den Kunstwissenschaften — zu diesem Thema zu versammeln...

Neo-Kantianism is traditionally seen as a philosophy that was formed to develop and actualise Kant’s philosophy and Kantian transcendental methodology. However, Kant was the determining, but by no means the only, influence on the emergence of the neo-Kantian tradition. Neo-Kantianism was strongly influenced by the entire German post-Kantian philosophy, especially by Fichte and Hegel, although neo-Kantians have repeatedly tried to dissociate themselves from the great idealists. In many ways neo-Kantianism...

... Cognition, Intuition, and the Fact of Reason. In: B. Lipscomb and J. Krueger, eds. 2010. Kant’s Moral Metaphysics: God, Freedom, and Immortality. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 211-230. Khurana, Th., 2019. ‘I Do not Cognize Myself through Being Conscious of Myself as Thinking’: Self-Knowledge and the Irreducibility of Self-Objectification in Kant. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 49 (7), pp. 956-979. Longuenesse, B., 2017. I, Me, Mine. Back to Kant, and Back Again. Oxford: Oxford University ...

... Law, 2, pp. 7-26. https://doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.01 (In Rus.) Vvedensky, A. I., 1901. Filosofskie ocherki [Philosophical Essays]. St. Petersburg: Tip. V.S. Balashov and Ko. (In Rus.) Zaikova, A. S., 2021. Discreteness and Continuity of Consciousness in Time. In: A.V . Smirnov and A. Ju. Antonovskiy, eds., 2021. Vos’moy Rossijskij filosofskij kongress “Filosofia v politsentrichnom mire” [The 8th Russian Philosophical Congress “Philosophy in a Polycentric World”. Sections (II)]....

The hypothetical approach to the supersensible developed by Kant in his three Critiques, exemplified by his analysis of the aesthetic and reflective judgment in his third Critique, with their principle fortuitous purposiveness, can be considered as the basis for a new foundation of metaphysics. According to Kant’s limitation of cognition to the realm of sense intuition, theoretical knowledge of God, the subject, things-in-themselves, transcendental ideas is impossible. This leads to a kind of “negative...

... University Press. Forst, R., 2015. Rechtfertigung in der praktischen Philosophie: Stellungnahmen. Information Philosophie, 4, pp. 20-27. Habermas, J., 1990. Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification. In: J. Habermas, 1990. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 43-115. Habermas, J., 1991. Erläuterungen zur Diskursethik. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp. Habermas, J. 2003. Truth and Justification. Cambridge: Polity Press. Habermas, J., 2008. Between ...

This paper defends the doctrine that moral requirements are categorical in nature. My point of departure is John McDowell’s 1978 essay, “Are Moral Requirements Hypothetical Imperatives?”, in which McDowell argues, against Philippa Foot, that moral reasons are not conditional upon agents’ desires and are, in a certain sense, inescapable. After expounding McDowell’s view, exploring his idea that moral requirements “silence” other considerations and discussing its particularist ethos, I address an objection...

I proceed from the hypothesis that the difficulties in Kant’s presentation of his plan and, accordingly, the implicit reason for the critical attitude to this plan on the part of many contemporary philosophers stem from the fact that he had no theoretical link at his disposal which would offer a more solid scientific grounding for his entire system. I believe that Darwinism is such a link which bolsters the central but ungrounded thesis of the Critique of Pure Reason on the existence of a priori...

My aim is to prove that Hermann Cohen was not only a philosopher of dialogue but has played an exceedingly important role in the history of that current of thought. His books Ethics of Pure Will (1904) and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (1919) offer a detailed analysis of the relationships between I and Thou, I and It, I and We. In the first book these relationships are considered from the ethical-legal point of view and in the second from the viewpoint of religious anthropology...

This interview with Professor Dr Jürgen Stolzenberg, board member of the Kant-Gesellschaft and co-editor of the Kant-Lexikon (2015), explores a wide range of topics — from Leibniz and Wolff to Heidegger and Husserl. The leading idea of Stolzenberg’s philosophical research is the justification of the principle of modern subjectivity in Kant’s philosophy and its transformations until our days. He discusses the meaning and development of the concept of self-consciousness and the understanding of subjectivity...

... University Press. Crowther, T. M., 2006. Two Conceptions of Conceptualism and Nonconceptualism. Erkenntnis, 65(2), pp. 245-276. Dickerson, A. B., 2004. Kant on Representation and Objectivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dretske, F., 2002. Conscious Experience. In: A. Noë, E. Thompson, eds. 2002. Vision and Mind. Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 419-442. Falkenstein, L., 1995. Kant’s Intuitionism. A Commentary on the Transcendental ...

... therefore the pathos and “affection of law” pervades all his assessments and motivations. This affects the impartiality of moral assessment if the requirements of the law are diverged from. The “man of law”, the Stoic and Kantian who is not conscious of direct violations of the law, can at most not despise himself, but he cannot, according to Fichte, positively respect himself: that would require surpassing the requirement of the law through action. Meanwhile the affection of the self-sufficient ...

The brief letter exchange between Hamann and Kant, in which they discussed a physics textbook for children, is the main purpose of this text. It unravels an urgent question about the nature of consciousness and its role in the structure of the physical world. 1. Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 т. М., 1978. 2. Вергилий. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида. Гораций. Оды. Эподы. Сатиры....

... Husserl-Ausgabe und Husserl-Forschung, Dorbrecht, S. 61—80. 15. Collins, A. 1999, Possible Experience: Understanding Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, University of California Press. 16. Gurwitsch, A. 2009, The Kantian and Husserlian Conceptions of Consciousness. I The Collected Works of Aron Gurwitsch (1901—1973), Vol. II. Springer. Pp. 149—174. 17. Husserl, E. 1959, Erste Philosophie (1923/4). Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion, Husserliana VIII, Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff....

... filosofii (1): metafizika, teorija opyta, teorija soznanija. Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo seminara [Proceedings of the International Workshop “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy: Metaphysics, Theory of Experience, Theory of Consciousness”]. Moscow, 2017. 4. Lektorskij, V. A., 2005, Kant, radikal’nyj epistemologicheskij konstruktivizm i konstruktivny realism, in: Voprosy filosofii [Voprosy filosofii], № 8, 11—21. 5. Hanna, R. 2017, Kant, radikal'nyj agnosticizm i ...

... Transtesndentalny povorot v sovremennoy filosofii (1): Metafizika, teoriya opyta, teoriya soznaniya. Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnogo nauchnogo seminara [Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy (1): Metaphysics, Theory of Experience, Theory of Consciousness. Proceedings of an International Research Seminar], Moscow. (In Russ.) Katrechko, S. L. (ed.) 2017d, Transtesndentalny povorot v sovremennoy filosofii (2): Kantovskoe yavleniye, ego ontologicheskiy i epistemicheskiy status. Sbornik materialov ...

The article is devoted to comparison of Kant methodology and the phenomenology, which provide insight into the area of pure consciousness. Divergences in levels of its understanding are marked, disagreements concerning values of reflection and reduction between Kant and Neo-Kantian philosophers and representatives of phenomenology come to light. The analysis of basic concept ...

... ego koncept veshi samoiy po sebe [Kant's transcendentalism, transcendental shift (turn) and the thing in itself], Proceedings of the International Workshop “Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy: Metaphysics, Theory of Experience, Theory of Consciousness (?)” (Moscow, April 22—23, 2016). Moscow: Foundation for Humanities, p. 37—45. 6. Ogurcov, A. P. 2011, Filosofiia nauki: XX vek (v 3 tt.) [Philosophy of science: XXth Century]: Koncepcii i problemy (T.1): issledovatel'skie programmy....

A reflection on the meaning of Kant’s manuscript where he uses the expression ‘metaphysics of science’. 20th century philosophy of science acknowledged empiricism and it was anti-metaphysic and positivistic. However, all forms of empiricism and positivism lead to a negation of philosophy, replacing it with logical, methodological, historical, sociological, psychological, cultural, and other studies. In effect, philosophy is the cognition of the absolute universal in both theoretical (the true being)...

... by adding “pure normative sciences” such as logic and aesthetics to psychology and ethics which are already in use. In the center of his pedagogy Natorp places the concept of “will”. It is directly connected to the three levels of activity of consciousness which are associated with the three stages of education — family education, school and stage of free adult self-education. The last stage represents a “lifelong” process and ideally shouldn’t be bounded by any external factors. Natorp ...

... transporting ‘spectres’ into actual ontology. It is stated that such transportation is reflected in the characteristics of artistic imagination and its poetic keys opening the ‘doors of perception’ that are closed to the other forms of social consciousness/unconsciousness. The article analyses E. T. A. Hoffmann’s novel The Sandman, which is interpreted as a romantic warning against symbolic plays with spectres generated by the mechanisation of thinking and being. 1. Bobkov, I. M. 2007,...

... only monarch and source of political and legislative power. The tragedy of the people is that it does not know it and the mission of the educated class is to make the people aware of its powers and educate it. Law cannot exist beyond the people’s consciousness — everything else is despotism and a tyranny. 1. Alekseev M. P., 1984, K istochnikam «Podrazhanij drevnim» Pushkina // Alekseev M. P. Pushkin. Sravnitel'no-istoricheskie issledovaniya [Pushkin. Comparative historical research]. Leningrad,...

This article examines the category of modality through the postulate of empirical thinking in general and in constructing a philosophical system where functions of consciousness are substantial elements. The system comprises ‘faculties of the mind’, as Kant calls them, namely, evaluation, cognition, and practical activity and norms. These forms of activity correlate with the world of possibilities, the actual ...

... Radlov, and S. N. Trubetskoy. At the end of the 19th century, these authors contributed to an active discussion in the pages of scientific journals. The discussion focused on the ideas expressed in the work On the Limits and Characteristics of Becoming Conscious, which was published in the form of theses in book 16 book of the journal Problems of Philosophy and Psychology. Trough formulating the law of the absence of objective evidence of becoming consciousness, Vvedensky did not only raise issues relating ...

... article revisits the ratio-centric system developed by the prominent exponent of the German enlightenment J. Chr. Gottsched (1700—1766). The authors examine the problem of the ontological argument in the context of the current civilizational crisis of consciousness, which arose against the background of the 20th century crisis of objectivist methodology of modern natural sciences. Such a methodology is incapable of solving the problem of an accurate description of the reality, in particular, as regards ...

... B. A. Kistiakovsky’s political study], Vladivostok. 7. Medushevsky, A. N. 2007, Bogdan Alexandrovich Kistiakovsky: “U nashey intel-ligencii pravosoznanie stoit na kraine nizkom urovne razvitia…” [Bogdan Alexandrovich Kistiakovsky: “Legal consciousness of our intelligencia is at extremely low level of de-velopment”], Rossiyskiy liberalism: idei i liudi [Russian liberalism: ideas and people], Moscow. 8. Sapov, V. V. 1992, Arhiv B. A. Kistiakovskogo [B. A. Kistiakovsky’s archive], Voprosy ...

... ‘transcendental philosophy’, since its notions are transcendental. Having rejected reductionism and the related metaphysical premises of traditional empiricism, Tetens creates the framework for a new, phenomenological methodologyaimed at such study of consciousness that would exclude attitudes based on the prejudices of the metaphysical and common understanding. 1. Тетенс И. Н. О всеобщей спекулятивной философии. М., 2013 2. Nowitzki H.-P. Platner und die Wolfische ...

This article deals with the essence of art in Gadamer’s philosophy, including his critical approach to Kantian aesthetical consciousness and subjectification of aesthetical experience in Kant’s philosophy. According to Gadamer, art deals with the notion of truth and should be associated not with aesthetics, but rather with ontology. Thus, art is the experience of truth....