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The article explores one of the modern trends in the semiotic analysis of the city and urban environment — the study of the cultural code of the city. In the contemporary aca­de­mic discourse, the importance of studying the cultural code of the city is growing not so much as a phenomenon but as a system of decoding and cognizing each specific city in its own con­text. This aspect is closely related to the analysis of the problem of enhancing urban identity and local patriotism, as well as identifying...

Urban motifs in Russian poetry have not yet become the subject of comprehensive investigation in terms of the evolution of poetic conceptualization of the world, the frequency, semantics and syntagmatics of the key lexemes — 'gorod' and 'grad'. Meanwhile, the analy­sis of the poetic, ethnic and linguistic picture of the world, closely connected with diachronic lexicology, phraseology and grammar, allows important conclusions concerning the history of the national semiosphere and conceptosphere based...

The article offers an overview of the development of translation history during the past decade. It focuses on recent debates, research areas and methodological avenues in translation history with special emphasis on interdisciplinarity. Driven by a move away from a Euro-centric view of translation, researchers have become interested in producing connected and comparative histories of translation. The dialogue with the general field of history has led to the adoption of new methods and forms of analysis...

Based on a review of the literature on ethnography produced by translation scholars over the past twenty years, this contribution explores how translation studies [TS] has appropriat­ed this concept, first as a way to solve translation problems (with Eugene Nida), then as an object (within the cultural turn) and more recently as a research methodology to document and analyze translation and interpreting events in context. The author shows how, in the early seventies, both cultural anthropology and...

Translation Studies scholars, on the whole, have struggled to reconcile abstract, meta­phorical concepts of translation with the notion of translation as understood in the commer­cial world of communication, that of a product to be obtained through quick, efficient and cost-cutting processes of transfer across verbal languages. Yet both ideas of translation imply exchanges of perspective between domains, cultures and senses and are inspiring conceptual­ly, artistically and socially. Bonds between...

Drawing on Narrative Theory, this article analyses the second French translation of The Brothers Karamazov as a counter-narrative for the novel’s first translation into French. In the mid-1880s, the critic Vogüé blocked the introduction of Dostoevsky’s narrative by predict­ing a clash with the French taste. Taking this warning into account, the first French transla­tors Halpérine-Kaminsky and Morice in 1888 framed the source narrative by means of selec­tive appropriation and repositioning of the...

The article investigates a religious and philosophical dialogue of Miłosz and Dostoevsky. The antinomic content of Miłosz's poem “Theological Treatise” is analyzed in the context of Dostoevsky's Christocentric worldview, as well as religious and heretical teachings of early Christianity, which aroused Milosz's interest throughout his career. In their works, Dostoev­sky and Miłosz explored the theological problem of apoсatastasis and offered their interpreta­tion of it. The paper also examines Miłosz’s...

The author considers the evolution of the concept “people” in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, Samuel Pufendorf and Benedict Spinoza. The political thought of Europe in the 17th century demonstrates a conscious turn from the medieval scholastic tradition of thinking about people and power. Politics begins to be thought of as a complex of human ac­tions aimed at achieving certain human goals. This, in turn, leads to the rationalisation of politics and, as a consequence, to the rejection...

... française, 1798. Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise. 5ème ed. Vol. 2. Paris. Académie française, 1835. Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise. Vol. 2. Paris. Guizot, F., 1828. Cours d’histoire moderne. Histoire générale de la civilisation en Eu­rope. Paris. Laveaux, J.-Ch., 1820. Nouveau dictionnaire de la langue française. Vol. 2. Paris. McNally, R., 1986. Significant Revelations in Chaadaev’s Letters to A. I. Turge­nev. Studies in Soviet Thought, 32 (4), pp. 321—339. McNally, R. ...

The concept “sootechestvenniki” is one of the key tools for self-description of society; it is an instrument for drawing borderlines between “we” and “they”. The article describes the development of the meaning of this word since its coinage. The word appeared in the 18th cen­tury as a merger of the Old Slavic and Old Russian ‘otechestvo’ (fatherland, understood as one’s place of origin) and the French ‘compatriot’. This merger resulted in the formation of two new prototypical meanings: one is civic...

Using the method of corpus analysis, this article explores the history of the Russian hon­orific gospoda and related forms of address: damy i gospoda, gospoda-tovarischi, and other noun-noun and adjective-noun collocations (gospoda publika uvažaemye gospoda). It draws on examples from literature to demonstrate that although, contrary to popular belief, the honorific damy i gospoda is not a neologism of the end of the 20th century, it was mar­ginal to pre-revolutionary speech. It is also shown that...

1. Cassin, B. and Apter, E. S., eds., 2004. Vocabulaire européen des philosophies: dic­tionnaire des intraduisibles. Paris. 2. Cassin, B. and Apter, E. S., eds., 2014. Dictionary of Untranslatables. A Philosophi­cal Lexicon. Priceton UP. 3. Foucault, M., 1966. Les mots et les choses. Une archéologie des sciences humaines. Paris. 4. Foucault, M., 1971. The Order of Things — An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York.

Translation of philosophical texts is a special challenge because of specific philosophical idiom and conceptual complexity of the narrative. It is not surprising that such translations are often accompanied by commentaries where the translator steps out of the shadows to justi­fy the translational decisions. This kind of supplementary text called the “translational peritext” is under study in this paper aiming to reveal the cognitive effort the translation process involves, and to explore the author-translator-reader...

This paper discusses intertextual and intervisual tools for creating the past — present — future dialogic axis in urban practices, using the example of graffiti and inscriptions in Gdansk and Kaliningrad. The authors describe the urban space as an object of research, give a definition of the urban inscription, characterize the semiotic nature of the latter, consider ter­minology problems relating to the category of intertextuality, and broadly interpret the inter­texteme as a tool in the ‘past —...

The Balkan crisis of 1875—1876 and the ensuing Russo-Turkish war of 1877—1878 were the first major foreign policy challenges for the Russian Empire in the entirely new public sphere situation. The military reform of 1784, which replaced recruitment with conscription, translated in the involvement of the general public in the current events. The new public sphere, which had been developing from the 1850s, required new languages both to describe and to transform reality, as well as to produce a collective...

Translation Studies has branched out into a heterogeneous interdiscipline during the past few decades. This development is not only the result of the emergence of different kinds of translation practices, research questions and new technologies, but also of different epistemo­logical and ontological assumptions about the object of study. Four major areas are outlined: linguistic, cultural, cognitive and sociological. Connections between them are briefly dis­cussed, but the main tendency has been...

This article concerns indirect translation (ITr), understood broadly as translation of translation, and has the aim of facilitating systematic research on this long-standing, widespread yet underexplored phenomenon. The article thus provides an overview of some of the main patterns in ITr practice and research and explores suggestions for related future studies. The overview follows the ‘Five W’s and One H’ approach. The what question concerns terminological and conceptual issues related to ITr and...

... cognitive friction. Translation Spaces, 4 (1), pp. 98—118. ELIA, 2018. Language Industry Survey — Expectations and Concerns of the European Language Industry 2018. Brussels: European Language Industry Association, аvailable at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017_language_industry_survey_report_ en.pdf (аccessed 22 September 2018). Englund Dimitrova, B. and Ehrensberger-Dow, M., 2016. Cognitive space: Exploring the situational interface. Translation Spaces, 5 (1), pp. 1—19. Gile,...

Reception of translated texts has thus far received relatively scant, uneven attention in Translation Studies, even though reception studies theories have been applied in the last decades, first to literary translation and then touching upon other areas and text types. This chapter reports on audiovisual translation in particular, exploring the very concepts of audience and reception. Adjacent concepts are also discussed, all having a bearing on the approach and the methodology, and all chosen for...

News translation has been investigated more systematically since the mid-2000s. Since then, it has kept pushing the boundaries of translation studies by asking such questions as the following: Can we study multilingual practices that do not necessarily have an identified source text? If so, what do we analyze and compare? Can we call these practices ‘translation’? How do we integrate multimodality into our traditionally textual analyses? This article formulates tentative answers based onrecent publications...

Corpus-based interpreting studies (CIS) are a relatively recent “[…] Off-shoot of Corpus-based Translation Studies” to quote the seminal paper (1998) by the late Miriam Shlesinger, a constant source of inspiration for the T&I community. This line of research is now gaining ground in both conference interpreting and community interpreting. The present paper focuses on conference interpreting and covers the evolution of the concept of interpreting corpus by providing an overview of the most representative...

Events are the main element in the formation and presentation of a worldview across all the research disciplines in the humanities and other sciences. Cognising and understanding reality requires the consideration and construction of data, descriptions, correlations, and narratives, to all of which concrete events are the key. In this article, we analyse the connection between an event and reality, with a special focus on social events in the context of management. Such an approach does not confine...

This article analyses the problems addressed in Evelyn Waugh’s novel Scoop, through the prism of imagology — the study of cultural stereotypes as presented in literature. Within the ideational structure of the novel, the author analyses the theory of négritude, which holds that the African civilisation plays a special role in the world. It is concluded that the négritude philosophy is expressed in the novel through grotesque and the theory of négritude should be analysed in the context of philosophical...

This article deals with the historical realia as markers of the national and historical identity of the country of the target language. Realia make it possible to reconstruct selected aspects of the national character and study the axiology of modern native speakers. The analysis of non-equivalent, background and connotative lexis in the course of language acquisition stimulates reflection on extralinguistic (historical) information and thus contributes to cultural competences. 1. Vereshchagin...

This article explores proverbs as signs that preserve, transfer, and develop meanings rooted in the ethnic culture. The author investigates the ways cultural semantics is expressed in proverbs featuring clothing items. Another focus is the ways to refer to garment elements. Clothing items are universal realia; they form concepts, mythologemes, symbols, gauges, stereotypes, etc. in the realm of ideas about the world. These ideas are interpreted within different fields of human spiritual life, for...

This paper analyses structures typical of the classical Chinese poetry and the way they are used in contemporary Chinese verse. The analysis aims to demonstrate the work of traditional textual mechanisms in contemporary Chinese poetry and to describe their functional features. Poems by Dai Weina, Han Bo, Tashi Tentso, and Zhang Zao employ linguistic means that simultaneously engage several levels of utterances. These linguistic means include non-trivial semantic links created by means of phonographics...

The article explores the process of image recognition. The author analyses everyday language to identify correlattions between cognitive patterns of the image and a set of alternative etymons and cognitive patterns in Russian and other languages — Greek, Latin, English, German. Links between them form a vast conceptual space associated with image recognition. The author proposes a pattern of image recognition, which is, in its simplified form, unfolding from a quantum automaton, to its "saturation"...

The author explores the genesis and evolution of imagology as a field of comparative literary studies abroad, considering ideas of G. M. Carré, M. F. Guyard, A. Dima, D. H. Pageaux, H. Dyserinck and paying particular attention to the modern approach presented by J. Leerssen, a well-known representative of Western imagological school. The author analyzes the main ideas of Leerssen's updated conception “Imagology: on using ethnicity to make sense of the world” published in 2016: the thesis about interdisciplinary...

... (based on electronic versions of the daily newspapers Mond, Figaro and Liberation for 2008—2012)]. Moscow (in Russ.). Riabov, D. O., 2016. Obraz Rossii v politike evropejskoj identichnosti ES [The image of Russia in the European identity policy of the EU]. PhD Thes. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Graver, A. A., 2012. Image and brand of the country: concepts and directions of research a. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Tomsk State University], 3 (19), pp. 29—45 (in Russ.). ...

The article discusses some exercises of N. M. Karamzin, the first great Russian writer who worked in the prosaic miniature`s form, a short text which we compare to a poetic one. In the Russian tradition the prosaic miniature developed primarily in journals and magazines. Translations, sometimes fragmentary, from European languages, of both poetic and prosaic texts became one of the main sources of the Russian prosaic miniature. Karamzin started with some translated miniature texts and went on to...

The article shows that an important detail of Sambia female outfit, the estias, a mixed form of Sambia belt originated from German and provincial-Roman patterns, dates back to the middle or the third quarter of the I century AD. The emergence of a number of tools of intercultural origin (Sambia belts are among them) presupposes the co-existance of different ethnic groups in Sambia in the Julio-Flavian time. 1. Казанский М. М. Реки восточной части Балтийского бассейна и античные географы. Еще раз...

This article examines the first attempts at introducing realistic portraits into Eastern European religious paintings. The author identifies stages in the development of this trend and describes aspects of cultural synthesis embodied in a portrait as the first secular genre of painting. A distinctive feature of this process is depicting an actual person in a religious context. 1. Александрович В. С. Портретная живопись во Львове в последней четверти XVI века // Памятники культуры. Новые открытия...

This article analyses the Königsberg context of the activities of 18th century enlighteners — Johann Gotthelf Lindner and Jacob Lange — in the Baltics and offers an overview of their linguistic works. On the basis of the hypothesis about the influence of the Königsberg spirit of Enlightenment on the formation of Lindner’s and Lange’s linguistic activities, the author shows that, in the Baltics, the Enlightenment had several modifications differing in forms and objectives. It is demonstrated that...

This article focuses on the reasons behind and attempts at demonising the image of the Red Army in the modern Western historiography. It is concluded that the key factor behind this approach is the aspiration to misrepresent the role of the USSR in the destruction of Hitler’s Germany and the liberation of Europe from the Nazi slavery, which results in the thesis that the entry of the Red Army was not an act of liberation but rather the beginning of a new occupation, which was even worse that the...

This article emphasises that, in the history of the early Balts (the Aesti and Prussians), amber was a principal means of trade that was exchanged for necessary goods from Europe. In these conditions, amber played a dual role: on the one hand, it stimulated trade connections between the Balts and other peoples, on the other hand, it decelerated their own cultural and technological development. The author’s assumptions are corroborated by archaeological data. 1. Давидан О. И. Янтарь Старой Ладоги...

This article develops the concept of historical process being determnined by cultural phenomena. The cultural aspect examined by the author is religious beliefs. It is shown that Prussia constituted a region of intersection between ancient Prussian paganism rooted in the proto-Indo-European era and Roman Catholic Church and Orthodoxy. The interaction of these forms of ideology is used to explain the history of Prussia. 1. Батыр А. Сказание о литовском громовержце Перкуне. М., 1893. 2. Бахтин А...

1. Daija P. Baltijas apgaismības virzienu kontrasti un nozīme latviešu 18. gadsimta literatūras attīstībā // Latviešu literatūras procesi un personības. Rīga, 2008. 2. Daija P. Genesis of the Concept of Statehood and Perception of Patriotism in Latvian Enlightenment Literature // Latvia and Latvians: A People and a State in Ideas, Images and Symbols. Rīga, 2000. 3. Dann O., Hroch M. Einleitung // Patriotismus und Nationsbildung am Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Köln, 2003. 4...

This article presents the author’s philosophical and sociological ideas about the condition of modern society, its problems, and origins. The author stresses that the modern European civilisation is coming to a “dead end” and considers a human being as an object of manipulation. The subject of these manipulations is the bureaucratic system, whose interests lie in its own well-being. 1. Бобков В. Мнение эксперта // Аргументы и факты. 2014. № 2. 2. Гладилин А. Где у политиков ум? // Там же. 2013...

1. Drewnowska B. Świat jada po polsku // Rzeczpospolita. 28.04.2012. S. A 1. 2. Gursztyn P. Rosjanie kupują i dają nadzieję // Rzeczpospolita. 08—09.09.2012.S. A 6. 3. Gwiazdowski R. Czy to „Ruscy» są winni? // Rzeczpospolita. 27.07.2012. S. A 15. 4. Jendroszczyk P. Trójkąt Kaliningradzki ma się dobrze // Rzeczpospolita.22.03.2012. S. A 12. 5. Kościński P. Kaliningrad w kolejce na Kasztanowej // Rzeczpospolita. 08—09.09.2012. S. A 7. 6. Kościński P. Kłopoty z atomem...

This article examines the approaches of modern international scholars to the problem of anagrams in ancient texts. The author addresses the following “problem nodes”: the difficulty of proving the presence of an anagram in each individual case and the ambiguity of the question as to the arbitrary or systematic nature of anagrammatic structures and anagrams’ functions. Solving these problems will contribute to identifying the major avenues of further research on anagrams. 1. Гаты Заратустры. URL:...

This article summarises the perception of Napoleon’s image in France in the 19th—21th centuries and describes the dynamics of attitudes towards Napoleon in connection with the changing political situation. Historical studies and belles-lettres help demonstrate that today the image of Napoleon is more popular in other European countries than in France and that the life of the emperor gave rise to a myth about a hero and great conqueror who faces defeat at the peak of his power and loses its empire...

This article offers a review of the activities of I.P. Khmelnitsky at the Königsberg University of the 1760s, examines the ideational and philosophical context, and identifies the role and position of Khmelnitsky in the intellectual polemics of the mid-18th century. The author emphasises that D. Weymann referred to Khmelnitsky’s works when debating with I. Kant. 1. Аноним. Хмельницкий, Иван Парфентевич // Русский биографический словарь. СПб., 1901. Т. 21. 2. Болотов А. Т. Жизнь и приключения Андрея...

1. Тэтчер М. Искусство управления государством. Стратегии для меняющегося мира М., 2003. 2. Иларион (Алфеев), митр. Православно-католические отношения на современном этапе. URL: http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1319482.html (дата обращения: 16.03.2011).

... культурном пространстве Литвы. URL: http://www.ruvek.ru/?module=articles&action=view&id=6027 (дата обращения: 02.09.2011). 45. Хочешь продать товар — учи русский язык. URL: http://www.n-europe.eu/topics/2011/01/26/khochesh_prodat_tovar_%E2%80%93_uchi_russkii_yazyk (дата обращения: 08.08.2011). 46. Школьников, изучающих русский язык, в Литве стало меньше. URL:http://www.russkiymir....

1. Витте С. Ю. Воспоминания: в 3 т. Минск, М., 2002. Т. 1. 2. Копычев Н. И. Таможенный тариф 1902 года и русско-германские отношения // Учен. зап. Псковского гос. пед. института. Псков, 1964. Вып. 19. 3. Острецова М. Л. Русско-германский торговый договор 1904 года // Учен.зап. Московского государственного педагогического института им. В. М. Потемкина. М., 1959. Т. 92 (93). 4. Субботин Ю. Ф. Россия и Германия: партнеры и противники (торговые отношения в конце XIX века — 1914). М., 1996. ...

1. Алефиренко Н. Ф. Интерлингвистические теории. Социолингвистика //Алефиренко Н. Ф. Современные проблемы науки о языке. М., 2005. 2. Алпатов В. М. 150 языков и политика. 1917—2000. Социолингвистические проблемы СССР и постсоветского пространства. М., 2000. 3. Джусупов М. Социолингвистика, лингводидактика, методика (взаимосвязь и взаимообусловленность) // Русский язык за рубежом. М., 2012. № 1. 4. Швейцер А. Д. Современная социолингвистика. Теория, проблемы, метод. М., 1976.

1. Алексеев П. В. Философы России XIX—XX столетий: Биографии, идеи, труды. М., 2002. 2. Асов А. Славянская астрология. М., 2001. 3. Личковах В. A. Славянская цивилизационная идея: космизм и универсализм всечеловеческого мироотношения // Tradycje duchowe Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Słupsk, 1999. 4. Поляков В. А. Универсология. М., 2004. 5. Filozofia słowiańska. Historia i współczesność / red. W. Słomski. Warszawa, 2007. 6. Jedynak S. Kosmizm w filozofii rosyjskiej // Rekonesanse filozoficzne...