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Kant’s philosophical system has had a strange history: from the moment of its inception, it exhibited critical contradictions; however, later, it was demonstrated that the contradictions existed not in the system of the Königsberg philosopher, but rather in the mind of the interpreter, and the system proved to be even more solid than before. This process has taken more than two centuries and seems to be endless. It is akin to a rock that waves break against and then recede falling into myriads of...

This article focuses on the relation between the subject and object in theory of cognition. Special attention is paid to the role of social communication in the construction of the real world. The author stresses that the language communication plays an important role in this process. Thereby, it affects human cognition as well as all existence. When discussing this phenomenon, the author uses the methodology that was symbolically described by Kant as the Copernican turn. Wilhelm von Humboldt was...

This article focuses on the interpretation of ideas of Kant’s Perpetual Peace treatise in the modern democratic peace theory. Despite the fact that the advocates of the theory consider Kant’s perpetual peace project the political and philosophical framework of their concept, the analysis shows that the democratic peace theory misinterprets many ideas of Kant. 1. Babst D. Elective Goverments — A Force for Peace // The Wisconsian Sociologist.1964. Vol. 3, № 1. Р. 9—14. 2. Doyle M. W. Kant, Liberal...

This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения. М., 1995. С. 123—165. 2. Ермолаев В. К. Аргументация Канта в схолии к Теореме VI в "Nova dilucidatuo": традиционная интерпретация и связанные с нею проблемы // Кантовский сборник...

This article considers the events and ideas that served as a background to the creation of the essay Towards Perpetual Peace, as well as the earliest reviews of it. The author pays special attention to the objections voiced by Kant’s student Friedrich Gentz who turned from the advocate of his teacher’s ideas into his opponent. The conclusion offers an attempt to envisage the philosophers’ reactions to the current state of international politics. 1. Bahner W. Der Friedensgedanke in der Literatur...

1. Austin J. L. Ifs and Cans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black M. A. Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS, 1964. 4. Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien, 1934. 6. Fodor J. The Language of Thought. N. Y., 1975. 7. Gellner E. Words and...

This articles sets out to give an overview as to how Russian thought was influenced by the ideas and personality of Kant — a bright exponent of German spirit, the genius loci of Königsberg — a city of calamitous history. 1. Абрамов А. И. Кант в русской духовно-академической философии // Абрамов А. И. Сборник научных трудов по истории русской мысли. М., 2005. С. 118—150. 2. Абрамов А. И. О русском кантианстве и неокантианстве в журнале «Логос» //Там же. С. 343—363. 3. Абрамов А. И. Кантианство...

This article offers an aanalysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Gegel' G. V. F. Jenciklopedija filosofskih nauk. T. 1 : Nauka logiki. M., 1974. 2. Dzhems V. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. SPb., 1992. 3. Kant I. Grezy duhovidca, pojasnennye grezami metafiziki // Kant I. Soch...

This article maintains that the founder of the “stars-and-morals” cycle in Russian philosophical poetry of the 1840s is A. A. Fet. From the poems “I stood a long time without moving” (1843) and “To Le Verrier's Neptune” (1846) to “To extinguished stars” (1890), i. e. over half a century, Fet created lyrical miniatures under the influence of Kant’s and Schopenhauer’s ideas. 1. Благой Д. Д. Мир как красота. (О «вечерних огнях» А. Фета) // Фет А. А. Вечерние огни. М., 1981. 2. Григорьев А. А. Комета...

This article is somewhat of an afterword to the publication of Georg Hamann’s text — including his correspondence with Immanuel Kant, earlier not available to Russian readers and related to their complicated “philosophical” relation — on the pages of Kantovsky Sbornik. These materials have comprised a book entitled Hamann and Kant: a Struggle for Pure Reason, which will be published this year by Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press. 1. Гильманов В. Х. Герменевтика «образа» И. Г. Гамана...

This article is devoted to the dissemination and research on Kant's philosophy in Russia in the early 19th century. The author considers both the process of dissemination of information about Kant's teaching via printed materials and the analysis of his heritage in professional philosophical — in particular, ecclesiastic — circles. This process is illustrated by archive materials. 1. Абрамов А. И. Сборник научных трудов по истории русской философии. М.,2005. 2. Авдеева Л. Р., Абрамов А. И., Жуков...

The article raises the question about the Kantianism of E. T. A. Hoffmann displayed in the story from “The night stories”, which shows that the transcendental reflection as an important gnoseological procedure has important practical sense in the human life. 1. Berkovskij N. Ja. Je. T. A. Gofman // Berkovskij N. Ja. Romantizm v Germanii. SPb., 2001. 2. Gjorres J. Aforizmy ob iskusstve… // Jestetika nemeckih romantikov. M., 1987. 3. Gippel' T. G. fon. Vospominanija o Gofmane // Gofman Je. T. A...

This article considers the attempt by the Russian Neokantianer M. Kagan to create a concept of philosophy of history through developing the main ideas of philosophy of history formulated by his teacher, the founder of the Marburg School of Neokantianism, H. Cohen. The author emphasizes the cardinal importance of philosophy of history for the philosophical position of the Russian thinker. 1. Каган М. И. Автобиографические заметки // Каган М. И. О ходе истории / ред.-сост. В. Л. Махлин. М., 2004....

The article deals with Maimon’s critical reinterpretation of Kant’s theory of analytic judgments. Maimon contributed to the history of the German Idealism primarily through his criticism of Kant’s theoretical philosophy, which largely predetermined some ideas of Fichte and later exerted a certain influence on the thinkers of some very different schools (from Marburg Neo-Kantianism to Deleuze). Maimon’s attitude toward Kant’s views on the nature of analytic judgments underwent an essential change...

On the basis of Hannah Arendt's political philosophy, the author analyses the capability of the Internet to fulfil the functions of public realm, as well as the significance and prospects of the World Wide Web as a communication medium for political being. 1. Арендт, Х. Vita activa, или о деятельной жизни / пер. с нем. и англ. В. В. Бибихина; под ред. Д. М. Носова. СПб.: Алетея, 2000. 2. Арендт Х. Истоки тоталитаризма / пер. с англ. И. В. Борисовой и др.; послесл.Ю. Н. Давыдова; под ред. М. С....

This article is dedicated to the ideas, expressed in manuscript R 3706, where Kant criticizes traditional refutation of ontological argument, which is based on distinction of “ideal” and “real” judgments. The relation of this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in “Nova dilucidatio” and the preceding polemic over ontological argument is analyzed. 1. Descartes R. Razmyshlenija o pervoj filosofii // Descartes R. Sochinenija : v 2 t. М., 1994. Т. 2. S. 3—417. 2. Yermolaev V. K. Argumentacija Kanta...

This article investigates the history and priority fields of the Russian journal on philosophy of culture, Logos, whose ideological inspirator and one of the chief editors was the Russian philosopher Boris V. Yakovenko. The author also focuses on the history of the first issue of Logos published in Prague and the reasons behind the suspension of the second issue. 1. Белов В. Н., Рожков В. П. История русской философии. Саратов, 2006. 2. Ермичев А. А. О неокантианстве Б. В. Яковенко и его месте в...

The grounds of construction of ethical systems of Kant and Solovjev are comparatively tested in this article. Noting the obvious strenghts of Kant’s ethics, Solovjev finds, that because of its absolute formalism it doesn’t have the complete implementation in the objective world. Solovjev also sees as unsuccessful Kant’s attempt at overcoming subjectivism in the moral sphere. In Solovjev’s opinion, Kant’s postulates of practical reason don’t overcome subjectivism, but bring to the foundation of Kant’s...

The essay is dedicated to the fate of the valuable Kant-related collections and manuscripts from the library of Tartu University, which, in 1895, were transported to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin for the publication of Kant's complete works and did not return to Tartu and escaped the notice of researchers for a long time. 1. Архив научной библиотеки Тартуского университета. Ф. 4. Оп. 1. Ед. хр. 982. 2. Блюм В. Р., Танклер Х. Л. Автографы философов в научной библиотеке Тартуского университета...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of neo-Kantianism in Russia. Russian neo-Kantianism is marked with originality, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the national philosophical thought. The stages and specific character of the development of Russian neo-Kantianism are considered by example of the creation of A. I. Vvedensky, B. V. Yakovenko and V. E. Sesemann. 1. Bulgakov S. N. Ot marksizma k idealizmu. Stat'i i recenzii. 1895—1903...

1. Austin, 1956: Austin J. L. Ifs and C ans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black, 1940: Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black, 1964: Black M. A Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS. 4. Carnap, 1931: Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap, 1934: Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien : Julius Springer, 1934...

The article examines the following problems: 1) How well-founded is the comparison of the ideas of Kant's treatise «Towards Perpetual Peace», written in late XVIII century, with the implementation of nowadays project of European Union? 2) If such parallels are possible, to what extent the structure of the EU corresponds to Kant's vision? 3) Which Kantian ideas are of the foremost importance to future development of the EU? Basing on the analysis of Kant's treatise and of the current structure of...

This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal, and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic. 1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в 4 т. М., 1978. Т. 2. С. 53—90. 2. Брюшинкин В. Н. Взаимодействие формальной и трансцендентальной логики // Кантовский...

This article tells the story of how Kant's death mask ended up in the Museum of Classical Antiquities of the University of Tartu. 1. Stolovich L. N. O sud'be tartuskoj kantiany // Kantovskij sbornik. 2008. 1 (27). S. 94—108. 2. Clasen K. H. Kant-Bildnisse. Königsberg, 1924. 3. Immanuel Kant: sein Leben in Darstellungen von Zeitgenossen. Die Biographien von L. E. Borowski, R. B. Jachmann und E. A. Ch. Wasianski. Mit einer Einleitung von Rudolf Malter. Neudruck der Ausgabe Berlin 1912. Deutsche...

This article presents for the first time the postcard sent by Edmund Husserl to Gustav G. Shpet.

The subject matter of the article is the problem of justification of punishment within Kant’s practical philosophy. Modern interpretations tend to reduce this problem to the issue of “retributivism”: To what extent is Kant’s theory of punishment to be regarded as retributivist? While acknowledging the significance of this question the author stresses a more fundamental one lying behind it: Is a non-contradictory theory of punishment conceivable at all within Kant’s philosophy? It is demonstrated...

This article proves that Kant’s philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over theoretical reason. The humanity owes its development and existence to practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н. Этика. СПб., 2002. 2. Гуревич П. С. Философская...

The 18th century philosophy actively used the notion of machine in its extended meaning, especially when describing both the world as a whole and its constituent bodies. Consequently, the initial meaning of that notion underwent peculiar changes: not only an artificial mechanism but also a natural organic body were defined as machines. A metaphysical comprehension of the notion of machine was developed predominantly in the framework of cosmology. 1. Васильев В. В. Философская психология в эпоху...

This article is devoted to the search for an adequate justification for the modern policy of cosmopolitism. The author maintains that the legitimation of cosmopolitism is of rather cultural than political nature. Liberal cultural pluralism based on universal political and legal principles (Kant and Rawls) proves to be insufficient. However, it provides the means to solve the problems and to avoid the extremes of cultural cosmopolitism, such as the European “negative identity”, juridification, and...

This article offers an analysis of the influence of Kant’s and Schopenhauer's philosophical ideas on Fet’s worldview. The author demonstrates that the poet was not a strict follower of A. Schopenhauer, since he interpreted the German pessimist’s doctrine cum grano salis. The influence of Kant’s ideas on A. Fet was, at least, not less significant. 1. Зеньковский В.В. История русской философии. Т. 1, ч. 2. Л., 1991. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // И. Кант. Соч. : в 6 т. Т. 3. М., 1964. 3. Л...

This article offers a critical analysis of the general idea of “overcoming Kant”, presented by Ye. N. Trubetskoy in the book “The metaphysical assumptions of knowledge” (1917). 1. Соловьёв В. С. Теоретическая философия // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч.: в 9 т. 1-е изд. СПб., 1903. Т. 8. 2. Соловьёв В. С. Критика отвлеченных начал // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч. и писем: в 15 т. М., 1993. Т. 2 (репринтное изд. со 2-го изд. собр. соч. В. С. Соловьева под ред. С. М. Соловьева и Э. Л. Радлова). 3. Соловьёв...

This article offers a comparison of certain fundamental ethical ideas of Eastern philosophical traditions with Kant's categorical imperative aiming to corroborate the thesis about the moral unity of humanity and give a moral assessment of the state of Russian society. 1. Вивекананда С. Карма-йога. Пг., 1916. 2. Дао дэ цзин / пер. Ян Хин-шуна. СПб., 2011. 3. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности // Кант И. Соч. : в 6 т. М., 1965. Т. 4, ч. 1. С. 219—310. 4. Малявин В. Конфуций. М., 1992.

This article offers an analysis of the influence of Kant’s and Schopenhauer's philosophical ideas on Fet’s worldview. The author demonstrates that the poet was not a strict follower of A. Schopenhauer, since he interpreted the German pessimist’s doctrine cum grano salis. The influence of Kant’s ideas on A. Fet was, at least, not less significant. 1. Благой Д. Д. Мир как красота // Фет А. А. Вечерние огни. М., 1981. 2. Григорьев Ап. Мои литературные и нравственные скитальчества // Григорьев Ап...

There are two important facts that prevent the success of the so called "ontological argument": 1) the use of the concept of existence as a real predicate and 2) the confusion of de re and de dicto modalities. The article considers a way to overcome the former problem proposed by the Czech logician Pavel Tichý. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения / пер. с лат. М., 1995. 2. Горбатова Ю. В. Модальный аргумент Алвина Плантинги: проблема формализации и трактовка понятия существования //...

The subject of this article is discussed with the help of an excursus into the history of morals and the perception of Kant's teaching on morals, as well as through a polemic with some of its interpretations. Kant's examples of the application of his theory of morality prove its practicality and stability. 1. Бенвенист Э. Словарь индоевропейских социальных терминов. М., 1995. 2. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Философия права. М., 1990. 3. Калинников Л. А. «Метафизика нравов» 1797 года и ее проблематика в начале...

This article is an attempt at a comprehensive analysis of the core of Kant's ethics — the categorical imperative. The author considers and analyses critical comments of different philosophers and specialists in Kant's philosophy regarding the categorical imperative. 1. Alquié F. La morale de Kant. Paris, 1974. 2. Cohen H. Begründung der Ethik. Berlin, 1910. 3. Pothast J. Die Unzulänglichkeit der Freiheitsleweise. Frankfurt a/M, 1980. 4. Дробницкий О. Г. Кант — этик и моралист // Вопросы философии...

The article considers the issue of developing students’ critical thinking as an important competence in the 21st century educational context. Having analyzed the international re­search, the authors attempt to present approaches to interpreting the concept of “critical thin­king,” its component composition, and methods of its development through the implemen­ta­tion of Project-Based Learning (PBL). The project serves as the core of the educational pro­cess, directing it towards creating conditions...

The article continues a series of author’s works devoted to the study of various types of landscape in the works of French writers of the 19th century. A understudied novel by H. de Balzac “Seraphita” reveals the specific ways of creating the northern landscape. It is determined that Balzac’s landscape does not only create an additional emotional background, affect the perception of the characters of the characters, but also becomes a plot-forming factor. Natural space is depicted in the novel using...

The article considers linguistic means of expressing certainty and uncertainty in the comedy, which contribute to revealing personality traits of its main characters, namely Famusov and Chatskii. Using a comparative functional-semantic analysis the authors determine the adequacy of Russian and English means of expressing the modal meanings of certainty and uncertainty in the target text. The authors conclude that all dominant constituents of the meanings mentioned above are conveyed adequately enough...

The article deals with the peasant emigration to America in the novels of Henryk Sienkiewicz “For Daily Bread” and Vladimir Korolenko “Without Language”. The plot structure of the stories and the system of characters are contrasted for spatial oppositions “close — far” and “homeland — foreign land”. It is demonstrated that the peasant traditional patriarchal picture of the world is in conflict with the image of America as an urban civilization of modern times. The authors reveal the specifics of...

The article discusses the specifics of connection between codependency and young women’s understanding of abusive, romantic and marital relationships and clarifies the specific judgments about violent behavior in partnerships among women with high codependency. The study relies on 110 responses from women aged from 19 to 30. The free associations methods, the scale of codependency of B. K. Weinhold and J. B. Weinhold, the questionnaire of interpersonal relations of W. Schutz, the author’s semi-structured...

The article provides a brief historical and pedagogical overview of the orientation of graduates of educational institutions toward the teaching profession in the 19th and 20th cen­tu­ries. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the significance of curricula and prog­rams with the emergence of pedagogical training in women’s educational organizations. The ex­pe­rience of educational institutions, particularly the Alexandrov School and the Smolny Insti­tu­te of Noble Maidens, in preparing future...

The article analyzes H. Ch. Andersen’s works, published in Russian in 2016 under the title “The Forgotten Stories of Hans Christian Andersen”. Their content and poetics are considered at the background of the writer’s creative evolution. The authors studies the reasons that determined the incompleteness of a number of works, and the circumstances that prompted the author to refuse to publish completed texts. “The Forgotten Stories” become the source for analyzing the writer’s creative manner and...

The article considers the functional features of the subordinating conjunction “потому что (because)” in modern Russian in the reference to the nature of its structural and syntactic position in causative complex sentences. Based on the functional-semantic analysis of the use of this conjunction in the undifferentiated and dissected structural position of its constituent parts, its role in the formation of the modal organization of complex causal sentences is established, the modal-communicative...

The article discusses the issue of maintaining psychological health in men and women of senile age in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 100 respondents aged 74 to 98, living in a family and in a nursing home. Negative characteristics of psychological health in men and women of senile age were revealed: low level of life satisfaction, low mental activation and emotional tone, high level of stress. A higher level of anxiety and more pronounced depressive tendencies were...

The article considers the results of the memory motive study in the novel of M. Maron, a modern German writer. The syncretic nature of memory is analyzed in terms of memory and forgetting as necessary components of this phenomenon. For this study, the process of purposeful ousting certain fragments connected to the late love story with a tragic finale, from the storyteller’s past, has been analysed. The selective nature of the nameless character’s retrospective activity is based on the desire to...

The development of Orthodox comprehensive education schools in Russia at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, as part of the religious education system, makes them a new and relevant subject for scientific research. The necessity of restoring the full educational function of modern schools and the search for effective educational means in contemporary socio-cultural conditions require a reference to the history and theory of Orthodox education. The accumulated experience in...

The article is dedicated to the spatial organization of the novel by M. R. James “Number 13”, published in his first book of collected stories. A shift in the poetical paradigm is noted: the transition from traditional Gothic topoi to modern urban space. According to the Gothic view on the distant past and antiquity, certain architectural features are ascribed to the reinterpreted Gothic topoi. In he novel, space does not only function as an arrangement of the hero’s inner state, but also as a plot-forming...

The article studies the mass media impact on the integration and the rooting of highly specialized vocabulary of fashionable discourse in the Russian language. Due to this goal the author analyzed the vocabulary of modern fashion magazines, in particular the linguistic borrowings of the clothing items names of the terms that have already established themselves in the world fashion discourse. A certain attention is paid to new color terms, which, as a rule, appear in French and English languages to...

The article siscusses the works on the psychological support for people with an oncological diagnosis, namely, with breast cancer. The range of psychological research and therapeutic practices is narrowed to the study of the features of cognitive functions characterized by deficiency. Also in the work, based on the research results available to date, the hypothesis of the presence of cognitive deficits is put forward and theoretically substantiated even before the oncological diagnosis.