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... volumes and edited, with an Analytical Index, by L. A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Ivanenko, A. A., 2012. Filosofiya kak naukouchenie. Genezis nauchnogo metoda v trudakh J. G. Fichte [Philosophy as a Science. The Genesis of the Scientific Method in the Works of J. G. Fichte]. St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dal. (In Rus.) Locke, J., 2013. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Oxford Scholarly Editions Online. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198243861....

... concepts of understanding (deduction of experience) and the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason (deduction of freedom). The underlying premises of the Kantian project of reviving metaphysics, “the Copernican Turn”, the critical methods and basic principles of transcendental (formal) idealism also provide the methodological basis of transcendental deduction, a new method of proving the claims of metaphysics in various spheres of human being. Proceeding from the above, I analyse ...

... of architectonic ideas of science, sciences and parts of sciences. In the first section (I), I show what Kant means by the architectonic ideas by explaining and interrelating the concepts of (a) the faculty of reason, (b) ideas (as principles), (c) method, and (d) sciences of reason. Thereafter (II), I think through his holistic understanding of science and scientific progress and suggest differentiating between four levels of use of architectonic ideas, drawing on the metaphor of a well-structured ...

This article addresses the problem of presuppositions in a methodological work of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1863—1919) — a Russian historian and theorist of historical science. The author identifies the existential strategies applied by Lappo-Danilevsky in the practical interpretation of Kant’s philosophy and specifies the meaning of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky's work for modern philosophy of historical science. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 3. 2. Кант И. Антропология...

... which led to his untimely death. J. G. Buhle taught one of the first courses on Kant's philosophy of the critical period and safely returned to Germany after a 20 year residency in Russia. 1. Аноним. F. W. J. Schelling. Vorlesungen über die Methode des akademischen Stu­diums. Tübingen, 1803 // Московскиеученые ведомости. 1805. № 32 (12 августа). 2. Аноним. G. R. Treviranus. Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur, für Na­turforscher und Aerzte....

... Würzburg, 2005. S. 9—22. 17. Niethammer A. Kants Vorlesung über Pädagogik: Freiheit und Notwendigkeit in Erziehung und Entwicklung. Frankfurt am Main, 1980. 18. Ruffing M. «Selbstdenken» und «Wahrhaftigkeit» — Überlegungen zu Kants zete­tischer Methode // Studi Italo-Tedeschi: Deutsch-Italienische Studien: XXV Int. Symposi­um «Immanuel Kant (1724—1804) nel 200 anniversario della morte/zur 200. Wiederkehr des Todestages»/, Merano/Meran 2004. / hrsg. von der Accademia di Studi Italo-Tede­schi; ...

This article proves that the philosophical system of Kant is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and ...

This article considers the functions, structure and actions of transcendental logic in “The Analytic of Principles” of Kant’s “Critique of pure reason”. The author explicates the specificity, rules, laws and the method of transcendental logic in this sphere of analytic. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума (В, 1787 г.) // И. Кант. Сочинения на рус­ском и немецком языках. Т. 2 (1). М., 2006. 2....

Debates over Kant’s famous postulate about the existence of synthetic a priori judgements in mathematics, formulated in the Critique of Pure Reason, have been raging for over two centuries. On the one hand, it was fiercely criticised by neo-positivists in the early 20th century. On the other hand, Kant’s ideas on constructive nature of mathematics served as a philosophical framework for LEJ Brouwer’s programme of intuitionism in the foundations of mathematics. Of interest are the ideas of the great...

This is a report of the international workshop «Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy 2: Kant’s Appearance, Its Ontological and Epistemic Status» (April 27—29, 2017, Moscow), the tasks of which was (1) to discuss the specificity of transcendental idealism, (2) to study the nature of one of Kant’s important concepts — that of appearance — within the framework of the essential conceptual triad of transcendentalism: thing in itself (Ding an sich) — appearance (Erscheinung) — representation...

... Сочинения. М., 1991. 32. Helferich Сh. Geschichte der Philosophie. Stuttgart, 1992. 33. Hösle V. Die Krise der Gegenwart und die Verantwortung der Philosophie: Transzendentalpragmatik, Letztbegründung, Ethik. München, 1994. 34. Marquard O. Skeptische Methode im Blick auf Kant. Freiburg ; München, 1958. 35. Negt O. Nur noch Utopien sind realistisch. Politische Interventionen. Göttingen, 2012. 36. Tolstoj L. N. Gedanken Immanuel Kants / Übertr., eing. u. hrsg. von Krouglov A. N. Stuttgart ; Bad Cannstatt,...

The article is devoted to comparison of Kant methodology and the phenomenology, which provide insight into the area of pure consciousness. Divergences in levels of its understanding are marked, disagreements concerning values of reflection and reduction between Kant and Neo-Kantian philosophers and representatives of phenomenology come to light. The analysis of basic concept of phenomenology, «intentionality», is carried out by means of Kant aprioristic forms. 1. Гуссерль Э. Картезианские размышления...

... every reasonable and rational person in an ‘original position’. The work analyses the problematic aspects of the principle’s formulation (the vagueness of the list of key rights and freedoms and the value criterion for ranking them) and of the methods used by Rawls to overcome them in the works published after the acclaimed book A theory of Justice. The author addresses the problem of the correlation between freedom and security and argues that it was not studied sufficiently by Rawls. It is ...

The article discusses several options for developing the methodology of the humanities by means of the "reform of logic" which is understood as the "organon" of cognition. I argue that the theories of Hermann Cohen, Wilhelm Windelband and Ernst Cassirer deliver the examples for the transition from epistemology to philosophy of culture, and the theories of Wilhelm Dilthey and Georg Misch modify the theory of knowledge into hermeneutics of life. 1. Cassirer E. Zur Logik des Symbolbegriffs...

The article sketches the development of Kant interpretation in analytic philosophy. The author turns to Kant’s transcendental idealism and three well-known difficulties about things in themselves which Kant’s idealism generates: problems about unknowability, noumenal-affection and category-application, and the neglected-alternative. Building on the work “Things in Themselves: an Interim Report” (XI Kant Readings, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 2014), the author questions how...

This article focuses o the functions, structure and effects of transcendental logic in the Analytic of concepts of Kant's "Critique of pure reason". The author explicates different aspects, rules, principles, the method and procedures of transcendental logic. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Взаимодействие формальной и трансцендентальной логики // Кантовский сборник. 2006. Вып. 26. С. 148—167....

This article analyses Kant’s transcendental philosophy (transcendentalism) and its central concept — the thing in itself is the kind of concept without which it is impossible to enter Kant’s philosophy (a paraphrase of Jacobi’s maxim). Methodologically, transcendentalism implies a transcendental turn from studying [empirical] objects to analysing the [transcendental] conditions of their cognition. Metaphysically, Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the crucial distinction between the thing in itself...

This article proves that Kant's philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and ...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

... 11. Bedau H. A. Casuistry // Encyclopedia of Ethics. 2nd ed. N. Y., 2001. 12. Jonsen A. R., Toulmin S. The Abuse of Casuistry: a History of Moral Reasoning. University of California Press, 1997. 13. Kim S. B. The Formation of Kant’s Casuistry and Method Problems of Applied Ethics // Kant-Studien. 100. Jahrgang. 2009. H. 3. S. 332—346. 14. Kiowsky H. Die intuitive Erkenntnis bei Schopenhauer und Eduard von Hartmann // Prima Philosophia. 1997. Bd. 10. H. 1. S. 473—481. 15. Pickel G. Das Mitleid ...

... Treatise on Consequences, transl. by S. Read. N. Y. Descartes, R. 1984. The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes, transl. by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch, vol. 1. Cambridge. Descartes, R. 1994, Discours de la Méthode / Discourse on the Method: A Bilingual Edition with an Interpretive Essay, transl. by G. Heffernan, Notre Dame. Descartes, R. 2000, Philosophical Essays and Correspondence, ed. with intro. by R. Ariew, Indianapolis; Cambridge. Dragalina-Chernaya, E. 2015, Neformal’nye ...

This article is dedicated to Fyodor Stepun's history of philosophy. The author concentrates on the problems of methodology of historical cognition and traces neo-Kantian motifs in the oeuvre of the Russian philosopher. 1. Степун Ф. А. Г. П. Федотов // Степун Ф. А. Соч. М., 2000. С. 747—761. 2. Степун Ф. А. Идея России и формы ее раскрытия // Там же. С. 496—501. 3. Степун Ф. А. Об общественно-политических путях «Пути» // Там же. С. 860—865. 4. Степун Ф. А. Религиозный смысл революции // Там же....

... the features of Kant’s [transcendental] philosophy, which Kant himself described as transcendental idealism. On the one hand, Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the distinction between things-in-themselves and appearances. On the other hand, our method of cognition is representative in that is based on representations — subjective and objective (objectual) ones. A synthesis of the above considerations suggests that Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the [conceptual] triad — ‘[objective] ...

... resul­ting in the ultimate breakdown of the system and in the expansion of the horizon of the Enlightenment gnoseotope. In this sense, the Enlightenment can be seen as expanding from from an age (“Enlightenment” with an upper-case “E”) to a method (“enlightenment” with a lower-case “e”). The article concludes with recent debates (as initiated by Ulrich Beck, Rainer Specht, and contemporary natural scientists) about the effects that a gnoseotopical perspective has on globalization ...

... religious aspects. 1. Alexeev, N. N., 1912, Nauki obshhestvennye i estestvennye v istoricheskom vzaimootnoshenii ih metodov: ocherki po istorii i metodologii obshhestvennyh nauk [Social and natural sciences in the historic relationship between their methods: essays on the history and methodology of the social sciences], Moscow, 272 p. 2. Alexeev, N. N., 1918, Vvedenie v izuchenie prava [Introduction to the study of law], Moscow, 188 p. 3. Alexeev, N. N., 1919a, Obshhee uchenie o prave. Kurs lekcij,...

A reflection on the meaning of Kant’s manuscript where he uses the expression ‘metaphysics of science’. 20th century philosophy of science acknowledged empiricism and it was anti-metaphysic and positivistic. However, all forms of empiricism and positivism lead to a negation of philosophy, replacing it with logical, methodological, historical, sociological, psychological, cultural, and other studies. In effect, philosophy is the cognition of the absolute universal in both theoretical (the true being)...

This article concludes the analysis of systematicity of the Critique of Pure Reason — the work that underlies the entire system created by the great Königsberg philosopher. The author considers the role of transcendental dialectic (it accounts for more than half of the book) in Kant’s methodology of science and the system of criticism. In the context of traditional epistemological theories, it was an entirely new instalment supplementing these theories and understanding knowledge as a continuous...

Kant’s treatises on political problems form a loosely structured text corpus. However, due to its passionate polemic, it can be rewritten in the form of dialogues. The most dramatic instalment is the authoritative treatise Toward Perpetual Peace, which is full of memorable phrases that used to excite the very first readers. Kant’s opponents are both concrete authors — either living or dead contemporaries (Garve, Mendesohn, Frederick the Great) — and generalised characters representing entire classes...

This article analyses the science of spectres addressed in J. Derrida’s book Spectres of Marx. The methodological approach employed is Julia Kristeva’s ‘semiological adventure’, which is based on considering language as a heterogeneous structure in the realm of interactions between the ‘semiotic’ understood as a pre-linguistic condition of instinctive drives and the ‘symbolic’ manifested in socially oriented identification and discursive practices. The problem of play at the interface of its interactions...

... considered a means of rational prediction of social actions. In the late 18th century, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743—1794) first proposed to apply probability theory to moral and political disciplines thus creating a basis for social forecasting. The methods he developed made it possible to predict the results of political elections and formed the basis for the theory of social choice. However, Condorcet’s ideas on the limits of mathematical constructs’ application in social and moral sciences ...

The universal public law is a section of Kant’s lectures on natural right, which he delivered in 1784. A traditional part of the then natural right compendia, it might seem strange to us today. Kant distinguished between three branches of government. However, they were not identical in the name or function to the executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Of interest is the justification of the exclusion of certain powers from the monarch’s authority — the monarch must not dispense justice or rule...

This article attempts to answer the question as to why one should study Cohen. The author’s first and preliminary answer is that the study of Hermann Cohen’s thought is relevant to contemporary philosophy due to at least five reasons: (1) Cohen’s improvement of critical idealism of subject through replacing it with the idealism of ideas; (2) the exposition of thought as the ethics of law; (3) the development of the notion of anticipation as the principle of time, history, and interpretation; (4)...

... [Logical investigations] Pt. I. Moscow, XII+361 p. 31. Fokht B. A. 2003. Ob osnovnoy idee, sushchestve i glavneyshikh momentakh transtsendental'nogo metoda v teoreticheskoy filosofii Kanta [On the main idea, gist and the cardinal points of transcendental method in Kant’s theoretical philosophy]. In: Fokht B. A. Izbrannoe (iz filosofskogo naslediya) [Favorite (From philosophical heritage)]. Moscow, p. 51—128. 32. Khomyakov A. S. 1900. O sovremennykh yavleniyakh v oblasti filosofii (Pis'mo k Yu. F....

This article is devoted to the correlation between liberal and socialist ideas in the social and philosophical conception of the prominent methodologist of social sciences and a Neo-Kantian legal theorist Bogdan Kistyakovsky. The author stresses the uncertainty of both the definition of liberalism and the principles behind attributing concrete thinkers to this movement. The article emphasises the inconsistency of classifying Kistyakovsky’s socio-philosophical concept as liberal. The analysis performed...

... H.-G. Hilde Domin, Dichterin der Rückkehr // Gedicht und Gespräch.FaM., 1990. 16. Gadamer H.-G. Von der Wahrheit des Wortes // Gesammelte Werke. Tübingen,1993c. Bd. 8 : Äesthetik und Poetik. 1 Kunst als Aussage. 17. Gadamer H.-G. Wahrheit und Methode // Gesammelte Werke. Tübingen, 1999.Bd. 1. 18. Gadamer H.-G. Wort und Bild — “so wahr, so seiend” // Gesammelte Werke. Tübingen, 1993d. Bd. 8 : Äesthetik und Poetik. 1. Kunst als Aussage. 19. Lawn C. Wittgenstein and Gadamer. Towards ...

... Monatsschrift für das gesamte Judentum. 1918. Jg. 18. H. 5/6 (Mai — Juni). Sp. 129—134. URL: http:// sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/cm/periodical/pageview/2606379 (дата обращения: 28.11.2014). 40. Rubinstein S. Eine Studie zum Problem der Methode: I. Absoluter Rationalismus (Hegel). Marburg, 1914. 41. Sieg U. Aufstieg und Niedergang des Marburger Neukantianismus. Die Geschichte einer philosophischen Schulgemeinschaft. Würzburg, 1994. — (Studien und Materialien zum Neukantianismus, ...

This paper considers Kant’s transcendental philosophy as a special transcendental paradigm (a special type of philosophical research) differing from both the "objective" metaphysics of Antiquity and the "subjective" metaphysics of Modernity (the metaphysics of an object (transcendent metaphysics; meta—physics) — experience (transcendental metaphysics) — the metaphysics of the subject (immanent metaphysics; meta—psychology)). For this purpose, the author introduces suchnew methodological...

This article considers the understanding of natural law from the perspective of neo-Kantian legal philosophy of the late 19th/early 20th century and the problem of correlation between changing rules of law and the unchanged form of moral prescriptions.The author focuses on the development of Kantian approach in solving the problem of moral philosophy. The essence of morals is revealed not in the creation of ideal projects but rather in the need for action: the moral law must be implemented in the...

This article explores the contribution of the Russian philosopher and theorist of law, neo-Kantian Kistyakovsky, to the understanding of the essence of law. He supported methodological pluralism and identified four theoretical and two practical concepts of law. The neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According...

]his article analyses the circumstances that resulted in the situation when the review of J. A. H. Ulrich’s eleutheriology, which would be published today as a work co-authored by I. Kant and Chr. J. Kraus, was first published under the name of the philosopher’s friend and student and later in collections of Kant’s works.It is shown that the review criticises the naturalism of Unlrich’s theory of freedom and stresses the major reason behind its failure, namely, that its author did not distinguish...

This essay concerns an unusual note of Kant’s that has been available in Hamburg since the 1920s but otherwise neglected in the Kant literature. This small 8 x 6.3 cm sheet belonged to the manuscript collector Oskar Ulex (1852—1934), who appears to have bought it from a dealer in France. Writing covers both sides of the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer”...

Kant’s transcendental philosophy (transcendentalism) focuses on both the human method of cognition in general [CPR, B25] and certain types of cognition aimed at justifying their objective significance. This article aims to explicate Kant’s understanding (resp. justification) of the abstract nature of mathematical knowledge (cognition) ...

..., the article focuses on Erhard’s writings. As Erhard emphasizes, medical theory lacks a foundation necessary for a contemporary science. It has neither a clear concept of its object — a human being and their diseases, nor a rationally justified method, nor reliable treatment techniques. With the help of Kant’s theory of teleology in nature and based on the system of medi¬cine developed by the Scottish physician John Brown, Erhard attempted to formulate such foundations of a theory of medicine ...

... interpretation and modern development of Kant’s transcendentalism (theory of experience). The author shows that modern (postpositivistic and analytical) philosophy of science follows the spirit of Kant’s “Copernican revolution” as “the new method of thought” [CPR, B XVIII]. 1. Гемпель К. Г. Логика объяснения. М., 1998. 2. Делёз Ж. Критическая философия Канта: учение о способностях… М., 2000. 3. Кант ...

In the 18th century, a philosophical dispute over the Principle of sufficient reason arose in Germany. Despite the fact that this Principe was explicitly formulated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the...

... connection, the central issue was the legal orientation of the Marburg philosopher’s ethics.The main drawback of H. Cohen’s constructions emphasized by a proponent of V. S. Soloviev’s all-unity concept, E. N. Trubetskoy, is the absolutizing of method.One of the Jewish-Russian followers of H. Cohen, Aaron Steinberg, identifies three main premises of the philosophical constructions of the Margburg Neo-Kantian — the system nature, cultural unity, and finally, Jewishness or “ethical monotheism” ...

In his treatise On General Speculative Philosophy, J. N. Tetens sets out to justify the possibility and necessity of metaphysics as a general speculative science. His primary objective is to defend metaphysics against the opponents, the most serious of which, in Tetens’s opinion, is D. Hume. In this connection, Tetens sharply criticises traditional empiricism and develops a new perspective on experience and the bases of its certainty. The main target of his critique is ‘popular philosophy’, which...

... Thought and Logic: The Debates Between German-Speaking Philoso-phers and Symbolic Logicians at the Turn of the 20th Century. P. Lang, 2005. 13. Rheinberger H.-J. On Historicizing Epistemology. Stanford University Press, 2010. 14. Rodin A. Axiomatic Method and Category Theory // Synthese Library. Springer, 2014. Vol. 364. 15. Russell B. Principles of Mathematics. L., 1903. 16. Russell B. A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. L. ; N. Y., 1996. 17. Schreiber U. Classical field theory ...

... limitibus principii rationis determinantis,vulgo sufficentis. Lpz., 1743. 15. Meier G. Fr. Metaphysik. T. 1—2. Halle, 1755. 16. Recher N. The Philosophy of Leibniz. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1967. 17. Wolff Chr. Philosophia prima sive ontologia, method scientific pertractata, qua omnis cognitionis humanae continentur. Frankfurt, 1736. 18. Wolff Chr. Vernünfftigen Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen überhaupt, Anderer Theil. Frankfurt, 1733.

... affects human cognition as well as all existence. When discussing this phenomenon, the author uses the methodology that was symbolically described by Kant as the Copernican turn. Wilhelm von Humboldt was one of the first to apply and develop Kant’s method in the theory and philosophy of language. He assumed that language had a priori roots and that it was energeia rather than ergon. The active theory of language (social communication) was further developed in the 20th century within the concept ...