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.... Leibniz, 1989. Philosophical Papers and Letters. A Selection. Translated and edited, with an Introduction, by L. E. Loemker, 2nd Edition. Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 547-554. Leibniz, G. W., 1989b. The Principles of Nature and of Grace, based on Reason (1714). In: G. W. Leibniz, 1989. Philosophical Papers and Letters. A Selection. Translated and edited, with an Introduction, by L. E. Loemker, 2nd Edition. Dordrecht, Boston & London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp....

Through the difference between the first and the second variants of «The Introduction» to «The Critique of Judgement», the author shows the epistemological meaning of teleological principle revealed by Kant in the cognition of nature. 1. Кант И. Первое введение в Критику способности суждения // Собр. соч.: в 6 т. М., 1966. Т. 5. С. 99—159. 2. Кант И. Критика способности суждения. М....

... A. Hoffmann through the example of the novel "A Report on the Latest Adventures of the Dog Berganza". The author shows the influence of Kant's epistemological and ethical ideas on the Weltanschauung of E. T. A. Hoffmann for whom the human nature and the essence of humanity became one of the central problems. Following Kant, Hoffmann considered morals the measure of humanity. 1. Гёте И. В. Фауст / пер. Б. Пастернака // Собр. соч.: в 10 т. М., 1976. Т....

... Schelling. Vorlesungen über die Methode des akademischen Stu­diums. Tübingen, 1803 // Московскиеученые ведомости. 1805. № 32 (12 августа). 2. Аноним. G. R. Treviranus. Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur, für Na­turforscher und Aerzte. Bd. 1—2. Göttingen, 1804 // Московские ученые ведомости. 1805. № 3 (21 генваря). 3. Аноним. Immanuel Kant über Pädagogik. Hrsg. von F. Th. Rink. Königsberg, 1804 // ...

This article analyses, first of all, the epistemological theory of reflection (Abbildtheorie) of Heinrich Rickert, the main representative of the Baden Neo-Kantianism School. The author analyses the key arguments put forward by Rickert against the understanding of cognition as a reflection of reality. Rickert’s standpoint is neutral. He criticises the transcendental theory of reflection, but does not reject the idea of reflection as a model of cognition and acknowledges the immanent theory of reflection...

This article proves that the philosophical system of Kant is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and existence to the practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н. Этика. СПб., 2002. 2. Гуревич...

... geschlossen. Die Entwicklung der axiologischen Ansichten Kants entwickelte sich je nach seinem Begreifen der allgemein-menschlichlichen Grundlagen der Werte. Zu einer unvergänglichen Errungenschaft Axiologie Kants ist seine Behauptung der humanistischen Natur und der allgemeinmenschlichlichen Gültigkeit der Werte. 1. Васильев В. В. Персональные ценности. Размышления о книге В. К. Шохина «Философия ценностей и ранняя аксиологическая ...

... humanity, mainly as the last Christian mystic, and the "King of visionaries." It is shown that, although E. Swedenborg's oeuvre was important for I. Kant, it was only a trigger for scrutinising serious philosophical questions pertaining to the nature and limits of human knowledge — the main area of concern of metaphysics. 1. Гулыга А. В. Кант. М., 1977. 2. Кант И. Письмо о Сведенбоге к Фрейлейн Шарлоте фон Кноблох // Соч.: ...

Der Autor des Artikels analysiert zunächst den Inhalt der Kantschen Religionsphilosophie (Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft), um dann ihre Wirkungsgeschichte zu verfolgen und ihre Aktualität aufzuzeigen. In groben Zügen, aber doch ausführlicher als andere Lehren, betrachtet er in diesem Zusammenhang die philosophischen Ansichten von Hegel, Schleiermacher und Kierkegaard. Habermas schlägt vor, Kants Moralphilosophie insgesamt als Versuch anzusehen, das kategorische Sollen göttlicher...

This article focuses on the essence and features of concept operations. The author introduces the concepts of logical structure, logical and logical-cognitive form, and natural form of operations. The sources of mistakes in concept operation are identified and classified. 1. Бойко А. П. Логический анализ структуры классификации: дис. ... канд. фи­лос. наук....

According to Kant, “right in a state of nature is called private right” (MS, AA VI, S. 242). It is my claim that there is no room for a right to enforce the offer of benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation ...

... von A. Henkel. Wiesbaden, 1959 ; Frankfurt am Main,1965—1979. 4. Hamann J. G. Sämtliche Werke. Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von J. Nadler : 6 Bde.Wien, 1949—1957. 5. Löwisch D.-J. Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft und Humes Dialogues concerning natural religion // Kant-Studien. 1965. N 56. S. 170—207. 6. Metzke E. Kant und Hamann // Wild R. Johann Georg Hamann. Darmstadt, 1978. 7. Stark J. A. Apologie des Ordens der Frey Maurer. Königsberg, 1770.

..., the Rule of Law, and Coercion: Reflections on Pauline Kleingeld’s Kant and Cosmopolitanism, in: Kantian Review 19/2, pp. 233—249. 4. Byrd, S., Hruschka, J. 2010, Kant’s Doctrine of Right. A Commentary, Cambridge. 5. Flikschuh, K. 2007, Duty, Nature, Right: Kant’s Response to Mendelssohn in Theory and Practice III, in: Journal of Moral Philosophy 4/2, pp. 223—241. 6. Flikschuh, K. 2010, Kant’s Sovereignty Dilemma, in: The Journal of Political Philosophy 18/4, pp. 469—493. 7. Flikschuh,...

The article discusses several options for developing the methodology of the humanities by means of the "reform of logic" which is understood as the "organon" of cognition. I argue that the theories of Hermann Cohen, Wilhelm Windelband and Ernst Cassirer deliver the examples for the transition from epistemology to philosophy of culture, and the theories of Wilhelm Dilthey and Georg Misch modify the theory of knowledge into hermeneutics of life. 1. Cassirer E. Zur Logik des Symbolbegriffs...

The first part of the article describes general development of Kant studies in Königsberg as a local movement (not a school) with some special traits, which has significantly contributed to the culture of the town. Core activities were formed by the Society of Kant’s Friends, as well as by archival studies, i. e. collecting, annotating and publishing Kant’s manuscripts, correspondence, and lecture notes. In view of primary and secondary sources we would suggest to structure this movement in four...

1. Васильев В. В. «Маргинальная» метафизика Канта // Логос. 1997. № 10. С. 100—107. 2. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Письма 1793—1831 // Гегель Г. В. Ф. Работы разных лет : в 2 т. М.,1971. Т. 2. 3. Гюйгенс Х. О движении тел под влиянием удара // Голин Г. М., Филонович С. Р. Классики физической науки (с древнейших времен до начала XX века). М.,1989. С. 124—128. 4. Жучков В. А. Черновые заметки // Собр. соч. : в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 8. С. 698. 5. Кант И. Из рукописного наследия (материалы к «Критике чистого разума»...

... defines a system’s functions that make it possible to achieve the desired outcome using available resources. Kant’s project forbids a dogmatic appeal to the transcendental relations and eternal truths of scholasticism. However, the constitutive nature of the rules of transcendental logic in regard to the power of judgement precludes the pluralism of conceptual systems that can be interpreted within possible experience. Thus, the optimisation problem of finding the best conceptual design from ...

..., 1788. 27. Stattler B. Anti-Kant. München, 1788. 28. Tetens J. N. Ueber die allgemeine speculativische Philosophie. Bützow, Wismar, 1775. S. 27. ND: Über die allgemeine speculativische Philosophie. Philosophische Versu­che über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwickelung / Besorgt von W. Uebele. Berlin, 1913. Bd. 1. 29. Wolff Chr. Mathematisches Lexicon. Leipzig, 1716. 30. Wolff Chr. Philosophia rationalis sive Logica. Leipzig, 1740.

... explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical freedom given in Kant's practical philosophy, the author problematizes Kant’s thesis about the primacy of practical reason. This is the starting point and leitmotif in analysing the nature of revision of Kant’s ideas, premises, and problems in the first draft of Husserl’s practical philosophy (scientific ethics). Comparative analysis reveals terminological and conceptual similarities and differences between Kant’s and Husserl’s ...

... seen as expanding from from an age (“Enlightenment” with an upper-case “E”) to a method (“enlightenment” with a lower-case “e”). The article concludes with recent debates (as initiated by Ulrich Beck, Rainer Specht, and contemporary natural scientists) about the effects that a gnoseotopical perspective has on globalization and ecological politics, and more broadly with reflections on the current need for core Enlightenment ideas in their full complexity. Adler, H. 1988, Fundus ...

This article proves that Kant's philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and existence to the practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Апель К.-О. Априори коммуникативного сообщества...

In modern theoretical analytical philosophy, the interest in Kant is primarily due to discussions on the nature of sensory perceptions, on the epistemological status of experience, and on the so-called ‘constructivism’. The conflict of interpretations goes so far that some consider Kant to be a conceptualist, while others consider him an anti-conceptualist....

This interview explores the extent to which Kant’s philosophy, which postulates certain moral principles categorically, has influenced the contemporary theory of justice. Many academics believe such principles to be relative and emphasise that justice lies beyond the remit of science. Otfried Höffe is convinced that categorical legal principles remain a valid subject for an academic discussion. In his works, he often appeals to Kantian philosophy. In the interview, Prof. Dr. О. Höffe refers to such...

This article undertakes to prove that I. Kant's dualism underlay the artistic two-world system of E. T. A. Hoffmann, who opposed the philosophical monism of romanticists. Under the influence of Kant's aesthetics and philosophy of art, E. T. A. Hoffmann's works develop a tendency towards exceeding the limits of traditional stylistic forms, which leads to a free interaction of different stylistic devices in the best of his works. 1. Байрон Дж. Г. Манфред // Дж. Г. Байрон. Собр. соч. в 4 т. Т. 4....

The article broaches the issue of Kant’s claim of the enlightenment of the philosophizing subject by tracing his criticism of philosophical enthusiasm (“Schwärmerei”). For Kant intellectual intuition (“intellektuelle Anschauung”) serves in case of philosophical enthusiasm as a reason for the justification of philosophical knowledge. This determination is a threat for his project of enlightenment, because it entices the philosophizing subject to contradict the maxim of self-thinking. In order to show...

... workshop «Transcendental Turn in Contemporary Philosophy 2: Kant’s Appearance, Its Ontological and Epistemic Status» (April 27—29, 2017, Moscow), the tasks of which was (1) to discuss the specificity of transcendental idealism, (2) to study the nature of one of Kant’s important concepts — that of appearance — within the framework of the essential conceptual triad of transcendentalism: thing in itself (Ding an sich) — appearance (Erscheinung) — representation (Vorstellung), (3) to analyse ...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica ...

... Ursprunge des ganzen Weltgebäudes, nach Newtonischen Grundsätzen abgehandelt // Ibid. 32. Kant I. Träume eines Geistersehers, erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik //Ibid. Bd. 2. 33. Knutzen M. Philosophische Abhandlung von der immateriellen Natur der Seele,darinnen theils überhaupt erwiesen wird, daß die Seele uncörperlich sei, theils die vornehmsten Einwürffe der Materialisten deutlich beantwortet werden. Königsberg, 1744. 34. Krouglov A. N. Sulla nascita dell’espressione «meramente ...

... identifies distinct Marxist analogies and parallels in the contents of this project. The ‘state of the future’ as a rule-of -law socialist state should not only protect citizen’s rights and freedoms, which Kistyakovky supports as proponent of ‘natural rights’, but also ensure social justice. Moreover, he stresses the nonviolent, ‘evolutionary’ way of transition from a bourgeois rule-of-law state to a socialist one. Kistyakovsky’s project demonstrates certain ‘utopianism’, since ...

... decision-making. Moreover, Prof Kruglov ignores Kant’s important thought about socio-political revolutions being the fault of rulers incapable of implementing necessary reforms. Therefore, the violence and cruelty of revolutions are nothing but the nature's vengeance for social injustice. Prof Kruglov juxtaposes Kant’s notions of political revolution and ‘true reform in ways of thinking’ neglecting the fact that, without a ‘falling off of personal despotism and of avaricious or tyrannical ...

... — Kant, Immanuel. Lektsii po etike (Lectures on Ethics) // Kant, Immanuel. Lektsii po etike. Moscow: “Respublika”, 2005. 5. Фихте 2014 — Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Osnowa yesteswennogo prawa soglasno principam naukoucheniya (Foundations of Natural Right). Moscow: “Kanon+“, 2014. 6. Sudakov 2013a — Sudakov A. K. Etiko-filosofskaya antinomiya osnovaniy v kantovskoy teorii semeynogo prava (The ethical and philosophical antinomy of foundations in Kant’s theory of family law) // Kantovskiy ...

... core of Kant’s system of law and morals. This resolves the issue of direct efficiency of these principles, whereas the declaration of the formal character of the ‘doctrine of happiness’ dispels doubts over the implicitly a posterior and empirical nature of criteria introduced as formal and a priori ones. 1. Arendt, H. 2011, O politicheskoj filosofii Kanta: Kurs lekcij. Perev. A. N. Salikova. Lekcija 10 [Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. Transl. by A. N. Salikov. Lecture 10], in: Kantovskij ...

... M. A. 2007. Subjekt i sushchee v russkom metafizicheskom personalizme [Subject and existence in Russian metaphysical personalism]. St. Petersburg, 354 p. 27. Salagova V. 1916. Transtsendentalnyy kharakter ucheniya Leybnitsa o monade [Transcendental nature of Leibniz’s doctrine of Monad]. Kharkov, 23 p. 28. Teykhmyuller G. 1894. Darvinizm i filosofiya [Darvinism and philosophy]. Yuriev, 100 p. 29. Teykhmyuller G. 1913. Deystvitel'nyy i kazhushchiysya mir. [The real and seeming world], Kazan, 389 ...

... combines Neo-Kantian and phenomenological principles with religious aspects. 1. Alexeev, N. N., 1912, Nauki obshhestvennye i estestvennye v istoricheskom vzaimootnoshenii ih metodov: ocherki po istorii i metodologii obshhestvennyh nauk [Social and natural sciences in the historic relationship between their methods: essays on the history and methodology of the social sciences], Moscow, 272 p. 2. Alexeev, N. N., 1918, Vvedenie v izuchenie prava [Introduction to the study of law], Moscow, 188 p. 3....

... considered Rousseau’s concept of general will. Hessen proposed a dynamic understanding of general will as a continuous process of establishing and re-establishing that involves the general population. Hessen counterposed law against the notions of nature and morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite for harmonizing relations in a society. Hessen developed an original understanding of the ideal of state organisation — a democratic state that incorporates the principles ...

... aspects. This article demonstrates the efforts of the Marburg philosopher to justify both the unity of and the necessary distinctions between theoretical and practical reasons in the system of transcen¬dental philosophy. When considering the monistic nature of Hermann Cohen’s philosophical sys¬tem, the author gives a more detailed definition of this characteristic: it is not monism but a sys¬tematic unity of culture. It is proven that monism is not detected in Cohen’s system, nor is it a mo¬nistic ...

... Understanding becomes imagination when it obeys not only the laws of logics, but also the laws of time. Homogeneity (a concept that plays an important role in the theory of schematism) is explained with reference to Tetens’s Philosophical Essays on Human Nature (1777). The explanations of concepts provided in the article are not exhaustive. They are discussed in more detail in the author’s earlier publications referred to in the footnotes. The article also discusses earlier and contemporary literature ...

... Т. 8 / pod red. J. Dobieszewskiego [Ideas in Russia. Russian-Polish-English lexicon, vol. 8 / ed. J. Dobieszewski]. Lodz, p. 380—384. 29. Frank S. L. 2008, Pierwsze okreslenie i istota intuicji. Pier. B. Czardybon [The first qualification and the nature of intuition. Trans. B. Czardybon] // Logos i Ethos [Logos and Ethos]. № 2, p. 165—183. 30. Galewicz W. 1987, N. Hartmann [N. Hartmann]. Warsaw. 31. Gonec W. 1999, Sezeman Wasyl. Pier. S. Grzybowskiеgо [Sesemann Vasily. Trans. S. Grzybowski] ...

... philosophy is the cognition of the absolute universal in both theoretical (the true being) and practical (the supreme good) terms. ‘Transcendental’ philosophy was conceived as a project to redeem philosophy in the era of burgeoning precise empirical natural science and exact sciences. Kant turned science into a foundation of new metaphysics. The anti-philosophical nature of 20th century philosophy of science necessitates addressing Kant’s theory of science when searching for a truly philosophical ...

... of speculative metaphysics and develop as a ‘practical’ science serving both the individual and the community. This paper also assesses Condorcet’s ideas in the history of probability calculus as a method to describe historical chronology. The nature of Condorcet’s thoughts on the wide interdisciplinary opportunities of mathematics makes it possible to compare his ideas with those of other philosophers of the Enlightenment (Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot), as well as a number ...

... principle of critical thinking, whereas the ‘first principles’ of critical thinking are the act of questioning. Cohen believes that thinking is generated from itself. Thinking sets itself as the goal and objective, which emphasises the self-expanding nature of thinking, the original self-generation. Initially, thinking is one of the meanings of the term ‘pure’, which suggests that thinking in itself — rather than external influences — is an impetus for the movement,. It is concluded that, ...

... d. F. 925 (Shcherbov P. G.). Op. 1. Ed. 34. Pis’mo V. F. Dinze k P. G. Shcherbovu [The letter from V. F. Dinze to P. G. Shcherbov], 2 l. 35. Rickert, H. 1997, Granitsy estestvennonauchnogo obrazovaniya ponyatii [The limits of concept formation in natural science], predisl. A. V. Markova, St. Petersburg. 36. Rubinshtein, M. M. 1916b, Istoriya pedagogicheskikh idei v ee osnovnykh chertakh [The history of pedagogical ideas in it’s main traits], Moscow. 37. Semenov, Yu. I. 2003, Etnosy, natsii,...

In the 18th century, a philosophical dispute over the Principle of sufficient reason arose in Germany. Despite the fact that this Principe was explicitly formulated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the...

... thinking is limited by the idea of universal human reason, although Kant is not always consistent in distinguishing between reason and understanding in this context. Unstinting support for the French revolution, despite acknowledging the illegitimate nature of social and political revolutions per se, made Kant revise the ideals of enlightenment, which he pursued earlier. It affected even the philosopher’s attitude to his contemporaries. Observing the revolutionary “experiment” with an open heart,...

... 254—289. 13. Alexander of Aphrodisias. On Aristotle’s Prior Analytics 1.1—7. L., 1991. 14. Barnes J. Logical Form and Logical Matter // Logica, Mente E Persona. Studi Sulla Filosofia Antica. Antonina, 1990. Р. 7—119. 15. Corcoran J. Aristotle's Natural Deduction System // Ancient logic and its modern interpretations. Dordrecht, Boston, 1974. Р. 85—132. 16. Dragalina-Chernaya E. Logical hylomorphism revisited // Philosophy, Mathematics, Linguistics: Aspects of Interaction 2014 (PhML-2014)....

... undermines the foundation of ethics. Many philosophers tried to avoid such fatalism through expanding and refining the concept of necessity and identifying its different types, for example, conditional and unconditional,absolute and hypothetical, moral, natural and others. The article considers the concept of necessity in the major philosophical works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff,Immanuel Kant, August Christian Crusius and other authors, as well as their attempts at harmonizing the principle ...

.... Insole, Ch. Two Conceptions of Liberalism. Theology, Creation, and Politics in the Thought of Immanuel Kant and Edmund Burke // The Journal of Religious Ethics. Vol. 36, № 3, Sep. 2008. 10. Louden, R. Kant's Human Being: Essays on His Theory of Human Nature. Oxford University Press, 2011. 11. Louden, R. Kant's Impure Ethics. From Rational Beings to Human Beings. Oxford University Press, 2000. 12. Seebom, Th. Kant’s Theory of Revolution // Social Research. Vol. 48, № 3 (Autumn, 1981). Р. 557—587....

... philosopher, philosophy cannot exist as a linguistic theory. Therefore, similar attempts made after Kant are as futile as those made during his lifetime. Kant does not only discover mistakes in the works of his opponents, but also demonstrates their logical nature. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Кант И. Соч. : в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 3. 2. Кант И. Метафизические начала естествознания // Там же. 1966. Т. 6. 3. Кант ...