Search

... decision-making be fully simulated by the mechanical execution of AI programmes? On close examination these expectations turn out not to be well-founded, since algorithms (or, in Kantian terms, “imperatives of skill” that are implemented by technological means) do, ultimately, have “heteronomous” characteristics. So-called AI-“autonomy” is a sensor-directed performance automatism, which — compared with the potential for ethical judgment in human “practical reason” — proves to be limited ...

... and with Others the Ethical A Priori, Openness and Diversity. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 55(6), pp. 949-965. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 9752.12615 Strawson, P. F., 1966. The Bounds of Sense. London: Methuen. Sturm, T., 2017. What Did Kant Mean by, and Why Did He Adopt a Cosmopolitan Point of View in History? In: J. Schaffner and H. Wardle, eds. 2017. Cosmopolitics: The Collected Papers of the Open Anthropology Cooperative, Volume I. St. Andrews: Open Anthropology Cooperative Press, 2017,...

... from Leibniz and Wolff to Heidegger and Husserl. The leading idea of Stolzenberg’s philosophical research is the justification of the principle of modern subjectivity in Kant’s philosophy and its transformations until our days. He discusses the meaning and development of the concept of self-consciousness and the understanding of subjectivity in Kant’s ethics as well as in Fichte’s philosophy. Stolzenberg shows the significance of Heidegger’s philosophical relations with Kant, Fichte, and ...

..., respectively the doctrine of grace, leads to the question in what sense philosophy can deal with God’s grace without falsely replacing it with its own arguments. Kant’s answer (a) is that the imputation of evil without attempt to justify it by means of one’s own resources requires thinking of God as the external judge in the internal court of justice, respectively as one’s conscience. This reference to God implies that one makes oneself susceptive to the principle of the good instead of ...

... to examine Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not only the theoretical world of cognition, but also the practical world of freedom. Accordingly, the fundamental means of proving metaphysics’ claims are the deduction of pure concepts of understanding (deduction of experience) and the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason (deduction of freedom). The underlying premises of the Kantian project of ...

In his popular 1806 lectures on religion Fichte considered five possible worldviews in the second of which, “the standpoint of legality”, one can readily recognise the ethics of law of the Stoical and Kantian type. Fichte stresses that in his youth he himself shared this worldview. However, he hastens to adduce a series of original arguments to show that this position is essentially incapable of delivering a pure and higher moral doctrine. I examine the substance of these critical arguments in the...

At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy is due to...

... Explorations in Linguistic Relativity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1-25. 17. Kuhn, T., 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 18. Kusch, M., 1988. Husserl and Heidegger on Meaning. Synthese, 77(1), pp. 99-127. 19. Lynch, M. P., 2001. Truth in Context: An Essay on Pluralism and Objectivity, Cambridge (Mass.): The MIT Press. 20. Makeeva, L. B., 2006. Language and Reality. Logos, 57(6), pp. 3-20. (In Russ.) 21. Peckhaus, V....

... Critique of Pure Reason in Germany from the second half of the 1780s until the beginning of the nineteenth century reveals the paradoxical status of the Kantian transcendental subject. While the existence of the transcendental subject, whatever the term means, is not open to question since it arises from the very essence of critical philosophy, the fundamental status of the subject is sometimes questioned in this period. Although the meaning of the concept of transcendental subject seems obvious today ...

... [Kantian Journal], 36(1), pp. 66-89. (In Russ.) 5. Faradzhev, K. V., 2008. Philosophy and Life of Moses Rubinstein. In: M. M. Rubinstein, 2008. O smysle zhizni. T. 1: Trudy po filosofii tsennosti, teorii obrazovaniya i universitetskomu voprosu. [On Meaning of Life. Volume 1: Works on Philosophy of Value, Theory of Education and Subject of University], edited by N. V. Plotnikov, K. V. Faradzhev, Moscow : Territoriya budushchego, pp. 7-41. (In Russ.) 6. Faradzhev, K. V., 2010. Alternative Failed: ...

... advanced in contemporary contexts. Reason, in the narrow sense, is responsible for the picture of a well-ordered universe of science consisting of architectonic ideas of science, sciences and parts of sciences. In the first section (I), I show what Kant means by the architectonic ideas by explaining and interrelating the concepts of (a) the faculty of reason, (b) ideas (as principles), (c) method, and (d) sciences of reason. Thereafter (II), I think through his holistic understanding of science and scientific ...

... categorical imperative is almost based upon the same principle as the one presented in the second Critique. More precisely, Puls claims that, like in the Critique of Practical Reason, the Groundwork operates with some kind of fact of reason-theory, which means that our consciousness of the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of our freedom of will. Accordingly, there is no conclusion from a kind of non-moral consciousness of freedom to the freedom of will and from here to the objective value of the categorical ...

... it differs from the views of the main representatives of transcendental philosophy, Kant and Husserl. According to Fink, appearing is the foundation of the fact that what exists is and that appearing is being. Fink takes a different approach to the meanings of appearance as opposing the thing in itself which possesses true but unknowable being (Kant) and appearance as taking place in the “relative” sphere of the natural attitude (Husserl): with Fink, appearance (or, as Fink constantly writes,...

Through the difference between the first and the second variants of «The Introduction» to «The Critique of Judgement», the author shows the epistemological meaning of teleological principle revealed by Kant in the cognition of nature. 1. Кант И. Первое введение в Критику способности суждения // Собр. соч.: в 6 т. М., 1966. Т. 5. С. 99—159. 2. ...

Kant's 'Technique of hope' appears to be the 'most genuine hope of the Enlightenment' for the moral intersubjectivity of being. Its immense significance becomes obvious against the background of Kant's 'Copernican Revolution', which resulted in the new subject-oriented ontology. The viability of this ontology depends on the possibility of freedom, i. e. on whether the human being is capable of the practical implementation of the free causality of moral law. Due to its history, Kaliningrad is meant...

The article is meant for teachers and everyone interested in the problems of upbringing and self-upbringing. The major incentive for all works of the great scientists was the desire to reveal the extent of possibility and necessity of dignity for a person pursuing their vocation. Kant showed the world as the world should be in accordance to the sensible disposition of the human being. The author analyses the main concepts of Kant's rational ethics and attempts to classify his pedagogical ideas, which...

This article compares the concepts of enlightenment formulated by M. Mendelssohn in the article “On the question: what does ‘to enlighten’ mean?” and I. Kant in the article “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?’”. The author emphasises the paramount significance of Kant’s Copernican turn, which assigns the agent the responsibility for everything they do and everything ...

The paper notes that the deduction of the a priori cognitive forms conducted by I. Kant was continued by E. Cassirer and М. Heidegger, who showed that the basis of a priori lies in certain ways of being of the man. Developing this approach to the interpretation of the basis a priori, the author of the paper shows that culture as a way of existence of meaningful being gives a rise to the initial (autochthonic) ideas which become its categorical language and arrange the space of a sense in culture...

... // Workshop on Philosophy and Informatics (WSPI). Cologne, 2004. URL: http://purl . utwente. nl/publications/49866 (дата обращения: 13.09.2011). 9. Sen P. Strawson on Universals // Universals, Concepts and Qualities: New Essays on the Meaning of Predicates / eds. P. F. Strawson, A. Chakrabarti. Burlington, 2006. P. 17—48. 10. Strawson P. F. Concepts and Properties or Predication and Copulation // Strawson P. F. Entity and Identity and other essays. Oxford, 1997. P. 83—91. 11. Strawson ...

... of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1863—1919) — a Russian historian and theorist of historical science. The author identifies the existential strategies applied by Lappo-Danilevsky in the practical interpretation of Kant’s philosophy and specifies the meaning of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky's work for modern philosophy of historical science. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 3. 2. Кант И. Антропология с прагматической ...

This article focuses on the question of what “progress in knowledge” (Fortschritt im Wissen) since the Enlightenment could mean. The answer is rooted in a shift in perspective in our understanding of the Enlightenment, and in an awareness of the gnoseotope at the center of this perspectival shift. Given the fact that human knowledge has always been considered li­mited, the ...

... are marked, disagreements concerning values of reflection and reduction between Kant and Neo-Kantian philosophers and representatives of phenomenology come to light. The analysis of basic concept of phenomenology, «intentionality», is carried out by means of Kant aprioristic forms. 1. Гуссерль Э. Картезианские размышления / пер. с нем. Д. В. Скляднева. СПб., 2006. 2. Ефремова Т. Ф. Современный толковый словарь ...

This paper investigated the historical and philosophical context of the notions of “tradition” and the “purpose-task” in the philosophy of Sergius Hessen. The article identified the meaning of values and hierarchy of values of Heinrich Rickert in definition of the notions of “tradition” and “purpose-task” and the main principle of their interaction. 1. Гессен С. И. Основы педагогики. Введение ...

The article discusses several options for developing the methodology of the humanities by means of the "reform of logic" which is understood as the "organon" of cognition. I argue that the theories of Hermann Cohen, Wilhelm Windelband and Ernst Cassirer deliver the examples for the transition from epistemology to philosophy ...

... thesis (2) about the dual nature of the thing in itself suggests a solution to Kant’s problem of causality. The thing in itself serves as the referent of the phenomenon, whereas the noumenal thing-in-itself (or the ‘negative noumenon) serves as its meaning (Frege’s semiotic triangle). 1. Abela, P. 2002, Kant’s Empirical Realism, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2. Adams, R. 1997, Things in Themselves, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 57, № 4 (Dec., 1997), p. 801—825. 3. Adickes,...

This article demonstrates the application of I. Kant’s and A. Schopenhauer’s principles of ethics to the real case of transplantation of an organ, which was not HIV tested. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Системная модель аргументации как основа методологии компаративистских исследований // Модели мира. Исследования по логике, аргу­ментации и истории философии: сб. науч. ст. Калининград, 2004. С. 66 -86. 2. Делёз Ж. Критическая философия Канта: учение о способностях. М., 2000. 3. Калинников Л. А. И. Кант о...

... discourse concerning the “disinterestedness of aesthetic judgment”. Rather, the whole characterization of the judgment of taste as a “judgment of an object grounded on a delight in it which is without any interest” shall be considered here as a means to constructing a new definition of the modal concept of “existence”. More generally, the four moments of the “Analytic of the Beautiful” contain preliminary work on the modal concepts of existence, possibility, necessity — and, of course,...

... other needy and less developed peoples and societies in order to boost that they achieve their autonomy as a state would not belong to the duties that a republic should abide to. Thus, the transformation of a human society into a republican civil union means according to Kant’s account of right the greatest contribution that a state could offer to enhance the cosmopolitan order. 1. Beck, V., Culp, J. 2013, Interview of K. Flikschuh, R. Forst and D. Moellendorf, in: Global Justice: Theory Practice ...

... Russian and German languages. The article shows the contribution of Voltaire and his Poem on the Lisbon Disaster and Candide: or, Optimism to the post factum changes in the perception of the competition results and to the emergence of new shades of meaning in the concept of optimism. The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 had a profound effect on Europe and on the perception of optimism and of the idea that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. However, Kant’s epistolary legacy leads one ...

Probability theory, which emerged as early as the 17th century thanks to the works of Pascal and Fermat, served for a long time as a tool of professional mathematicians. It was not considered a means of rational prediction of social actions. In the late 18th century, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743—1794) first proposed to apply probability theory to moral and political disciplines thus creating a basis for social forecasting. The methods he developed ...

... prejudice but as the origin of thought correlating with life. Moreover, confidence in culture disappears. The ‘warped wood’ is replaced by the ‘rope over an abyss’ and the immature majority by masses. Inasmuch a person should never be treated as a means, the thinkers avoid the gap between enlightenment and the current process of realisation of the Enlightenment by a person. Similarly to Kant’s idea that enlightenment eludes realisation becoming a benchmark or a regulative idea, Nietzsche’s ...

... are the act of questioning. Cohen believes that thinking is generated from itself. Thinking sets itself as the goal and objective, which emphasises the self-expanding nature of thinking, the original self-generation. Initially, thinking is one of the meanings of the term ‘pure’, which suggests that thinking in itself — rather than external influences — is an impetus for the movement,. It is concluded that, having overcome the dualism of reception and spontaneity, critical idealism received ...

... of Russian critical philosophy. It is postulated that an analysis of the discussion not only is interesting as a fact in the history of Russian philosophical though but it also gives a new perspective on the problems arising with attempts to create a means for attaining objective and reliable knowledge in philosophy and science, which potentially unites them within research. It is proven that Vvedensky’s philosophical ideas can be classed as Neo-Kantian, which emphasises their unique features and ...

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the content, meaning, and scenarios of applying the transcendental principles of public law formulated in the second appendix to Kant’s treatise Toward Perpetual Peace. The author compares different interpretations of these principles by Russian and international ...

... axiology. It is stressed that Alekseev does not adopt either M. Scheler’s personalistic approach or his hierarchy of values. In his mature period, Alekseev supplements his interpretation of values with the religious aspect. He understands religion as a means to link the a priori and empirical and translate both into reality. It is emphasized that religion becomes a tool for understanding values as rules. It is concluded that Alekseev’s philosophy of law combines Neo-Kantian and phenomenological principles ...

... frame of reference used to achieve this aim is determined by the personality-culture-the general will-the state coordinates. The author compares Hessen’s ideas with Bogdan Kistyakovsky’s legal concept. Hessen distinguished between several layers of meaning in the notion of culture — civilizedness, level of education, and civic virtue. He stressed that the personality and culture existed in a dialectical relationship. Hessen emphasised the primacy of personal freedom and the need to distinguish ...

... based on the philosopher’s manuscripts and the first edition of his dissertation. Firstly, for a long time, Kant’s ‘moral law’ was a major element of Schopenhauer’s philosophy, whereas the regulatory power of ethics supported its claim as a means to cognise the supersensible. Secondly, the dichotomy between the noumenal and the phenomenal encouraged him to develop a dualistic ontology. Thirdly, the emergence of the central concept of his early works — the ‘better consciousness’ — ...

... commandments are for it imperatives. But in order not to distort autonomy of will, this force should come from the will itself. Such a force according to Kant is possible, if the will would force itself to action with an idea of an complete good will (what means such a will which is always in accordance with the moral law), which is inherent in God alone. With the article is enclosed the translation of a small fragment of Introduction to the Natural Law Feyerabend. 1. Kant, I. 1994a, Antropologija s ...

... rather difficult to translate into the Russian language and is found in other Kant’s texts on practical philosophy. This term is usually translated as justice. However, there is another word in the German language — Gerechtihkeit — that has the meaning of justice. Moreover, such translation of Billigkeit creates a false connection with the realm of law, which Kant tried to avoid stressing the difference between Billigkeit and Gerechtigkeit. If Gerechtigkeit relates to external deeds subject ...

... cognition, and practical activity and norms. These forms of activity correlate with the world of possibilities, the actual world, and the world of necessity. Grammatical moods correspond to the modal worlds and the ‘faculties of the mind’. All this means that Kant’s system finds a reflection in the system of language, which is another argument in favour of the organicity of his philosophy. However, the philosophical ideas of Kant’s system can serve as basis for a theory of grammatical moods....

... values. It does not and cannot replace either science, which is meant to cognise the world, or morality, which is meant to organise the world of the social. The principle of purity characteristic of Kant’s philosophy was applied by A. Fet to art. It means that art for art’s sake is not limited to aesthetic values but includes their whole range. A. Fet gives the role of the ultimate end and value to poetry and thus philosophical poetry. The poet-thinker is his ideal of a poet. 1. Белый А....

... result in different understandings of freedom — for Nozik it is the basic property of human nature, for Kant it is the result of entering the civil condition; c) the incommensurability of anthropological presuppositions and basic notions distorts the meaning of Kantian formula of categorical imperative when transplanted into an alien philosophical context. 1. Кант И. Метафизика нравов // Соч. : в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 6. С. 5—223. 2. Кант И. Основоположение ...

... the inner world of the self (Innern), and transformations relating to the formation of noumenal nature. Nevertheless, in the 90s, under the influence of “enthusiasm” aroused by the French revolution, he emphasises a restricted social and political meaning of revolution, however, interpreting it as a sign ofhistorical progress and progress in implementing natural law.Unstinting support for the French revolution, despite acknowledging the illegitimate nature of social and political revolutions per ...

... Hamburg. In the 18th century, Hamburg was considered a stronghold of freedom in the opposition between the two forms of being — the feudal and burgher’s ones — having become a capital of the new system of values. Philosophy and arts served as a means in this struggle against dogmatism and feudal absolutism. In this atmosphere, a newconceptual culture emerged. This culture, warmly welcomed by the society, rested on reason, virtue, justice, and tolerance, which reflected the common attitudes of ...

... that Deleuze’s thinking of differences does have a rather evident premise. For Deleuze, thinking is an energy flow or sensual “vitality”.Another approach to analysing the fundamentals of thinking can be found in Kant’s article “What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?” where he speaks of the “need of reason”. Since the “need of reason” is necessary for the practical interest of reason itself, it directs, according to Kant, not only practical reason, but also general systematic ...

... from the perspectives of purposiveness and morals. It is stressed that the Russian philosopher of law interpreted law not only as a product of human will but also as a phenomenon of the moral world. Natural law suggests a belief that law is not only a means to achieve certain practical goals but also an instrument of satisfying the highest moral requirements. 1. Белов В. Н. Введение в философию культуры : учеб. пособие. М., 2008. 2. Белов В. Н. ...

... Kant’s epistemology. The development of Lossky as an independent philosopher required overcoming Kant’s scepticism, which was not consistent with the ideal-realist’s belief in the cognoscibility of transsubjective world given us in the original. The means necessary to overcome it determined the key characteristics of the new system of intuitivism, which emerged in a discussion of Kant’s epistemological system. The author identifies the key themes of transcendental philosophy that drew special attention ...

... Logic. Dordrecht, 1969. 21. Ierodiakonou K. Aristotle's Use of Examples in the «Prior Analytics» // Phronesis. 2002. Vol. 47. № 2. Р. 127—152. 22. Kirwan C. Logic and Argument. New York University Press, 1978. 23. MacFarlane J. What does it mean to say that logic is formal? PhD dissertation. Pittsburgh University, 2000. 24. Prior A. N. Formal Logic. Oxford, 1962. 25. Rose L. Aristotle' s Syllogistic. Springfield Illinois, 1968. 26. Smiley T. The Schematic Fallacy // Proceedings of the ...