Kant on evil in the human nature
... closely connected to that of the nature or essence of a human being. The article presents an analysis of Kant’s notion of human ‘nature’. It is emphasised that Kant understands ‘human nature’ as mere “subjective grounds” of the exercise of freedom. Further, the author analyses the factors determining the actions of humans as moral beings. First, the article addresses the “predispositions to the good”, which describes a human being as a natural being, cultural being, and a personality....
Moral inscrutability and self-constitution in Kant (translated from the English by V. Belonogova and D. Khizanishvili, edited by V. Chaly)
... to demonstrate the existence of evil disposition (Gesinnung). The author be¬lieves that, in this work, Kant introduces two innovations in respect of the fundamental project presented in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. He emphasises that freedom is not justified and postulates a transcendental structure similar to the unity of transcendental apperception in order to unify all volitions of an agent and make the initial application of freedom possible. The first innovation gives rise to ...
Deduction of Freedom vs Deduction of Experience in Kant’s Metaphysics
... metaphysics. First of all it is necessary to examine Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not only the theoretical world of cognition, but also the practical world of freedom. Accordingly, the fundamental means of proving metaphysics’ claims are the deduction of pure concepts of understanding (deduction of experience) and the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason (deduction of freedom). The underlying ...
Georges Gurvitch and Sergey Hessen on the Possibility of Forming Social Unity
... Sovremenniye zapiski (Contemporary Notes). Although they differ radically in their definitions of the status of the state they concur in defining society as a set of social institutions and communities existing as instruments for expressing personal freedom. The social regulations they propose are already legal situations. Hessen and Gurvitch believe that the individual can fully exercise his/her freedom only in conditions of such legal pluralism. However, the concept of legal pluralism involves ...
The Problem of the Possibility of an Artificial Moral Agent in the Context of Kant’s Practical Philosophy
... possible implies discussion of a whole range of problems raised by Kant within the framework of practical philosophy that have not exhausted their heuristic potential to this day. First, I show the significance of the correlation between moral law and freedom. Since a rational being believes that his/her will is independent of external influences, the will turns out to be governed by the moral law and is autonomous. Morality and freedom are correlated through independence from the external. Accordingly,...
Is Spinoza’s Ethics Heteronomous in the Kantian Sense of the Term?
... motivation, ii) distinction between human nature as rational and affective, ascribing different sets of laws to each, iii) endowment of reason with moral content, iv) recognition of the non-subjective notion of goodness. Added to this is my discussion of freedom and necessity in Kant and Spinoza in which I show that Spinoza’s overarching determinism is not an impediment for autonomy in the Kantian sense of the term. I end the article by presenting possible explanations of the fact that Spinoza’s ethics ...
Kant and the Crusians in the Debate on Optimism
... theses. I address Weymann’s polemic with Kant to show that, in the pre-critical period, the early Kant advocated beliefs in sphere of practical philosophy that he later radically changed in the critical period, in particular those with regards to freedom and human dignity. The obvious bias of most Kantian scholars against Kant’s opponents prevented researchers from seeing the validity of Weymann’s criticism of Kant for ignoring the problem of freedom. To prove his point, Weymann addressed ...
The philosophical and legal content of Sergey Hessen’s concept of personality
... distinguished between several layers of meaning in the notion of culture — civilizedness, level of education, and civic virtue. He stressed that the personality and culture existed in a dialectical relationship. Hessen emphasised the primacy of personal freedom and the need to distinguish between freedom and power of choice. Acts of choice are random and unpredictable — they do not have a solid foundation, whereas acts of freedom are a prerequisite for creativity — an integral characteristic of personality....
The liberal concept of freedom in the conservative teachings of K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov
This article considers the reception of the liberal concept of freedom in Russian conservatism as exemplified by K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov. Reasoning in the framework of Russian philosophical organicism, each philosopher insists on his own approach to analysing social phenomena. It is shown that Leontyev,...
Problems and prospects of EU — Russia dialogue on visa-free travel
... EU-Russia Civil Society Forum, Prague.
5. Potyomkina, О. 2011, Problema doverija Rossii i ES v ramkah obshhego prostranstva svobody, bezo-pasnosti i pravosudija [The problem of confidence in Russia and the EU in the framework of a common space of freedom, security and justice]. In: Potyomkina, О. Yu., Kaveshnikov, N. Yu., Kondrateva, N. B. (eds.), Evropejskij Sojuz v XXI veke: vremja ispytanij [European Union in the XXI century: the test], Moscow, Ves’ mir.
6. Golunov, S. 2013, EU-Russian ...
Kants Freiheitsargument. Diskussion von Heiko Puls: Sittliches Bewusstsein und Kategorischer Imperativ in Kants Grundlegung: Ein Kommentar zum dritten Abschnitt. Berlin und Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. 318 S.
... in the second Critique. More precisely, Puls claims that, like in the Critique of Practical Reason, the Groundwork operates with some kind of fact of reason-theory, which means that our consciousness of the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of our freedom of will. Accordingly, there is no conclusion from a kind of non-moral consciousness of freedom to the freedom of will and from here to the objective value of the categorical imperative, as many interpreters assume. Due to the ambitiousness of ...
Affection of Law: Fichte on the Place and Boundaries of Pure Ethics of the Imperative
... refined interest in preserving and indulging the sensual self and hence the idea of God as the warrantor of empirical happiness / bliss. Accordingly, the “overturn in the state of mind” sought by the Kantian himself implies “the highest act of freedom”, which is inaccessible to him and beyond which the perspective of the world as law is replaced for the subject by the perspective of the Kingdom of the Spirit in which the “selfhood” of each moral agent is practically overcome.
The Holy ...
Wittgenstein’s followers vs Habermas: A solution to I. Berlin’s dilemma
This article analyses Berlin’s negative and positive interpretations of freedom and idea of value pluralism. It is concluded that pluralism of values and liberals’ negative freedom results in the problem of relativism and ‘Hobbes/Berlin dilemma’ — the dilemma between individual and collective reasons. The concepts ...
A man as a “citizen of two worlds”: The development of Kantian themes by Rosenzweig
... major work The Star of Redemption. The author attempts to answer the principal question as to whether Rosenzweig’s thought belongs to the tradition of Kantian philosophy.The author addresses the Rosenzweig’s interpretation of Kant’s concept of freedom as a hermeneutical cipher to expose some of his considerations on human nature. Rosenzweig acknowledges Kant’s achievement in attributing a human act to the major fundament, which will save a human from the universal claims of philosophy.The ...
The justification of legal punishment in Kant’s philosophy
... М., 1992.
7. Шопенгауэр А. Мир как воля и представление / пер. с нем. Ю. И. Айхенвальда. М., 1992.
8. Bahnam G. Kants’s Practical Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
9. Gregor M. Laws of Freedom. Oxford, 1963.
10. Hill Th. E. Punishment, Conscience and Moral Worth // Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: Interpretative Essays / ed. by M. Timmons. Oxford, 2002. P. 233—254.
11. Höffe O. Categorical Principles of Law // transl. by M. Migotti....
The Swedish institute’s scholarship policy as a soft power instrument
... workshops, creating a vibrant platform for participation and dialogue including Sweden, Finland, Russia, the Baltic states, Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine. The overarching emphasis of these cultural initiatives was placed on reinforcing values such as freedom of speech, diversity, democracy, and collective resilience, resonating with the core principles of Swedish soft power and diplomatic efforts in the region.<12> Therefore, after the socio-economic and political reforms in the post-Soviet ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... need for US involvement in European security, the prevention of the dominance of the Franco-German dyad, and the loss of influence due to the expansion of the EU and NATO — have led Denmark to embrace the historical lesson of the duty to ‘fight for freedom and peace’ instead of letting others do it for them
Denmark’s strategic culture is defined by the alternating division and consensus in Denmark’s domestic politics between proponents of ‘cosmopolitanism’, who believe in Scandinavian ...
Tool-Kit for Ethical Analysis of Video Games: Answer to the Challenges of the New Enlightenment
... mankind and the world. I argue that in the framework of Enlightenment 2.0 the Kantian concept of social development, which is closely linked with the moral ideal — the kingdom of ends — may form the basis of the concept of society in which individual freedom and social development are interconnected and the mutually determining elements of the human being in whom freedom can be exercised only if it contributes to social good. The Kantian interpretation of social development as the human being forming ...
Some Remarks about the Difference between Überzeugung and Überredung
... notes from the same period are considered. Furthermore, I will compare the treatment of the subject in these sources and in the textbooks used by Kant in his courses. In the conclusions, the link between this issue and Kantian arguments in defending freedom of thought and expression is also suggested. In order to do so, I first explain the notion of holding to be true and its difference from the notion of being true. Secondly, I examine what it means to be convinced and what it means to be persuaded....
Freedom and Arbitrariness. The Relevance of Kant’s Ethics and the Modern World. Report of the 16th Saratov Philosophical Workshop (Saratov, 14 May 2019)
This review presents the discussion on “Freedom and Arbitrariness. The Relevance of Kant’s Ethics and the Modern World”, which took place at the 16th Philosophical Workshop “I. Kant and the Current Problems of Modern Philosophy” held in Saratov on 14 May 2019. The discussion was organised ...
Immanuel Kant: freedom, sin, forgiveness
... other hand, a permanent and universal one. Although the familiarity with the categorical imperative does not always result in a moral action, the familiarity itself alongside the idea of forgiveness may be considered as a manifestation of morality and freedom.
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I. Kant’s and E. Husserl’s practical philosophy
This article focuses on the problem of reconciling a priori and empirical dimensions of freedom, will, and action as the crucial point for understanding the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophy. Relying on the explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical ...
Don Carlos by F. Schiller in the translation of A. Mickiewicz and in the context of the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor by F. M. Dostoevsky
... analyzes genetic connections and typological convergences of the drama «Don Carlos» by F. Schiller and the works of A. Mickiewicz and F. Dostoevsky. In the intertextual aspect, the author comes to a conclusion about the key role of the ideology of freedom and power in F. Schiller’s drama «Don Carlos», in «The Great Improvisation» by A. Mickiewicz and the legend of The Great Inquisitor by F. Dostoevsky. It is shown that F. Dostoevsky reduces the ideology of freedom and power, typical of F....
Kant and Hegel, an alleged right and the ‘inverted world’
... unity incorporating an idea of the play of powers, whereas power is a category that makes it possible to understand the supersensible as a realm of laws. This interpretation is inherent in the system of not only theoretical but also practical reason. Freedom is the ‘substance’ of human existence. The unity of freedom is an idea, whose unity is presented in the diversity of actions in the sensible world. A condition for cognising freedom is the categorical imperative. Apparently, applying the moral ...
The parable motives of “escape from freedom” in F. Kafka’s story ”In the penal colony” and F. M. Dostoevsky’s “The Grand Inquisitor”
... is considered in the light of sociocultural experience of totalitarian system, its later analysis and overcoming. The author address the writers’ interest in the psychological determination of enslavement and the unconscious mechanism of rejecting freedom.
1. Достоевский Ф. М. Братья Карамазовы // Полное собр. соч. : в 30 т. СПб.,1990. Т. 14.
2. Кафка Ф. В исправительной колонии // Собрание соч. : в 5 т....
Freedom as an axiological category in G. G. Byron’s mystery Cain
... the poet. An analysis of one of the key categories of Romanticism – central to Byron’s oeuvre – helps show that the fictional conflict of the drama manifested in the images of Adam’s sons is based on the antithesis between the true and false freedom, whereas the general literary structure of the mystery is used to direct the reader to the conclusion that it is impossible for a human being to stay beyond good and evil.
1. Байрон Дж. Г. Каин (мистерия) // Байрон ...
The criminological and psychological profile of persons sentenced to restriction of freedom
This article is devoted to the investigation of forensic and psychological features of persons sentenced to restriction of liberty on the basis of a psychological and sociological analysis of persons sentenced to restriction of freedom registered at penal institutions of the Kaliningrad region. An analysis of the results of the study suggest that, during the sentence period, those sentenced to restriction of freedom either do not reject the commonly accepted norms, values, and ...
Property Right and Expropriation in Proceedings of the European Court of Human Rights
This article analyses property right protection in the framework of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and gives the definition of property subject to protection from offences according to the Article 1 of the Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and frames the concept of expropriation and ...
Donelaitis and Kant: to the issue of the hermeneutic of survival in the era of the “mystery of iniquity”
... hermeneutic rather than Einstein’s sense — time is a function of understanding. In this respect, Donelaitis’s and Kant’s temporologies are similar in terms of personal responsibility for time, which both authors associate with the possibility of freedom. The ‘mystery of freedom’ is a means to combat the ‘mystery of inequity’.
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3. Donelaitis, K. 2005, Vremena goda [Seasons], Kaliningrad....
Kant's philosophical ideas in Rober Nozik's political theory
Robert Nozik's political theory contains an attempt to utilize Kant's notion of individual freedom and the second formula of his categorical imperative (“the principle of humanity as an end in itself”) for the justification of his libertarian “minimal state”. This article analyses and criticizes this attempt on the following grounds: ...
The notion of necessity in the German philosophy of the¬ Enlighten¬ment
... considers the concept of necessity in the major philosophical works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff,Immanuel Kant, August Christian Crusius and other authors, as well as their attempts at harmonizing the principle of sufficient reason with freedom. It is demonstrated that, in the 18th century, necessity was understood very broadly, it held a special place in metaphysics in general and, in particular, in such metaphysical disciplines as cosmology, psychology, theology, and also ethics.
...
The principle of sufficient reason in German philosophy of the Enlight-enment
... century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the principle of sufficient reason implies the unlimited necessity of all things and excludes the possibility of any happenstance, at least in the real world. It had an adverse effect on philosophy in general and ethics ...
Kant’s way to the perpetual peace in the XXIst century
... being has a right to pin their hopes on the future; the task of establishing perpetual peace rests with the human being themselves; as a result, everything depends on the development of personality, since it is that acts in the real world as an agent of freedom and ratio essendi of morality, whereas freedom is the ‘cornerstone’ for people striving for peace with all their hearts. The author of the article believes that the idea of perpetual peace formulated by Saint-Pierre, Rousseau, and Kant is ...
The position of international community on the restoration of independence of the Baltic States
... Vytautas Landsbergis, available at: http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/2001-8/Letter. pdf (accessed 3 June 2011).
4. Škapars, Ja. (ed.), 2006, Baltijskij put' k svobode. Opyt nenasil'stvennoj bor'by stran Baltii v mirovom kontekste [The Baltic Way to Freedom. The experience of non-violent struggle of the Baltic States in a global context], Riga, Zelta grauds, 511 p.
5. Beschloss M., Talbott S. 2010, Izmena v Kremle: protokoly tajnyh soglashenij Gorbacheva s amerikancami [Treason in the Kremlin: the ...
The facilitation of freedom of movement between Russia and the European Union: prospects and legal issues
... gosudarstv Rossii i stran ES na sammite Rossija — ES, 31.05.2003 [Statement by the Russian and EU-Russia summit — EU 05/31/2003], available at: http://www.eur.ru/neweur/user.php?func=sum7 (accessed 11 April 2005).
5. Road Map on common space of freedom, security and justice, available at: http://eeas. europa. eu/delegations/russia/documents/eu_russia/road_maps_en.pdf (accessed 19 August 2010).
6. Rossija i Evrosojuz nachnut reshat' problemy bezvizovogo rezhima [Russia and the EU will solve ...
Pure and Impure Philosophy in Kant’s Metaphilosophy
... Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge, pp. 85-104.
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Gregor,...
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
...
Russia’s national security documents do not contain the societal security concept as such but address the related soft security problems. For example, the Law on Security of the Russian Federation (1992) defines the very notion of security, “Security is freedom from internal and external threats to the vital interests of the individual, society and state.”<1> In line with the Western political thought, the authors of the document singled out not only state and military security, but also the ...
Dare to Know, or the Gospel According to Kant
... I look for an answer to the question, “Which limits impede Enlightenment, and which limits, far from obstructing it, are bound to promote it?” and reveal the hidden paradox of the Kantian solution: maturity has to be preceded by the granting of freedoms; and the granting of freedoms in turn calls for a mature public. I also ask the question, “Whose yoke is heavier, one’s own or the guardian’s?” and offer my version of an answer. In conclusion, I assemble all parts of the complicated ...
Semyon Frank and Yakov Golosovker: On Kantian Motives in the Works of Dostoyevsky
... the crisis in its organised forms. In this context, too, Kant is a significant presence. For Frank, as for Golosovker, Dostoyevsky’s world view has a “concrete-metaphysical character”. They come to this conclusion reflecting on the problem of freedom as seen by Dostoyevsky who sought to overcome Kant’s antinomies.
Alyaev, G. E., Obolevich, T., Rezvykh, T. N. and Tsygankov, A. S., 2021. S. L. Frank o F. M. Dostoyevskom: novyye materialy [S.L. Frank about F. M. Dostoevsky: new materials]....
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... upon us from outside: occupations, deportations, annexation, sovietization, collectivization, russification’.<6> Later, during his term in office as president (2006—2016), Ilves spoke of the struggle of the ‘three Baltic musketeers’ for freedom,<7> the ‘Baltic’ peoples’ striving for independence,<8> the intellectual and geographical proximity of the ‘Baltic States’,<9> not to mention many other contexts where the three republics were treated as elements of ...
The Ethics of the Categorical Imperative. Lossky under the Influence of Kant
... Palmquist. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company Inc.
Lewin, M., 2021. Das System der Ideen. Zur perspektivistisch-metaphilosophischen Begründung der Vernunft im Anschluss an Kant und Fichte. Freiburg & München: Alber.
Lossky, N. O., 1932. Freedom of Will. Translated by N. A. Duddington. London: Williams & Norgate.
Lossky, N. O., 1991a. The Conditions of Absolute Good. Moscow: Political Literature Publishers. (In Rus.).
Lossky, N. O., 1991b. The Types of Worldview. In: N. O. Lossky, 1991....
Watershed or Cul-de-Sac? Disputes in the Theological Reception of Kant’s Philosophy
... Trinity (4). Their different diagnoses why Kant’s work constitutes a cul-de-sac are contrasted with theological positions that welcome it as a watershed: its move from ontology to human subjectivity; from a biologically transmitted inescapable sin to a freedom for good and evil; from a strict reciprocity to an unlimited scope of ethics that is faced with the question of meaning; and from condemning the secular as “heretical” to defining it as the genuine space of the free human counterparts created ...
Transformationen der Kantischen Postulatenlehre im „Cambridge Pragmatism“ (Charles S. Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce)
... epistemological issues investigated in pragmatism; secondly, with regard to the various pragmatic approaches to religion, something which has been long overlooked. These approaches are best understood as innovative re-readings of Kant’s postulates of freedom, immortality, and God. Since Hilary Putnam pointed out — in his 1992 book Renewing Philosophy — that James’s essay, “The Will to Believe”, in spite of having received a great deal of hostile criticism, is in “its logic, in fact, precise ...
A ‘Secret alliance’ or ‘Freedom from any alliances’? NATO accession debate in Sweden and Finland, 1991—2016
... 1991—2016. To achieve this goal, the authors use a comparative analysis to explore the stance of the governments of Sweden and Finland on the cooperation with NATO or membership in it. The authors reflect on the concepts of “Finlandisation”, “freedom from alliances”, “neutrality” and “secret alliance”, which are often used in academic descriptions of the evolution of the position of both countries towards NATO. The authors hold that Finland and Sweden may become NATO members only ...
“The point of departure of peoples determines their fate”: Peter Chaadaev and Alexis de Tocqueville
... Translated by K. Levinson. Vol. 1. Moscow. pp. 520—728 (in Russ.).
Guizot, F., 2007. Istoriya tsivilizatsii v Evrope [History of civilization in Europe]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Panchenko, D. V., 2019. Turgenev and Tocqueville on the economic role of unfreedom and forced labor. Logos, 29 (6), pp. 199—214 (in Russ.).
Tocqueville, A., 1897. O demokratii v Amerike [On democracy in America]. Translated by V. N. Lind. Moscow (in Russ.).
Tocqueville, A., 1992. Demokratiya v Amerike [Democracy in America]....
Revisiting the Maxim-Law Dynamic in the Light of Kant’s Theory of Action
... Kant’s Justification of the Role of Maxims in Ethics. In: K. Ameriks and O. Höffe, eds. 2009. Kant’s Moral and Legal Philosophy. Translated by N. Walker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 134-155.
Allison, H. E., 1990. Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Atwell, J. E., 1986. Ends and Principles in Kant’s Moral Thought. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Beck, L. W., 1960. A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. Chicago: The University ...
The Notion of Free Will in Sergey Hessen’s Conception of Culture
Sergey Hessen builds his philosophy of culture on Heinrich Rickert’s theory of values. Like Rickert, he believes that the individual plays a key role in the formation of culture. The individual exercises freedom only in creative activity and the degree to which he fulfils his creative potential depends not only on the cultural context in which it happens, but also on the regulation of the opportunities for self-actualisation in any given society. Accordingly,...
Kant als Mystiker? Zur These von Carl Arnold Wilmans’ dissertatio philosophica
... show that the central Kantian theorem of the fact of reason converges with his doctrine of respect to the moral law as intelligible feeling. This rapprochement allows the latter to play an argumentative role that, by serving as ratio cognoscendi of freedom, is also of epistemic value. Kant’s practical philosophy turns out to be based on a quasi-phenomenological intuitionism of finite reason in which aesthetic elements are of such importance that Wilmans’ assertion of its latent similarity to ...
Kategorische Rechtsprinzipien in Zeiten der Postmoderne. Interview mit Prof. Dr Otfried Höffe
... expounds his views on the problems discussed by these authors. He dismisses G. W. F. Hegel’s criticism of Kant and denies the dependence of the fundamental principles of justice on the Zeitgeist and the opinions of the masses. The interviewee calls freedom the supreme human value, advocates the idea of a democratic constitutional state (he considers the principles of a social state as a mission of the state rather than a subjective right of citizens), and argues that dictatorship and tyranny deserve ...
Kant and the Problem of Optimism: The Origin of the Debate
... Crusian philosophy. This article presents Crusius’s arguments against the theory that this is the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the theory that there are several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and to the freedom of contrariety (libertas contrarietatis), which are eliminated in the teaching of optimism.
Anonym. 1753, Leipzig, in: Krause, J. G. (hg.), Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen ...