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... approach on the beliefs of political leaders. The author comes to the conclusion that Russia’s policy towards Estonia largely depends on Russia’s policy towards the regions which the Russian elite relate Estonia to — the Baltic States, Northern Europe, and Europe as a whole. The results of the study can further the understanding of Russia’s policy towards Estonia both in Russia and abroad. Lack of understanding sometimes results in sharing the views of radical Estonian politicians who claim ...

... the additional resources that can be retrieved in the framework of national economic policy during global recession. The practical component lies in clarifying the conceptual framework for the formation of successful crossborder cooperation in today's Europe. The authors employed the historical-descriptive approach and factual consideration of the cross-border and macro-regional level of interaction between European countries. The main results are as follows. The crisis in several EU countries is associated ...

The authors consider the core areas of Lithuanian foreign policy. Special attention is paid to the adjustment of the major foreign policy vector, which concentrated earlier on the cooperation with the United States of America and strategic partnership with the Republic of Poland. The article analyses the attempts of Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaitė to formulate the so-called «new foreign policy» based on the multivector approach to the intergovernmental cooperation. This research is timely...

This article examines the legal aspects of the prospective visa free regime between Russia and the European Union,as well as the implementation of local border traffic mechanisms. 1. Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, consolidated version, 2008, Official Journal, 9 May, p. 115. 2. Council Regulation (EC) N 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from...

... BBC Views of China and Russia Decline in Global Poll, BBC World Service, Februa ry 6, 2009. URL: http://www.worldpublicopinion.org (дата обращения: 12 мар ­ та 2010). 3.      BEE Business outlook: Russia, Business Eastern Europe , May 18. 2009. 4.      BEE Losing a grip on the North Caucasus, Business Eastern Europe , June 22, 2009 . 5.      Closson Stacy The North Caucasus after the Georgia-Russia Conflict, Rus­sian analytical digest 51/08, 2008. 6. ...

This interview with two former special presidential representatives for the Kaliningrad region (Dmitry Rogozin, representing the Russian party and Gediminas Kirkilas, representing the Lithuanian party) recounts the EU-Russia negotiations on the Kaliningrad region and the enlargement of the European Union in the early 2000s. The interview provides an important assessment of the negotiations and their results and explains for the first time the role of individual European states and politicians in...

The article describes the motives, objectives and findings of preparing a perspective for territorial development of the Baltic Sea Region and discusses issues related to its implementation. Particular attention is paid to Northwest Russia and Kaliningrad region. Promoting innovation clusters, metropolitan networks and urban-rural partnerships, improving accessibility as well as enhancing maritime spatial planning and management are key issues to be solved in transnational cooperation 1.      ...

1.      Актуальные проблемы развития полусредних городов Калининград­ской области / под ред. Г. М. Федорова. Калининград: Изд-во РГУ им. И. Канта, 2008. 2.      Балтийский регион как полюс экономической интеграции Северо-За­пада Российской Федерации и Европейского союза. Калининград: Изд-во РГУ им. И. Канта, 2006. 3.      Бильчак B. C., Самсон И., Федоров Г. М. Калининградский полюс инте­грации . Калининград: Янтарный сказ, 1999. 4.      Европейский союз — Россия — Калининград (вопросы европейской...

The article presents a geographic analysis of applying for grants and allocation of funds in the framework of the “European Economic Area” and “Norway” programmes in the territory of Lithuania in 2004-2009. Priority sectors of cooperation are identified. 1. Central Agency of Project Management, 2008. URL: www. cpva. lt 2. EEA Financial Mechanism and Norwegian Financial Mechanism website. URL: www. eeagrants. org 3. Ministry of Finances of Lithuania , 2008. URL: www. finmin. lt 4. Semi`nar...

The paper adopts a sociopragmatic approach to the study of emotion processes and investigates discursive traits of the reader’s interest. The field of written popularization was examined to establish how it conceptualizes the reader’s interest through discourse structures. The text materials were obtained experimentally. They consist of 104 pairs of expository text; each of the pairs includes a text published in an academic source and a popular science text created by the participant for provoking...

This paper addresses general issues in the study of Russian folk verse. A critical exami­nation of the major theories related to this topic highlights their significance in the history of Russian versification. The unique characteristics of folk verse, which exist in an oral-musical form, necessitate the development of specialized methods for its analysis. While traditional studies of versification offer a variety of methods and resources for analysing different forms of literary verse, they often...

One of the first Russian-language works aimed at creating a general theory of verse was Mikhail Malishevskii’s short book “Metrotonics” (1925), which offered a common theoretical frame for the whole structure of metrics. Later, some of Malishevskii’s ideas were developed by Aleksei Kviatkovskii, who proposed a unified treatment of classical and non-classical verse. Theoretics of the ‘Russian method’ in the theory of verse considered these theories unverifia­ble, although a closer analysis of them...

... Who Is the Caregiver in Kant’s Theory of Labour? Examining Social Domination in Classical German Philosophy. Kantian Review, First View, pp. 1-18. Sarti, R., 2023. Slaves, Servants and other Dependent People: Early Modern Classifications and Western Europe’s Self-Representation. In: J. Whittle and ‎T. Lambrecht, eds. 2023. Labour Laws in Preindustrial Europe. The Coercion and Regulation of Wage Labour. C. 1350-1850. New York: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 103-123. Sarvasy, W. and Longo, P., 2004. The ...

Restrictive measures (sanctions) against third countries currently represent one of the most important instruments of the European Union’s foreign policy. By imposing sanctions, the EU responds to global challenges and events that contradict the Union’s political and humanitarian objectives and values, thereby seeking to promote peace, democracy, respect for international law and human rights, as well as to resolve ongoing and prevent emerging conflicts and crises in the international arena. This...

The objective of the present research is to discover and explain a variety of cultural pref­erences within the Russian-speaking community in Israel. We juxtapose veteran immigrants of the ‘1990 wave’ (including children and teenagers who came with their parents, so called 1.5ers) and representatives of the ‘Putin Exodus’ who arrived in the country in 2014—2018. The divergence in preferences and attitudes was revealed thanks to the discourse, semantic and comparative analysis. The research was conducted...

... Bastin and P. F. Bandia, eds. Charting the Future of Translation History. Current Discourses and Methodology . Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 80—99. Baer, B. J., ed., 2011. Contexts, Subtexts and Pretexts: Literary translation in Eastern Europe and Russia . Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. Baer, B. J., 2016. Translation and the making of modern Russian literature . New York; London: Bloomsbury. Baigorri-Jalon, J., 2014. From Paris to Nuremberg. The birth of conference interpreting ...

... translation in the construction of the conflicting images of communist Poland in para-fascist Portugal. Target. Pięta, H. and Maia, R. B., 2015. Integrating Indirect Translation into the Academic Education of Future Generations of Translators across Europe: A Lisbon Model. In: Translating Europe Forum. Brussels, Belgium, 29—30 October 2015. Pym, A., 2011. Translation Research Terms: A Tentative Glossary for Moments of Perplexity and Dispute. In: A. Pym (ed.). Translation Research Projects 3. Tarragona: ...

The article considers the riddle as an object of linguistic research. Today, studying riddles remains relevant, since they have not been examined from the perspective of cultural linguistics. The cultural meanings preserved in traditional riddles across nations have not been identified and described. However, filling this gap requires an analysis of the most prominent research works I the field. The most fundamental works on the structure, semantics, and pragmatics of riddles are considered in this...

This article offers a review of the activities of I.P. Khmelnitsky at the Königsberg University of the 1760s, examines the ideational and philosophical context, and identifies the role and position of Khmelnitsky in the intellectual polemics of the mid-18th century. The author emphasises that D. Weymann referred to Khmelnitsky’s works when debating with I. Kant. 1. Аноним. Хмельницкий, Иван Парфентевич // Русский биографический словарь. СПб., 1901. Т. 21. 2. Болотов А. Т. Жизнь и приключения Андрея...

This article emphasises that, in the history of the early Balts (the Aesti and Prussians), amber was a principal means of trade that was exchanged for necessary goods from Europe. In these conditions, amber played a dual role: on the one hand, it stimulated trade connections between the Balts and other peoples, on the other hand, it decelerated their own cultural and technological development. The author’s assumptions ...

... Brands-Kehris I. Citizenship, Participation and Representation // How integrated is Latvian society? Rīga, 2010. 9. Clark H. Using Language. Cambridge, 1996. 10. Diatchkova S. Ethnic Democracy in Latvia // The Fate of ethnic democracy in post-communist Europe. Budapest, 2005. 11. Dribins L. Sabiedrības integrācijas tendences un prettendences Latvijā un Igaunijā // Sabiedrības integrācijas tendences un prettendences, Latvijas un Igaunijas pieredze. Etnisko attiecību aspekts. Rīga, 2008. 12....

The interpretation of Kant’s philosophy by thinkers in pre-Soviet Belarus has been the subject of not a few publications. They described the reception of his seminal ideas, the analysis, polemic and occasionally sharp criticism of these ideas. It is helpful now to look at Kantian studies beginning from the 1920s to the present time. I will show that immediately after the October 1917 revolution and until the 1930s interest in Kant’s teaching was waning. When they turned to his ideas during that period...

In the mid-1760s, Johann Heinrich Lambert wrote a letter to Kant who offered cooperation with a view to reforming metaphysics. Based on the short correspondence between the two philosophers, it can be shown that this cooperation could never really come about. Nevertheless the thesis was sometimes put forward in research that Lambert had a defining influence on Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, also, and above all, with regard to the Newton-critical moments of this natur­al theory...

Sergey Hessen builds his philosophy of culture on Heinrich Rickert’s theory of values. Like Rickert, he believes that the individual plays a key role in the formation of culture. The individual exercises freedom only in creative activity and the degree to which he fulfils his creative potential depends not only on the cultural context in which it happens, but also on the regulation of the opportunities for self-actualisation in any given society. Accordingly, Hessen defines society as the sphere...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

This paper argues whether Kant’s cosmopolitanism entails a specific theory of coercion. I will especially tackle Kant’s account of international political order. First, I claim that Kant attributes a systematic role to the cosmopolitan right, what justifies considering this part of the doctrine of law as a necessary rational conclusion of the legal system, although its institutional embodiment differs from that required by the rights of states. I highlight that according to Kant states may not behave...

... iskusstva [The dying of art. Reflections on the fate of literary and artistic creation. Chapter 4. The dying of art]. In: Samosoznanie kulturyi i iskusstva XX veka. Zapadnaya Evropa i SShA [Self-awareness of culture and art of the twentieth century. Western Europe and the USA]. Moscow; SPb., pp. 352—378. 2. Goethe J. W. 1969, Poeziya i pravda [Poetry and truth], Moscow, 606 p. 3. Goethe J. W. 1976, Sobranie sochineniy [Collected works], v 10 t., Moscow. 4. Heisenberg W. 1989, Fizika i filosofiya. Chast ...

The formation of science and its separation from metaphysics are among the key characteristics of the early modern period. This separation faces a particular problem with conceptualization of body, which, while being a physical body, is closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form a complex tradition, which has significantly influenced Kant’s pre-Critical writings. Reducing that crucial distinction between two substances to the empirical sphere...

... Kaeber E. Die Idee des europеischen Gleichgewichts in der publizistischen Literatur vom 16. bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1907 (Neuauflage Hildesheim: Verlag Dr. H. A. Gerstenberg, 1971). 16. Kagan R. Paradise and Power. America and Europe in the New World Order. London, 2003. 17. Kater T. Forschungsbericht. Der Krieg, die Republik und der Friede: Zur Rezeption von Immanuel Kants Zum ewigen Frieden // Militarismus in Deutschland 1871 bis 1945. Zeitgenössische Analysen und Kritik ...