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... religion of reason and the developing the concept of Judaism. According to Cohen, thinking is the thinking of first elements. However, he understands the first elements not only as the beginning of any thinking process, but also as the first principle of critical thinking, whereas the ‘first principles’ of critical thinking are the act of questioning. Cohen believes that thinking is generated from itself. Thinking sets itself as the goal and objective, which emphasises the self-expanding nature of thinking,...

Constructive (productive) thinking in the critical philosophy of Hermann Cohen differs significantly from the seemingly similar speculative thinking in J. G. Fichte’s Science of Knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre) (1794/95). The fundamental characteristics of scientific thinking in Cohen’s teaching ...

This article addresses the transmission of critical thinking in modern conditions via the humanities. The author identifies the basic features of critical thinking and stresses its significance. The humanities — foremost, philosophy — are considered as a means to create elements of critical thinking....

... Orient Oneself in Thinking?” where he speaks of the “need of reason”. Since the “need of reason” is necessary for the practical interest of reason itself, it directs, according to Kant, not only practical reason, but also general systematic and critical thinking. It is “common sense”, as the location of this “need of reason”, that can and must be accepted as a valid and ra-tional premise for thinking.As a follower of the tradition of Kant’s transcendental philosophy, the founder of Marburg ...

... and rests on a false identity, the disappearance of the very possibility of ethics is no difference between being of nature and being of obligation, the opposition against finalism in the name of necessary natural laws. Therefore, we are talking about thinking that even in small things not engaged in scientific idealism and therefore far from the critical philosophy of Cohen. In the philosophy of Spinoza saw Cohen ontological metaphysics, which is based on the erro-neous principle of identity. It cancels the possibility of the ethics as prevents the existence of nature distinguished from being ...

The article considers the issue of developing students’ critical thinking as an important competence in the 21st century educational context. Having analyzed the international re­search, the authors attempt to present approaches to interpreting the concept of “critical thin­king,” its component composition, and ...

... in Germany and in Russia saw Immanuel Kant’s ideas as seminal for their philosophical research. The main schools of that era were formed in discussions of the problems and the solutions which were proposed by Kant. The methodological legacy of the critical philosophy effectively became the main benchmark of the thinking of a whole generation of intellectuals. Research into the unity of “form” in the structure of human cognition was also in many ways mediated by the Kantian tradition. To prove this thesis I first look at the philosophy of Gustav Shpet who ...

... Hutcheson, has found a place in the teachings of many thinkers. Immanuel Kant was one of them. The position of the theory of moral sense, which exerted a formative influence on Kant’s moral philosophy, varied as it evolved from the pre-critical to the critical period of Kant’s work. In order to find out what this influence was, I first reconstructed the views of Shaftesbury on the nature of the moral sense and then proceeded to analyse the place of this concept in Hutcheson’s philosophy. In the ...

... Gesinnung reveals the whole range of its problematic potential when it has to be translated into other languages: there are no ready-made equivalents. The problem stems from the evolution of this concept in Kant himself from the pre-Critical (“mode of thinking”, “convictions”, “virtuousness”, “virtues”, “sentiments”, “inclinations”, “aspirations”) to the critical works and then in the Critical period in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Further problems arise from the complex pre-Kant­ian history of the concept of Gesinnung which influenced Kant’s philosophy. Among the sources that had a particularly ...

The article describes a new coursebook designed for students studying Biotechnology. The new coursebook facilitates the formation and development of critical thinking skills in the process of foreign language learning. The formation of critical thinking is one of the main objectives of pedagogy since it ensures successful functioning of the individual in the modern information society. 1. Благодатин ...

... centuries and turned the objective world into a correlate of consciousness. I subject this assessment of Kant’s philosophy to critical analysis. I compare two points of view — that of Kant and of Meillassoux — on the essence of the Copernican turn ... ... anti-correlationist programme, in particular, the problematic character of diachronic judgments as well as decentring and desubjectivation of thinking. In conclusion I note that although Meillassoux’s pro­ject in a number of ways repeats the main intentions of post-structuralism,...

... introduction by M. Friedman. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 249-264. Cassirer, E., 1922. The Form of the Concept in Mythical Thinking. In: E. Cassirer, 2013. The Warburg Years (1919–1933): Essays on Language, Art, Myth, and Technology. Translated and ... ... Edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Katsman, R., 2013а. Love and Bewilderment: Matvei Kagan’s Literary Critical Concepts. Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, 11(1), pp. 9-28. Katsman, R., 2013b. Matvei ...

... of ontologies, by changing dualism to pluralism because dualism is too narrow to accommodate all the autonomous components of critical philosophy. Thus spirit and freedom find a new place separate from the sphere of physical nature; the category of adaptation ... ... Interpretation and Defence. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Arnauld, A. and Nicole, P., 1996. Logic, or, The Art of Thinking: Containing, Besides Common Rules, Several New Observations Appropriate for Forming Judgment. Translated and edited by ...

The article is devoted to the polemic with Alexander Kravchenko regarding his thesis that the way out of the protracted crisis in linguistics is to use a systemic approach to linguistic semiosis as biological adaptation. The author argues that linguistics is not in a state of crisis but rather in a state of stagnation. Overcoming it presupposes an intensive methodological search that infinitely expands the horizons of permissible views rather than the use of a sys­tem approach that is inadequate...

... article published in his lifetime, “Immanence: A Life”, in which Deleuze brings up the question of the transcendental field. Despite the fact that Kant and Deleuze are more often contrasted than considered as possible allies, and despite the cases of criticisms of Kant by Deleuze, I defend the thesis that their philosophical projects are firmly linked. Considering Kant’s presence in Deleuze’s study, I conclude that Kant’s philosophy has shaped some key aspects of the French philosopher’s thinking — in particular, the concept of “transcendental empiricism” — and also has influenced Deleuze’s ideas about difference, becoming, ground and immanence. Agamben, G., 1999. Absolute Immanence. In: D. Heller-Roazen, ed. 1999. Potentialities: ...

... history of materialism and philosophical-sociological texts on literary classics) and her epistolary legacy (most notably her correspondence with Plekhanov) show that, for her, rethinking the ideas of Kant was a reference point in the “critique of criticism” directed at the epistemological reasoning of Neo-Kantians, on the one hand, and at the Russian thinkers who had embraced “idealism” on the other. This was essentially the approach adopted by scholars at the Historical Materialism Department ...

... with those of the thinkers of the ‘late and mature phase’ of German idealism (A. Trendelenburg, R. G. Lotze, and G. Teichmüller). A historical and theoretical analysis of the neo-Kantian and neo-Leibnizian ideas helps to identify the similarities (criticism and the belief in ‘pure experience’ as the basis of science) and differences between the two concepts (the interpretation of ‘pure experience’ as personal and individual vs the propensity to ‘formalise’ and ‘objectify’ it). It ...

This article considers the development and conceptual content of university education in the diachronic and synchronic dimensions; the author analyses its role in the formation of critical thinking. The latter is interpreted in the value-instrumental rather than logical-methodological sense. 1.  Антология педагогической мысли христианского средневековья: пособие для учащихся ...

... ed. Yazyk i kultura konca XX veka [Language and cul­ture of the end of the XX century]. Moscow (in Russ.). Lakoff, G., 1988. Thinking in the mirror of classifiers. Novoe v zarubezhnoj ling­vistike [New in foreign linguistics], 23, pp. 12—52 (in Russ.... ... pp. 24—39. Fairclough, N., 2003. Analysing Discourse. Textual Analysis for Social Research. Lon­don. Fairclough, N., 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: the Critical Study of Language. Lon­don. Fairclough, N., 1989. Language and Power. London. Grice,...

... antiquity. Jonas’s diagnosis has not lost its relevance. That is why the central question addressed in this study is as follows: what prescription does the Kantian programme offer for modernity’s “gnostic dizziness?” I maintain that Kant’s critical turn is still an effective strategy by means of which to compensate for the sudden stresses and “gnostic impulses” provoked by the modern worldview revolution, bringing back an “orientation in thinking” which reorients the world process and individual activity. The imperative to always see and respect humanity in a particular individual warns against the “category mistake” committed by modern radicals who ascribe agency (subjectivity) ...

... House. (In Rus.) Semyonov, V. Ye., 2012. Dominiruyushchie paradigmy transcendentalizma v zapadnoevropejskoj filosofii [Dominant Paradigms of Transcendentalism in West European Philosophy]. Moscow: ROSSPEN. (In Rus.) Semyonov, V. Ye., 2022. Constructive Thinking in the Critical Philosophy of Hermann Cohen. Kantian Journal, 41(3), pp. 76-101. (In Rus.) Semyonov, V. Ye., 2023. Kant and Marburg School. RUDN Journal of Philosophy, 27(3), pp. 541-555. (In Rus.) Soboleva, M., 2020. Transcendentalism and its Forms. Studies ...

... in the true God in Wolff’s philosophy is obligatory for achieving the supreme degree of virtue, whereas pagans and atheists can achieve only its lowest degree. Kant criticises traditional proofs of the existence of God both in his pre-critical and critical periods. The author looks at the role God plays in Kant’s practical philosophy. Comparing the positions of Kant and Wolff, the author finds many similarities between them. Chief of them is that although both thinkers saw the moral/natural law ...

... Marburg School and still continues among those who study that School. The reason for this is that “fitting” philosophical thinking about the phenomenon of religion into the classical triad of any system of philosophy, i. e. effectively formulating ... ... the problems of religion and its place in philosophical constructions, Cohen and Natorp, first, retained their commitment to critical idealism and remained loyal to their philosophical school to the end and, second, followed the principle of mutual respect,...

.... How philosophy cannot appeal to experience, and how it can. In: D. M. Levin, ed. Language Beyond Postmodernism: Saying and thinking in Gendlin’s philosophy. Evanston, pp. 3—41. Glasersfeld, E. von, 1995. Radical Constructivism: a way of knowing ... ... London. Zahavi, D., 2003. Inner time-consciousness and pre-reflective self-awareness. In: D. Welton, ed. The New Husserl: A critical reader. Bloomington, pp. 157—180.

... correspondence with the last two writers went a long way to shape and develop Strakhov’s perception of Kant as a thinker. Indeed, without a virtual dialogue with Kant no modern philosophical system can be built. Strakhov’s reflections on the Kantian style of thinking, adoption of Kantian criticism as the model of epistemic analysis in many ways determined the features of his own philosophical work and became a catalyst of renewed interest in Russia in the Kantian philosophy in the last third of the nineteenth century. Donskov, A....

This article provides a comparative analysis of I. Kant’s and F. Nietzsche’s critical approaches, which is carried out in the context of the thinkers’ attitudes to the problem of the Enlightenment. In ... .... 139—150. 2. Volkova N., Ivanov M. 2014, Svobodnoe myshlenie i otvet I. Kanta na vopros: chto takoe prosveshchenie? [Free thinking and Kant’s answer to the question: What is Enlightenment?], IX Kantovskie chteniya… [IX Kantian reading…], p. 238—241....

... by Peirce. He reduced the number of categories, changed their content, and transformed analytic and synthetic judgements into ampliative and explicative reasoning. Kant helped Peirce to overcome the doctrine of nominalism and develop the doctrine of critical realism. This paper addresses the existential graph theory, which is scrutinised from the perspective of transformations of Kant’s ideas. The graph theory was chosen, firstly, because of its chronological significance — it is the last logical ...

... is a phenom­enon associated with cognitive and conceptual processes; it reflects the inter­dependence of the individual's thinking and the peculiarities of the language representation of certain concepts. Understanding the process of information transfer ... ... emergence of metaphor in discourse // Applied Linguistics. 2006. № 27/4. P. 671—690. 11. Charteris-Black J. Corpus approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis. N. Y., 2004. 12. Fabiszak M. A Conceptual Metaphor approach to war discourse and its impli­cations....

... metod v literaturovedenii. Marksizm i filosofiya yazyka. Stat'I [(under the mask). Freudianism. The formal method in literary criticism. Marxism and the philosophy of language. Article]. Moscow (in Russ.). Barkhudarov, L. S., 1978, Yazyk i perevod (Voprosy ... ... in­ter­preting — A Contribution. Hermes, 23, pp. 153—172. Goldin-Meadow, S., 2003. Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think. Cambrid­ge, MA. Gullberg, M., 2006. Handling discourse: Gestures, reference tracking, and com­mu­ni­cation strategies ...

In his 1916 book, History as a Problem of Logic, Gustav Shpet undertakes the task of reconstructing the whole Kantian conception of history, previously scattered in various articles and minor works of the critical period. He builds the reconstruction around Kant’s Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective, with a focus on the a priori ‘thread’ in history and not empirical history. Shpet’s general assessment of Kant’s contribution ...

... analysis, the underlying thesis of this analysis being that words, terms and concepts are not the same thing: one and the same word or word combination can denote different terms, and the concept is a term in each particular doctrine. The object of critical analysis is the function of Humboldt’s term “inner form of language” and the way this term was transformed, according to Shpet, into “the concept of inner form” over time by various thinkers — Plato, Plotinus, Goethe, Humboldt and ...

... & New York: Bloomsbury, pp. 441-442. Krug, W. T., 1828. Handbuch der Philosophie und der philosophischen Literatur: in 2 Volumes. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Machkarina, O. D., 2011a. The Problem of Subjectivity in the Philosophy of F. A. Golubinsky: Critical Perception of the Ideas of I. Kant. Vestnik of Murmansk State Technical University, 14 (1), pp. 161-169. (In Rus.) Machkarina, O. D., 2011b. Recepciya kriticheskoj filosofii I. Kanta v Rossii XIX veka [Reception of the Critical Philosophy of ...

... Rationalität. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 67(5), pp. 851-873. Mitchell, M., 2019. Artificial Intelligence. A Guide for Thinking Humans. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Nagl, L., 1983. Gesellschaft und Autonomie. Historisch-systematische Studien ... ... of AI. In: H. Nagl- Docekal and W. Zacharasiewicz, eds., 2022. Artificial Intelligence and Human Enhancement. Affirmative and Critical Approaches in the Humanities. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 33-50. Nida-Rümelin, J. and Weidenfeld, N., 2018. Digitaler Humanismus....

... P. 1967. The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect. Oxford Review, 5, pp. 5-15. Goldberg, N., 2021. You Think Vaccine Mandates Are Controversial? What If the Police Pinned You Down and Injected You? Los Angeles Times, 29 Sep., [online].... ....com/hubfs/COVID-19/White%20paper%202020%20-%20SIAARTI%20-%20Covid-19%20-%20Clini... ; [Accessed on 7 Mai 2021]. White, D. B., Katz, M., Luce, J., Lo, B. et al., 2020. Allocation of Scarce Critical Care Resources during a Public Health Emergency. Posted by University of Pittsburgh, Department of Critical Care Medicine,...

... Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Norton, J., 2004. Why Thought Experiments do not Transcend Empiricism. In: C. Hitchcock, ed. 2004. Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Science. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, pp. 44-66. Ramsey, F. P., 1923. Critical Notice of L. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Mind, 32(128), pp. 465-478. Ryle, G., 2009. Philosophical Arguments. In: G. Ryle, 2009. Collected Papers, Volume 2: Collected Essays 1929 — 1968. London & New York: Routledge, pp. 203-221. https://doi....

... the most successful translators of the first Critique. However, his own philosophical project is rather the opposite of the critical programme. While in the framework of Lossky’s epistemology the specificities of his reading of Kant have received a ... ... Lossky’s ethics. A demonstration of the degree of Kant’s influence in this field will enlarge and concretise the current thinking about Lossky’s perception of Kant. We are looking at a whole range of parallels and borrowings. My comparative analysis ...

... 1885. Kants Theorie der Erfahrung. Second Edition. Dümmler, 1885. Edgar, S., 2022. Hermann Cohen on the Role of History in Critical Philosophy. European Journal of Philosophy, 30(1), pp. 148-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12654 Kant, I., 2007. Anthropology ... ... Edited by G. Zöller and R.B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 227-429. Lapshin, I.I., 1900. About Cowardice in Thinking. A Study on the Psychology of Metaphysical Thinking. Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii, 5(55), pp. 817-881. (In Rus.) Lapshin,...

... existence of the transcendental subject, whatever the term means, is not open to question since it arises from the very essence of critical philosophy, the fundamental status of the subject is sometimes questioned in this period. Although the meaning of the ... ... the concept of the transcendental subject, even though the results of their reflections did not always coincide. These authors think of the transcendental subject in its relationship to the transcendental object, or as “something = х”, and in terms ...

... that Kant was fairly familiar with the main theses of Crusian philosophy. Some scholars proceed from the study of Kantian vocabulary. Some of the terms Kant uses, especially in his early works which later formed the basis of his ethical teaching in the critical period, can be traced to the terms of Crusian philosophy. However, an alternative view is that Kant was primarily influenced by Wolffian philosophy (mainly through Baumgarten), while the direct influence of Crusius remains unproven. I examine ...

This paper presents a critical review of an article by the eminent Russian Kantianist Prof A. N. Kruglov published under the title “Immaturity and the objective of a true reform in ways of thinking” in Kantovsky Sbornik (issues 3—4, 2014). The critical analysis focuses on the practical conclusion, in which Prof Kruglov expresses his negative attitude to the French Revolution and shows ambiguous disapproval of Kant’s positive attitude to it. This ambiguity can discredit modern practical philosophy,...

... contribution to the establishment and consolidation of classicist aesthetics on a national level. The article addresses the critic’s role in the development of literature, his influence on the formation of aesthetic taste, his mediation between the ... ... traces the nature of the unfolding of his critical-theoretical discourse, reflecting the principle of aesthetic-philosophical thinking of French classicism as a whole.

The article deals with the problems of media education for language students. The author assumes that the most efficient ways of developing students’ critical thinking skills is the integration of language and media education. The key role in such integrated course may belong to a complex of task-oriented activities based on media texts. 1. Гуцал Е.   А. Реалити-шоу на современном ...

....narod.ru/index . htm [Accessed 20 November 2023] (in Russ.). Landow, G., 1992. Hypertext. The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Baltimore . Lanham, R. A., 1993. The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts.... ... Chi­cago; London. Lotman, Yu. M., 1996. Vnutri myslyashchikh mirov. Chelovek — tekst — semiosfera — istoriya [Inside thinking worlds. Man — text — semiosphere — history]. Moscow (in Russ.). Manovich, L ., 2001 . The Language of New Media ...

... translations or translations into other languages are viewed as interpretations and become objects of study. While Heidegger repeatedly criticizes the understanding of language as communication, and Ortega y Gasset takes a fundamentally anti-communicative position,... ... 2000. Translating Heidegger’s Works into English: The History and the Possibility. Heidegger Studies, 16. Being-historical Thinking and Fundamental Onto­lo­gy: Greek Tradition in and beyond Modern Physics, pp. 115—138. Moore, M. A., 2016. Heidegger’s ...

... Beliefs? Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 78, pp. 215—241. Blumberg, K. and Lederman, Н., 2021. Revisionist Reporting. Philosophical Stu­dies, 178, pp. 755—783, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-020-01457-4 . Bowell, T., Cowan, R. and Kemp, G., 2020. Critical Thinking: A Concise Guide. 5th ed. Routledge. Demirok, Ö., 2019. Scope Theory Revisited: Lessons from pied-piping in wh-questions. PhD thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dolgorukov, V. V., 2015. Logiko-epistemicheskii status pragmaticheskikh ...