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... concepts of enlightenment formulated by M. Mendelssohn in the article “On the question: what does ‘to enlighten’ mean?” and I. Kant in the article “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?’”. The author emphasises the paramount significance of Kant’s Copernican turn, which assigns the agent the responsibility for everything they do and everything that depends on them and facilitates, in Habermas’s words, “the structural transformation of the public sphere”. 1. Кант ...

... condition for possibility of the only kind of relationship worthy of humanity and compatible with morality. This condition is discovered by Kant beyond the borders of ethics. Therefore, it is not discussed within those borders any more. The crucial significance of love based on aesthetic taste to Kantian anthropology evokes some superficial Kantian objections but proves to be justified by the philosophy of the culture of free personality as striving towards the integral self, as it was formulated later in German idealism. 1. Kant, I. 1965, Metafisika nravov (Metaphysics of Morals), in: Kant, Immanuel. Sochineniya v 6 ...

... experience, and on the so-called ‘constructivism’. The conflict of interpretations goes so far that some consider Kant to be a conceptualist, while others consider him an anti-conceptualist. For some, he is an internalist and, for others, an externalist.... ... structure of experience to demonstrate the realistic status of Kant’s cognitive objects. In conclusion, the author stresses the significance of Kant’s project from the perspective of the contemporary theory of cognition. 1. Kant, I. 2006а, Kritika ...

The first part of the article describes general development of Kant studies in Königsberg as a local movement (not a school) with some special traits, which has significantly contributed to the culture of the town. Core activities were formed by the Society of Kant’s Friends, as well as by archival studies, i. e. collecting, annotating and publishing Kant’s manuscripts, correspondence, and lecture notes. ...

The origin of science and the demarcation between science and metaphysics are the main features of early modern period. This demarcation faces a particular problem with conceptualisation of body, which can be considered both as just physical body and as closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form the complex tradition, which significantly influenced Kant’s precritical writings. Limitation of the crucial distinction between these two substances to the empirical sphere and the view on soul and body as homogeneous phenomena are the main peculiarities of Kant's position. ...

... Not unlike Critiques, where Kant moves from the theoretical to the practical, studies on religion proceed from the theoretical significance of the idea of God considered in the Lectures to the practical aspects of this idea addressed in the Religion. The ... ... which is completely absent in Religion. Religion places a much stronger emphasis on the need for the moral perfection of human beings than the Lectures do. However, it would be wrong to assume that the Lectures present a position different from the responsibility ...

... attitudes to the problem of the Enlightenment. In spite of a rather peculiar understanding of the Enlightenment, which differed significantly from that of their contemporaries, Kant and Nietzsche have remarkably similar ideas. The author reconstructs the ... ... ‘warped wood’ is replaced by the ‘rope over an abyss’ and the immature majority by masses. Inasmuch a person should never be treated as a means, the thinkers avoid the gap between enlightenment and the current process of realisation of the Enlightenment ...

... rational knowledge. Such an approach to the role of metaphysics, as well as demarcation of the border between philosophy and psychology amid the need for coherent knowledge provoked sharp criticism. The author describes Vvednesky’s position, which can be traced in all of his later works. Its central elements is the need to create a coherent understanding of the world providing answers to all the phenomena of human existence, including those traditionally interpreted as objects of nonscientific knowledge....

... Zagirnyak, M. Y., 2012, Filosofsko-pravovye idei S. I. Gessena: istoriko-filosofskij kontekst [Philosophical and legal ideas of S. I. Hessen]. Thesis, Moscow. 14. Zagirnyak, M. Y., 2017, Znachenie prava dlya svobody lichnosti v filosofii S. I. Gessena [The significance of the law for the individual freedom in the philosophy of Sergius Hessen], in: Nauchno-tekhnicheskij progress i sovremennoe obshchestvo: sbornik nauchnyh trudov po materialam I Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii molodyh uchenyh ...

... Russian philosophers’ publications in German periodicals of the late 19th/early 20th centuries. At the time, Germany boasted a significant number of journals dedicated to philosophy or addressing philosophical problems. Even in the first approximation, ... ... Russian thought on the philosophy of the German-language space. This influ¬ence is accounted for by the phenomenon that would be later called the ‘Silver age of Russian phi¬losophy’ and the phenomenon of Russian philosophy abroad — a product of ...

... both the human method of cognition in general [CPR, B 25] and certain types of cognition aimed at justifying their objective significance. This article aims to explicate Kant’s understanding (resp. justification) of the abstract nature of mathematical ... ... the heart of modern mathematical formalism, intuitionism, and constructivism. Within Kant’s constructivism, mathematics can be described as a two-tier system, which suggests a “shift” from the level of concepts of the understanding to the level of ...

... Neo-Kantianism studies in Poland. Although the number and quality of studies on the history of Russian Neo-Kantianism cannot be equated to those on the history of German Neo-Kantianism, the situation is improving. The authors stress the undeniable progress ... ... ontologization of cognitive process and the recognition of existential characteristics of the knowing subject as primary and exerting a significant impact on its cognitive structure. This ‘ontological turn’, typical of Russian Neo-Kantianism and, in particular,...

... of content of domain of law and concept of subjectivity. Nikolay Alexeev overcomes concept of subjectivity represented in philosophy of early modern period of European history, (primarily in the rationalistic tradition of Rene Descartes). The crucial significant in his concept of law is got neo-kantian axiology of Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert. Following to neo-kantian thinkers Alexeev indicates, that genesis of culture is measured because a priori values are exist. Therefore individual ...

... important element as the antinomy of pure theoretical reason. Of course, it is implied in the text: Kant’s reasoning is based on it and takes it into account. However, it is not explicitly expressed. Instead of this crucial structural element, which would significantly simplify the understanding of such a complicated treatise, the Critique of Pure Reason presents the system of antinomies of the cosmological idea of pure reason. However, these phenomena are not identical — there is a great difference ...

... both the human method of cognition in general [CPR, B25] and certain types of cognition aimed at justifying their objective significance. This article aims to explicate Kant’s understanding (resp. justification) of the abstract nature of mathematical ... ... человеческой природе // Юм Д. Соч. : в 2 т. М., 1965. Т. 1. С. 128. 26. Benacerraf P. What Numbers Could not Be // The Philosophical Review. 1965. Vol. 74, № 1. 27. Beth E. Mathematical Thought. Dordrecht, 1965. 28. Burgess J., Rosen ...

... analysis in L. G. von Jakob’s work. It is explained why Kant had to participate in debates with his opponents, despite the resolution to avoid them and concentrate on constructing a consistent and thus solid and effective system of philosophy. The significance of Kant’s small polemic works lies in that they explain the key elements of his system. Due to the objection to Mendelssohn’s reduction of philosophical debates to linguistic misunderstandings, i. e. discussions of words, it becomes clear ...

... people striving for peace with all their hearts. The author of the article believes that the idea of perpetual peace formulated by Saint-Pierre, Rousseau, and Kant is always relevant for the humanity. At the same time, the author stresses that more significant results in establishing peace and politics were achieved in the second half of the 20th century than ever before. Kant played the decisive role in this process being the only philosopher who took the issue of philosophical justification of perpetual peace to the logical conclusion. One can say that the humanity is now firmly on the path towards perpetual peace, whose philosophical justification was given by ...

By the end of the 19th century, after three partitions of Rzeczpospolita by the neighbouring powers, about half of its territory became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. These geopolitical changes had significant social implications for the Polish population.Jan Swiecicki was one of many Polish students to be sent to German-speaking gymnasia. Some of them continued their education at the oldest Prussian university, the Albertina. Selected pas¬sages from letters dated 1802—1806 give an idea of the organisation of education and living conditions of Königsberg ...

... sensibility and objective and formal reason, Kant gives preference to reason as the ground for morals. In this function, reason should be necessarily interpreted as reason connected with good will. The consideration of this principle of Kant’s ethical theory ... ... creation of a moral world based on the principle of the free legislation of reason, which consists in that the criteria for the significance of provisions of such legislation is the possibility of transforming them into a universal law, is possible only ...

... ontology. Thus, art is the experience of truth. In Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics, the basis of art is the notion of mimesis, which is not the Platonic copy of idea, but an increase in being. Gadamer uses lyrical poetry to show that mimesis should be regarded as transformation into structure (Verwandlung ins Gebilde) and addresses the world as a significant whole. He explains mimesis in poetry by analogy with the “inner word” doctrine and comes to the conclusion that the finite human language is rooted in the infinite whole of the world’s experience, which makes a lyrical poem a hermeneutical ...

... Kant’s enlightenment is a political project. The author focuses on the philosophical prerequisites and the essence of this project and analyses the difference between the “public” and “private” use of reason. The article emphasises the major significance of this difference for developing the ideal of enlightenment in the field of politics. It is suggested that this ideal be seen in the evolutionarydevelopment of society based on the transformation of public consciousness. Kant’s view that the key discourse for social development consists in a comprehensive critique of social reality by a citizen capable of self-determination ...

... attempt to give I. Kant “credit” for the Constitution of Russian Federation. Of course, the articles of Constitution require significant improvement so that they adhere to the letter and the spirit of Kant’s ideas on state and law. The article stresses ... ... consideration of the sources of these phenomena. Without a philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of law, lawyers will be able to neither understand Kant’s “idealism”, nor explain the connection between this idealism and legal practice. The ...

... ideas on Fet’s worldview. The author demonstrates that the poet was not a strict follower of A. Schopenhauer, since he interpreted the German pessimist’s doctrine cum grano salis. The influence of Kant’s ideas on A. Fet was, at least, not less significant. 1. Благой Д. Д. Мир как красота // Фет А. А. Вечерние огни. М., 1981. 2. Григорьев Ап. Мои литературные и нравственные скитальчества // Григорьев ...

... subject matter of the article is the problem of justification of punishment within Kant’s practical philosophy. Modern interpretations tend to reduce this problem to the issue of “retributivism”: To what extent is Kant’s theory of punishment to be regarded as retributivist? While acknowledging the significance of this question the author stresses a more fundamental one lying behind it: Is a non-contradictory theory of punishment conceivable at all within Kant’s philosophy? It is demonstrated that a solution of this question largely determines ...

... ideas on Fet’s worldview. The author demonstrates that the poet was not a strict follower of A. Schopenhauer, since he interpreted the German pessimist’s doctrine cum grano salis. The influence of Kant’s ideas on A. Fet was, at least, not less significant. 1. Зеньковский В.В. История русской философии. Т. 1, ч. 2. Л., 1991. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // И. Кант. Соч. : в 6 т. Т. 3. М., 1964. 3. Л. Н. Толстой ...

On the basis of Hannah Arendt's political philosophy, the author analyses the capability of the Internet to fulfil the functions of public realm, as well as the significance and prospects of the World Wide Web as a communication medium for political being. 1. Арендт, Х. Vita activa, или о деятельной жизни / пер. с нем. и англ. В. В. Бибихина; под ред. Д. М. Носова. СПб.: Алетея, 2000. 2. Арендт Х. Истоки тоталитаризма ...

The formation of science and its separation from metaphysics are among the key characteristics of the early modern period. This separation faces a particular problem with conceptualization of body, which, while being a physical body, is closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form a complex tradition, which has significantly influenced Kant’s pre-Critical writings. Reducing that crucial distinction between two substances to the empirical sphere and the interpretation of soul and body as homogeneous phenomena are the main peculiarities of Kant’s position....

John Rawls’s interpretation of Kant’s categorical imperative is reviewed, some significant aspects of Rawls’ treatment of key notions of rationality, interests and ends are revealed, which limit the possibilities of application of Kantian ethics within Rawls’ liberal egalitarianism. 1. Калинников Л. А. Категорический ...

... real-life prob­lems. The stages of implementing an educational project in the context of interdisciplinary in­tegration are also discussed. International experience in applying the project-based learning me­thod in various subject areas demonstrates its significant impact on the development of stu­dents’ critical thinking skills and overall academic performance.

... research methodology of the mental lexicon and language consciousness. Most studies of language consciousness do not differ in any significant way from studies of the mental lexicon, and this is not recognized or is hushed up by their authors. The problem of ... ... analysis of empirical material. To distinguish itself from mental lexicon research, 1) language consciousness research must be comparative; 2) the comparison should be carried out on activities that are regular for at least one of the compared groups; ...

... development is characterized by a complex approach to the study of interdisciplinary categories, among which the image category should be attributed. In contemporary research on psycholinguistics, semiotics, discursology, semantics, stylistics, linguoculturology,... ... aspects of the image of linguistic and artistic are considered. At the same time, the image of a woman appears not only as a significant image of the Russian conceptual sphere, but also as an essential component of M. A. Sholokhov’s artistic picture ...

... depersonalization”. The article, therefore, is structured in three parts with a conclusion. The first two introductory sections are about the crucial importance of interdisciplinary approach in cognitive linguistic studies, and memory’s interpretative significance in constructing self-narration. Ultimately, in section 3, we offer an analysis of some extracts from the text in question which show how “the strategy of depersonalization” is being omplemented by the author.

The article examines the scope and significance of semantic transformations of the secondary text — the fairy tale Der Ritter Blaubart” by Alfred Döblin. The article reveals that the transformation of the tale, which emerged in the stream of post-modernism, is a complex formation ...

... A higher level of anxiety and more pronounced depressive tendencies were found in respondents living in a nursing home. The significance of differences was assessed using the Mann — Whitney U-test. The empirical results of the study led to the conclusion ... ... and corrective psychological measures in order to maintain the psychological health of the elderly. Psychological work must be targeted at depressive manifestations, situational anxiety, general neuropsychic tension, level of life satisfaction, general ...

... have been identified: orientation towards alternative educational policy in contrast to unifying global education reforms; decentralization of planning, content and focus of the curricula in teacher training as a reflection of university autonomy; the significant prevalence of practical and research components over theoretical training of pre-service teachers. The main goal of teacher training is stated by universities and the professional expert community in general; it is supported by the parliament ...

... historical periods, as well as the reasons for such changes. The paper also studies the trends in the selection of names, identifies the criteria for a fashionable name and lists the popular names of the current time. The meaning of the name turns out to be significant to understanding the female linguistic personality.

... performed by these names are determined. There is noted an asymmetry in the composition of unofficial names for the residents of Kaliningrad compared to the demonyms that can potentially serve as motivating bases. It is established that the presence of a significant number of pejorative nominations within the framework of the regional onomasticon is driven by the residents’ desire to improve the city’s condition and preserve their own identity.

... new global concepts that function in a synthetic communication space with the view to exchanging information in the public space. The study aims to identify and describe some new concepts German borrowed from foreign cultures and to search the most significant linguistic associations in German-speaking media in order to identify the valuable of the new concepts.

The article provides a brief historical and pedagogical overview of the orientation of graduates of educational institutions toward the teaching profession in the 19th and 20th cen­tu­ries. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the significance of curricula and prog­rams with the emergence of pedagogical training in women’s educational organizations. The ex­pe­rience of educational institutions, particularly the Alexandrov School and the Smolny Insti­tu­te of Noble Maidens,...

... place”, written by M. I. Voskresensky, little known author of the “second line” is revealed through the changes the main character has undergone within three years and female twin-images, who look similar, but differ in nature. Duality plays a significant role in novel’s plot, it reveals characters’ personalities. At the same time duality of female images becomes a moment of their testing, examination of their morality and feelings. Male images (Linsky and Lonsky) do not pass this test,...

... themselves and more demands from the partner to maintain unreasonably deep emotional relationships. Respondents with high codependency do not seek to start new relationships, expecting initiative from the others, while they themselves avoid open contact. The significance of the connection was assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation.

... comparative and historical-genetic methods, as well as philological interpretation. A. I. Kuprin’s “Four beggars” is defined by the author as a legend, though this is not the only genre structure where the narrative is developed by the author. Significant influence here is the narrative strategies of the parable and the novella, transforming the genre structure of the legend. The genre identifiers of the legend are found in the title complex and the plot structure, objectifying the precedent ...

... attitude to things as well as give an idea of something by making the addressee visualize it. The results show the latter’s significance in the information perception by the addressee. 1. Arutyunova N. D. Aesthetic and antiaesrhetic aspects of humour ... ....com/2012/10/23/full-text-campaign-buzz-october-23-2012-president-barack-obamas-speech-at-a-campaign-event-in-delray-beach-florida-presses-post-debate-attack-on-romnesia/ [accessed 15 April 2022]. 20. Proto L. Who’s pulling your strings? How to stop being manipulated by your own personalities. Wellingborough, 1993. 21. Schiller G. Mind manipulators. Moscow, 1980 (in Russ.)....

The article examines the potential of the subjective modality as a tool to implement the author’s intentions in the texts of the first Russian printed newspaper «The Vedomosti». The article reveals a significant role of the subjective-modal meanings built over the objective modality through a number of expressive tools (modality units, parenthetical words and structures, particles). The author illustrates and qualifies the modal syncretism of the ...

... appear to conflict with those imposed by the British educational system. A study of the school system features shows that it is unable to lead Stephen to the creation of a full-fledged ideal which he could follow. At the same time the home loses its significance to him which leads to a complete change in ideological attitudes. An analysis of the hero’s inner world reveals that self-education does not only help Stephen to achieve success but also awakens the desire to remain an eternal student at ...

... feedback is provided in the accounts of both groups. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences in the indicators of these groups. The quality and scale of psychological care provided by professional psychologists and parapsychologists differed significantly. The research considered strengths and weaknesses of the implemented psychological assistance. It is noted that when organizing psychological assistance in Instagram, the follow­ing methods of psychotherapy and psychological counseling ...

... selecting lexical units with perceptual semantics as well as their pattern of use are determined by the language system peculiarities and current ideas of holiness. The paper reviews the means of linguistic explica­tion of perceptional processes that are significant for describing holiness. The dominance of visual perception as a process that determines interaction with the real world (which is reflected in the direct meanings of linguistic units) and also reveals a connection with mental activity (reflected ...

The paper considers the main schools of communicative-functional analy­sis model of the sentence, the most significant function of which is determin­ing interrelation between semantic and syntactic organization of the sentence and the context (text, discourse, communicative register, functional style etc.) it is functioning in. The importance in the primary ...

... the tendencies how the English language influences the foreign words and loanwords in the modern German language irrespective of the word origin. The results of the present study have both theoretical meaning value for the linguistic aspect, they are significant for evaluating the processes which are intensively occurring in the time of information sciences technology, and also important for the German language teaching. 1. Волкова Т. И. Процессы фонетической ассимиляции ...

The article analyses linguistic and cultural features of specialised transla­tion in the steel industry. Technical translation has always been in high de­mand and occupies a significant niche in the translation services market. At the same time, experts mention the frequency of low-quality translations, which indicates certain issues in this type of practice. The authors attempt to consider the most frequent challenges in ...