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... as a form of speech etiquette. This relic language practice, rooted in Indo-European archaic traditions, represents a manifes­ta­tion of the rite of passage and allows individuals of Ossetian origin, who may have lost their na­tive language due to external circumstances, to demonstrate their cultural identity. It is suggested that the occurrence of such speech behaviour is strongly influenced by the specific time and place, where forced emigration to Europe not only contributes to the preservation ...

... text and the world of the translated text. For example, in the case of French subjunctive forms, which are grammatically mandatory in the original language, they often need to be replaced with indicative forms in the target language, such as Russian. Externally, this transformation appears as a change from expressing a possibility in one world to making a statement about the actual world. Various techniques for transforming French inserts in the original Russian text (in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War ...

... framework of such an interpretation of right. By turning to Kant, one of the pillars of the modern egalitarian universalist conception of human dignity, we can trace the idea of personal dignity back to its origin as an absolute inner value which, unlike external material benefits, has no equivalent, and involves self-legislation, restriction of freedom, and the fulfilling of moral duty. Achenwall, G., 1763. Juris naturalis pars posterior complectens jus familiae, jus publicum et jus gentium in ...

... noumenal selves, not being in time, are not determined by the necessity of causal laws of nature, but can be determined by the moral law of their pure practical reason which they give to themselves. The actions of the will, observable volitions and external actions, can therefore, at the same time, be under the necessitating law of nature, i.e. be unfree, and, as appearances of the self-determination of their noumenal will (by fulfilling the demands of the moral law), be free. Two professors of ...

... of ridding nature of destructiveness. Thirdly and finally, the Russian philosopher maintains that an indispensable condition of human virtue and the attainment of happiness is the regulation of nature by the human being through prescribing for it an external goal as its own. Aristotle, 1957. On the Soul. In: Aristotle, 1957. On the Soul. Parva Naturalia. On Breath. Translated by W. S. Hett. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, pp. 2-203. Cooper, A., 2016. Nature’s Ultimate End: Hope and ...

... Here they have two main meanings: the principle of adjudication corresponds to the objective foundation of volition, whereas the principle of execution points to the objective foundation; to adjudicate moral duty reason alone is enough, to execute it external (divine) will needs to be posited. The research has established that Kant borrows these concepts from the lecture course on logic where their main meaning is different: the principle of adjudication serving to determine theoretical cognition ...

... analysis of Dostoevsky's and Marx's perspectives, that despite differences in their under­standing of freedom and its attainment, their positions can be seen as complementary. Dosto­evsky advocated for inner spiritual improvement, while Marx prioritized external structural change. Research indicates that these perspectives can mutually reinforce each other. The au­thors assert and support the thesis that according to Dostoevsky, achieving spiritual freedom is feasible through labour activity, a concept ...

... [Inside thinking worlds. Man — text — semiosphere — history]. Moscow (in Russ.). Manovich, L ., 2001 . The Language of New Media . Cambridge . McLuhan, H. M., 2003. Ponimanie media: Vneshnie rasshireniya cheloveka [Unders­tanding Media: Human External Extensions]. Translated by V. Nikolaev. Moscow (in Russ.). Müller, J., 1996. Intermedialität: Formen moderner kultureller Kommunikation . Münster. Nelson, T., 1987. Computer Lib/Dream Machines . Seattle; Washington. Paul, Ch., 2017. Tsifrovoe ...

... accent], 9 (4), pp. 78—92, https://doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2018-4-7 (in Russ.). Veselova, N. A., 2001. Verbal in visual poetry. In: Vnutrennie i vneshnie granitsy filologicheskogo znaniya: Materialy Letnei shkoly molodogo filologa [Internal and external boundaries of philological knowledge: Materials of the Summer School of Young Philologist]. Kaliningrad, pp. 101—105 (in Russ.). Vinokur, G. O., 2006. Kul'tura yazyka [Language culture]. Moscow (in Russ.). Zelinsky, K., 1924. Constructivism ...

... acids or proteins but the processes of activation or suppression. Communication and information processes at the biomolecular level allow pragmatics to be understood as semiotic operations associated with intra-system self-regulation and the system's external interaction with its context (environment). The processes within a system, as described by Alexander Spirov, create contexts and interfaces for interaction between different systems. This implies that a system of signs can act as an agent that ...

... region during the second decade of the 21st century. The empirical basis of the study consists of ethnic statistics at the municipal level, derived from the 2010 and 2021 population censuses. The article employs original methodologies for identifying the external boundaries of two-component ethno-contact zones, assessing their degree of distinctiveness and ethnic contrast, and determining the stages of their development over a given time period. The key trends in the dynamics of Slavic-Turkic contact ...

... which intuitions are ordered in accordance with a priori categories. The following conditions of the homogeneity of experience are assessed as being original and going beyond the epistemological problematics: 1) the homogeneity of the consciousness of external things and self-consciousness, and 2) the unity of experience created by the end-goals of the pure application of reason. In conclusion, I examine Kant’s hypothesis that the transcendental affinity of phenomena creates the homogeneity of mental ...

... situated at the intersection of visual communication, media urbanistics, and social semiotics. The key research methods include critical discourse analysis, visual observation, and surveying. Their combined application made it possible to describe the external design of third places as a combination of verbal and nonverbal signs that construct the local identity of the space and to reveal how this visually transmitted information is perceived by audiences. The study identified the influence of both ...

... deep-seated mental attitudes and identify the most significant elements of the city’s cultural code. The findings have practical relevance, as the knowledge gained can serve as a valuable resource for the city’s development, both in shaping its external image and in informing cultural policy and urban planning. cultural code, city and people, city images, city perception, city memory 24-46 10.5922/2225-5346-2025-4-2

... the phenomena of existence, in some cases rising to the level of value-­laden symbolic co-meanings. The semantics and pragmatics of each color that shades time in Shakespeare’s texts are determined by metonymic correlation with the phenomena of the external and internal world. Thus, black color, identified with the darkness of night, becomes a methonymic-­metaphorical name for the unknown, danger, and suffering. Grey color, associated with the transition from darkness to light, correlates with ...

... and novels. His 1991 novel “Omon Ra”, alongside its diverse philosophical, cultural, and literary allusions, draws upon the Buddhist philosophical concept of “consciousness-only,” which posits that only consciousness truly exists, while the external world is ultimately unreal. The image of the “Soviet Cosmos” in Pelevin’s novel combines at least two meanings — the near-Earth or near-lunar fragment of the universe and the Soviet world order — and also serves as a metaphor for the ...

... and materials from audio archives. The study reveals that at different stages in the song’s history, the author used various titles for it; a number of non-authorial titles are also documented, including translated titles in French. Some of these externally assigned titles were supported by Vysotsky himself, who used them to refer to the song during public per­formances. However, he did not fix any of the authorial or non-authorial titles as the main one, instead preferring to refer to the song ...

... a comprehensive methodology, which included the method of unfini­shed sentences, as well as the methods of interpretation and modelling. As a result of this re­search, four interrelated constituents of the image of Kaliningrad were determined — external (architectural and landscape), cultural and historical, anthropological, social and household. The verbal representation of their structural and content characteristics was illustrated using the results of a survey based on the method of unfinished ...

... theory of cognition: the impossibility of strict differentiating modal and amodal symbols, and the difficulty in defining abstract concepts/simulators (abstract lexical meanings). The pro­posed functional approach is based on the dichotomy 'perceptual (external) vs. functional (internal)' that goes back to Ivan Sechenov. These cognitive units are shown to play funda­mentally different roles. The function — the embodied human response to the perceived object and the typical interaction with it — ...

... specific city in its own con­text. This aspect is closely related to the analysis of the problem of enhancing urban identity and local patriotism, as well as identifying the unique cultural meanings of the city as part of exp­loring its image in the external environment. As the basis for the study of the cultural code of the city, it is proposed to consider the following factors encoding of urban environ­ment: a) nature and climate, b) texts, where the city is conceptualized and presented in litera­ry ...

... with Words. Oxford. Bobrinskaya, E. A., 2015. “The Beauty and Necessity of Violence”. Mythopoetics of early Futurism. Iskusstvoznanie [Art Studies], 1—2, pp. 194—215 (in Russ.). Callon, M., 1998. An Essay on Framing and Overflowing: Economic Externalities Revisited by Sociology. The Sociological Review, 46(1), pp. 244—269. Derrida, J., 1988. Signature, Event, Context. In: J. Derrida, ed. Limited Inc. Evans­ton, pp. 1—25. Eikhenbaum, B. M., 1987. Literary mode of life. In: B. M. Eikhenbaum,...

... life of the Slavophil family: Correspondence between Vera Aksakova and Maria Kartashevskaya (1853—1856)]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Dragomanov, M. P., 1876. Turki vnutrennie i vneshnie: Pis'mo k izdatelyu “Novogo vremeni” [Turks internal and external: Letter to the publisher of “New Time”]. Genève: Bale; Lyon: H. Georg (in Russ.). Kitaev, V. A., 2004. Liberal'naya mysl' v Rossii (1860—1880 gg.) [Liberal Thought in Russia (1860—1880)]. Saratov (in Russ.). Konstantinov, A., 1979. Izbrannoe ...

... [Russian futurism: Theory. Practice. Criticism. Memories]. Moscow, pp. 56—58 (in Russ.). Veselova, N. A., 2001. Verbal in visual poetry. In: Vnutrennie i vneshnie granitsy filologicheskogo znaniya: Mat-ly Letnei shkoly molodogo filologa [Internal and external boundaries of philological knowledge: Materials of the Summer School of Young Philologist]. Kaliningrad, 1-4 July 2000, pp. 101—105 (in Russ.). Zelinskii, K., 2015. Constructivism and poetry (1924). In. K. Zelinskii, ed. Poeziya kak smysl: ...

... 2012. Patterns in (In)directness: An Exploratory Case Study in the Ex­ternal History of Portuguese Translations of Polish Literature (1855—2010). Target, 24 (2), pp. 310—337. Pięta, H., 2016. On Translation between (Semi)peripheral Languages: External History of Polish Literature Translated into European Portuguese as a Case in Point. Translator, 22 (3), pp. 354—377. Pięta, H., 2017. Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues in Re­searching Indirect Translation: A Critical ...

... proposes a pattern of image recognition, which is, in its simplified form, unfolding from a quantum automaton, to its "saturation" due to the complexity of image recognition procedures. The author traces a transition from the processing of external objective signals through the construal of image configurations to the assignment of senses and meaning. El'mslev, L., 1960. Prolegomena to the theory of language. Novoe v zarubezhnoj lingvistike [New in foreign linguistics], 1, pp. 264—389 ...

... a large number of variative religious trends, astrological forecasts and so on. The author describes the semiotic system of myth, the main feature of which is its targeted orientation. Such a system of myth promotes the description of the impact of external phenomena on the inner world of man through far-fetched pseudo-historical legends. It is noteworthy that the idea of unconditional belief in supernatural forces remains relevant in the modern world, despite the evolutionary development of society....

The author shows special significance of a change of heart and mind of Prince Vladimir, the "miracle of miracles" (Metropolitan Hilarion), which despite all the internal and external hardships of Russia, still reflects its main essence — faithfulness to the Law of Christ. 1. Карташёв А. В. История Русской Церкви. М., 2006. Т. 1. 2. Митрополит Иларион. Слово о законе ...

... criminal song characteristics, its “gene” is the main character (the crime lord), whereas the other characters and different situations are found in folklore and plots are borrowed from other fields of the folk or popular song. Having borrowed ‘external’ material, the criminal song develops its own language meant to model and interpret its special worldview. 1. Natales grate numeras? Сборник статей к 60-летию Георгия Ахилловича Левинтона. СПб....

... of “what.” But, on the other hand, in contrast to Kant, he believes that real existence of the individual absolute must be assumed, which would be the subject for all possible predicates and whose being is ecstatically posited by reason as being external to itself. I raise the question of the relevance of Schelling’s thought for modern ontology, above all in overcoming ontotheology. Proceeding from the works of J. F. Courtine and L. Tengelyi I single out two aspects of Schelling’s doctrine ...

... is not the conforming of a subject’s intuitions and understanding to objects, but rather the application of a subject’s cognitive faculties to them). The transcendentalism of the medium assigns the role of an “active” element neither to the external world nor to the faculties of the cognising subject, but to something in between — language, in the case of “linguistic Kantianism.” I conclude that the expression “linguistic Kantianism” can be misleading when it comes to the origins ...

1. Belov, V. N., 2013. A. I. Vvedneksy, the Forefather of Russian Neo-Kantianism. In: V. N. Bryushinkin, V. S. Popova, eds. 2013. Neo-Kantianstvo v Rossii: Aleksandr Ivanovich Vvedensky, Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin [Neo-Kantianism in Russia: Aleksandr I. Vvedensky, Ivan I. Lapshin]. Moscow: ROSSPEN, pp. 74-93. (In Russ.) 2. Belov, V. N., Czardybon, B., 2016. Studies into the History of Russian Neo-Kantianism in Poland. Kantovsky sbornik [Kant­ian Journal], 1, pp. 66-86. (In Russ.) 3. Czardybon, B., 2015...

... from the metaphysical point of view, the specificity of appearance is given by the transcendental triad “object (thing in itself) — appearance — representation.” Within this triad, on the one hand, appearance differs from both thing in itself (external to us) and the representation (within us). On the other hand, appearance as an object of empirical intuition mediates the objective thing and its subjective representation. The introduction of the concept of appearance allows Kant to solve the ...

... what sense philosophy can deal with God’s grace without falsely replacing it with its own arguments. Kant’s answer (a) is that the imputation of evil without attempt to justify it by means of one’s own resources requires thinking of God as the external judge in the internal court of justice, respectively as one’s conscience. This reference to God implies that one makes oneself susceptive to the principle of the good instead of vainly trying to make it dependent on one’s own deeds and thoughts....

... Kantian distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Another salient feature of Crusius’ moral teaching is the stress laid on the sphere of internal motives. It is the inner motive that determines the morality of an act, rather than the external form of the act. These and some other features of Crusius’ ethics suggest a possible influence of Crusius on Kant. The possibility of such influence has repeatedly come under close scrutiny. The first works devoted to this problem date to the ...

... which provides access to representations in our soul and allows us to distinguish them and to connect them. Self-consciousness is the mode of the functioning of consciousness which makes it possible to study three objects of consciousness: internal and external representations of the subject, the synthetic activity of understanding and our soul. Apperception is the Latin synonym of the concept of Selbstbewußtsein and is aimed at studying the unity of our representations. Because Kant distinguishes ...