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... Versuch zur Erläuterung über I. Kants Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Volume 1. Leipzig: J. G. Beigang. Nenon, T., 1993. Freedom, Responsibility, Character: Some Reflections on Kant’s Notion of the Person. Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, 1, pp. 159-168.... ... Rechtslehre“. Ein Beitrag zur Methodenlehre Kants. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter. Simon, J., 1990. Kategorien der Freiheit und der Natur. Zum Primat des Praktischen bei Kant. In: D. Koch and K. Bort, eds. 1990. Kategorien und Kategorialität. Historisch-systematische Untersuchungen zum Begriff der Kategorie im philosophischen ...

... ‘nature’. It is emphasised that Kant understands ‘human nature’ as mere “subjective grounds” of the exercise of freedom. Further, the author analyses the factors determining the actions of humans as moral beings. First, the article addresses the “predispositions to the good”, which describes a human being as a natural being, cultural being, and a personality. In this connection, different types of reason identified by Kant are stressed and the features of “pure practical ...

The paper explores the perspectives of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Karl Marx regarding hu­man freedom, highlighting their relevance amidst the contradictory landscape of social devel­opment in late capitalism. It is well-established ... ..., pp. 119—141, https://doi.org/10.15393/j10.art . 2020.4582 (in Russ.). Kondrashov, P. N., 2020. Karl Marx on the Generic Nature of Man. Antinomii [Antinomies], 20 (3), pp. 22—48, https://doi.org/10.24411/2686-7206-2020-10302 (in Russ.). Lesevitsky,...

... extension of the idea of law. From the viewpoint of the sociology of law, law is formed in the process of social interactions and is not sanctioned by the state. Sergey Hessen and Georges Gurvitch base their conceptions of social law on the sociology of ... ... they concur in defining society as a set of social institutions and communities existing as instruments for expressing personal freedom. The social regulations they propose are already legal situations. Hessen and Gurvitch believe that the individual can ...

... dialogue, as well as prospects for the introduction of a visa-free regime between the EU and Russia. The authors provide a historical overview of cooperation in this area and... ... blocks of the “Common Steps”, the authors draw conclusions about the political nature of major obstacles to a visa-free regime. This article is based on the proceedings... ... [The problem of confidence in Russia and the EU in the framework of a common space of freedom, security and justice]. In: Potyomkina, О. Yu., Kaveshnikov, N. Yu., Kondrateva...

... have not exhausted their heuris­tic potential to this day. First, I show the significance of the correlation between moral law and freedom. Since a rational being believes that his/her will is independent of external influences, the will turns out to be governed ... ... in German and Russian Languages]. Volume 3. Moscow: Moskovskii filosofskii fond, pp. 41-275. (In Rus.) Moor, J. H., 2006. The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(4), pp. 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS....

... These are i) identification of moral value in the quality of an agent’s law-oriented motivation, ii) distinction between human nature as rational and affective, ascribing different sets of laws to each, iii) endowment of reason with moral content, iv) recognition of the non-subjective notion of goodness. Added to this is my discussion of freedom and necessity in Kant and Spinoza in which I show that Spinoza’s overarching determinism is not an impediment for autonomy ...

... personality proposed by the prominent exponent of Russian neo-Kantianism Sergey Hessen and its philosophical and legal content. The frame of reference used to achieve this... ... culture existed in a dialectical relationship. Hessen emphasised the primacy of personal freedom and the need to distinguish between freedom and power of choice. Acts of choice... ... that involves the general population. Hessen counterposed law against the notions of nature and morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite...

This article considers the reception of the liberal concept of freedom in Russian conservatism as exemplified by K. N. Leontyev and L. A. Tikhomirov. Reasoning in the framework of Russian philosophical organicism, each philosopher insists on his own approach to analysing social phenomena. It is shown that Leontyev, in line with naturalistic aestheticism, sharply criticises the ...

This article analyses Berlin’s negative and positive interpretations of freedom and idea of value pluralism. It is concluded that pluralism of values and liberals’ negative freedom results in the ... ... Democratic Agency. N. Y., 2004. 7. Habermas J. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, 1991. 8. Hurley S. Natural Reasons: Personality and Polity. Oxford, 1989. 9. Pettit P. The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society and Politics....

... into question (3); the combination in Radical Orthodoxy of a postmodern critique of the subject, an Augustinian view of human nature, and a monistic understanding of the Trinity (4). Their different diagnoses why Kant’s work constitutes a cul-de-sac are contrasted ... ... welcome it as a watershed: its move from ontology to human subjectivity; from a biologically transmitted inescapable sin to a freedom for good and evil; from a strict reciprocity to an unlimited scope of ethics that is faced with the question of meaning; ...

... Rosenzweig’s interpretation of Kant’s concept of freedom as a hermeneutical cipher to expose some of his considerations on human nature. Rosenzweig acknowledges Kant’s achievement in attributing a human act to the major fundament, which will save a human from the universal claims of philosophy.The intelligible character of human causation and freedom as a miracle of phenomenal world (as they are called in Rosenzweig’s reception of Kant) make it possible to guarantee ...

... several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and to the freedom of contrariety (libertas contrarietatis), which are eliminated in the teaching of optimism. Anonym. 1753, Leipzig,... ... zufälligen entgegen gesetzet werden, Leipzig. Crusius, Chr. A. 1767, Anweisung vernünftig zu leben, Darinnen nach Erklärung der Natur des menschlichen Willens die natürlichen Pflichten und allgemeinen Klugheitslehren im richtigen Zusammenhange vorgetragen ...

... categorical imperative (“the principle of humanity as an end in itself”) for the justification of his libertarian “minimal state”. This article analyses and criticizes this attempt on the following grounds: a) the anthropological models of Kant's and Nozik's theories are incommensurable; b) different notions of human nature result in different understandings of freedom — for Nozik it is the basic property of human nature, for Kant it is the result of entering the civil condition; c) the incommensurability of anthropological presuppositions and basic notions distorts the meaning of Kantian formula of categorical ...

Kant’s solution for the problem of freedom of the will rests on his transcendental idealism and its differentiation of appearances and things in themselves. Human beings, with their bodies and observable inner and outer ... ... intuition) and therefore appearances. These are only the appearances of their noumenal selves. Human beings are determined by laws of nature in all their perceivable alterations which include all their actions, but their noumenal selves, not being in time, are ...

In the Club of Rome report Come on! Capitalism, Short-Termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet (2018) Kant, along with other “old” Enlighteners,... ... Enlightenment” with its individualism, faith in the market and a consumerist attitude to nature should be scrapped. I maintain that this assessment of Kant’s philosophy is... ... Sakharov, A. D., 1968. Thoughts on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom. The New York Times, July 22, p. 14. Schönfeld, M., 2008. Green Kant: Environmental...

... 108—127 (in Russ.). Tul'chinskii, G. L., 1987. Normativno-tsennostnaya priroda osmysleniya deistvitel'nosti [The normative value nature of the understanding of reality]. Leningrad (in Russ.). Tul'chinskii, G. L., 1986. Problema osmysleniya deistvitel'nosti [Problem understanding of reality]. Leningrad (in Russ.). Tul'chinskii, G. L., 2001. Freedom and meaning. A new shift in the humanitarian paradigm. In: Rossiiskie issledovaniya v gumanitarnykh naukakh [Russian studies in ...

... is philosophy?”); (2) a methodological project (“How do we do philosophy?”); and (3) a taxonomic project (“What are the different parts of philosophy, and how... ... ‘rational psychology’ vs. ‘empirical psychology’; (iii) ‘pure metaphysics of nature’ vs. ‘physics’ and (iv) ‘pure morality’ or a ‘metaphysics of morals’... ... 5(4), pp. 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224398000500403 . Frierson, P., 2003. Freedom and Anthropology in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge. Garcia...

... available sources, Kant developed some ideas about the difference between being persuaded and being convinced which have antecedents in the German tradition, but with regard... ... In the conclusions, the link between this issue and Kantian arguments in defending freedom of thought and expression is also suggested. In order to do so, I first explain... ... in Kants Theorie des Gewissens. In: V. Waibel, M. Ruffing and D. Wagner, eds. 2018. Natur und Freiheit: Akten des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Berlin & Boston:...

... He claimed a latent similarity between Kant’s enlightened philosophy of religion and the pure mysticism of some so-called separatists — and sent his work to Kant.... ... allows the latter to play an argumentative role that, by serving as ratio cognoscendi of freedom, is also of epistemic value. Kant’s practical philosophy turns out to be based... ... Kohlhammer. Stamer, G., 2001. Kant. Der intelligible Charakter und die übersinnliche Natur. In: G. Stamer, hg. 2001. Die Realität des Inneren. Der Einfluß der deutschen...

Sergey Hessen builds his philosophy of culture on Heinrich Rickert’s theory of values. Like Rickert, he believes that the individual plays a key role in the formation of culture. The individual exercises freedom only in creative activity and the degree to which he fulfils his creative potential depends not only on the cultural context in which it happens, but also on the regulation of the opportunities for self-actualisation in any given society. Accordingly, Hessen defines society as ...

... ontological basket with things in themselves at “the top,” to another level of the pyramid of ontologies, by changing dualism to pluralism because dualism is too narrow to accommodate all the autonomous components of critical philosophy. Thus spirit and freedom find a new place separate from the sphere of physical nature; the category of adaptation explains how different ontologies can coexist; while the problem of two interpretations of transcendental idealism (two-world vs. two-aspect interpretation) finds a solution through their reconciliation. Allison,...

..., will, and action as the crucial point for understanding the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophy. Relying on the explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical freedom given in Kant's practical philosophy, the author problematizes Kant’s thesis about the primacy of practical reason. This is the starting point and leitmotif in analysing the nature of revision of Kant’s ideas, premises, and problems in the first draft of Husserl’s practical philosophy (scientific ethics). Comparative analysis reveals terminological and conceptual similarities and differences between Kant’s and Husserl’s ...

... only at the end of the 17th century, a major dispute about it was triggered by Christian Wolff who had considerable influence on the German philosophy of Enlightenment. In German Metaphysic, he presented the “strong” definition of the principle and its proof. As a result, freedom was restricted, because the principle of sufficient reason implies the unlimited necessity of all things and excludes the possibility of any happenstance, at least in the real world. It had an adverse effect on philosophy in general and ethics ...

... unique in the views and beliefs of A. I. Herzen (1812—1870) and Christian — both Russian and Western — conservatives. The author emphasizes that the attraction and repulsion between the freedom-loving supporter of revolutionary changes, Herzen, and sincere advocates of spiritual freedom — free conservatives — were only natural. 1. Володин А. И. Герцен и Запад // Литературное наследство: Герцен и Запад. М., 1985. 2. Герцен А. И. Былое и думы. Минск, 1971. 3. Герцен А. И. Собр....

... of justifying the thesis about the moral law as an analogue of the universal law of nature in the modern context. Apressyan, R. G., ed. 2020. Universal’nost’... ... A Collective Monograph]. Moscow: Sadra. (In Rus.) Callahan, D., 2000. Universalism and Particularism: Fighting to a Draw. Hastings Center Report, 30(1), pp. 37-44. Dévédec... ... Erläuterungen zur Diskursethik. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 9-30. Hare, R. M., 1963. Freedom and Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hare, R. M., 1981. Moral Thinking. Its...

... recent critics. According to Stolzenberg, the principle of modern subjectivity proves to be fruitful in understanding the development of the history of modern music, too. Bomski, F. und Stolzenberg, J. hg., 2018. Genealogien des Geistes und der Natur. Diskurse, Kontexte und Transformationen um 1800. Göttingen: Wallstein. Dmitrieva, N. А., 2006. Kant’s Philosophy as Philosophy of Freedom: Other Globalisation. Voprosy Filosofii, 8, pp. 169-180. (In Rus.) Dmitrieva, N. А., 2009. German and Russian Neo-Kantianism in the Past, Present, and Future. Voprosy Filosofii, 3, pp. 165-175. (In Rus.) Fichte, J. G., 1971. Eigne Meditationen über ElementarPhilosophie, in: Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band II, 3. Stuttgart-Bad ...

The images of nature in the poems of the two national geniuses are considered within the opposition of the horizontal/vertical, which is laden with philosophical and metaphorical semantics. Both poets show that, in the absence of spirituality, the true internal freedom sought by the main characters cannot be attained 1. Азадовский К. М. Пейзаж в творчестве К. Д. Фридриха // Проблемы романтизма. М., 1971. Вып. 2. 2. Байрон Дж. Г. Корсар ...

... experienced a departure from a recent flowering of Kantian ideas in Neo­Kantianism and the collapse of traditional liberalism in the wake of the First World War. The fact... ... D. E. Zhukovsky. (In Rus.) Rickert, H., 1911. Nauki o prirode i nauki o kul’ture [Natural Sciences and Cultural Sciences]. Translated by S. I. Hessen. St. Petersburg:... ... Hessen. Novy zhurnal [New Journal] (New York), 25, pp. 215-218. Vishnyak, M. V., 1950. Freedom and Socialism. Novy zhurnal [New Journal] (New York), 23, pp. 160-178. (In Rus...

... Positions derived from the third formulation, John Rawls’s Kantian Constructivism and T. M. Scanlon’s Contractualism, cleave closely to Kant in idealising the process... ... Democracy: Autonomy and Control. New Haven: Yale University Press. Dewey, J., 1988. Human Nature and Conduct. In: J. Dewey, 1988. The Middle Works, Volume 14. Carbondale, Ill... ... World: Rethinking Education. New York: Oxford University Press. Kleingeld, P., 2015. Freedom of the Will as Moral Self-Legislation. Lecture delivered at the 12th International...

... “virtues”, “sentiments”, “inclinations”, “aspirations”) to the critical works and then in the Critical period in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Further... ... Theory of Ethics. London: Longmans, pp. 323-360. Alisson, H. E. 1990, Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anon., 1735. Gesinnet seyn. In: J. H... ... 302-359. Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770...

... Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Allison, H. E., 1990. Kant’s Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dean, R., 2006. The Value of Humanity... ... 35-53. Schönecker, D. und Schmidt, E. E., 2018. Kant’s Ground-Thesis. On Dignity and Value in the Groundwork. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 52, S. 81-95. Sensen, O... ... Theismusstreites (1811—1821). Hamburg: Meiner, S. 51-70. Stolzenberg, J., 2018b. Die Natur der Freiheit. Kant und Fichte. In: V. L. Waibel, M. Ruffing und D. Wagner, Hg...

... this figure functions in two essential ways: as a representation of a maximum of morality that can ground our moral disposition and in so doing acts as a stan­dard for morality. More precisely, the following argument is made: 1) the sublime nature of the image of Christ — as an image of universal respect for the law — awakens the moral feeling of subjects in the ... ... Always, and for Anyone, to Believe Anything upon Insufficient Evidence. In: J. Jordan and D. L. Howard-Snyder, eds. 1996. Faith, Freedom and Rationality. Lanham and London: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 137-153. Ward, K., 1972. The Development of Kant’s View ...

This article aims to demonstrate the centrality of Kant’s and Fichte’s ethics to the development of Schopenhauer’s ideas of 1811—1813. The ... ... as the primary essence of all things and the idea of its absolute and unconditional nature and its primacy over cognition. Sixthly, some of the key aspects of Schopenhauer’s... ... formulated the supremacy of the better consciousness over the empirical as noumenal freedom and truly moral behavior and defined the category of negation as its opposite...

... law. The second part of the study considers Fichte's theory of marriage law as compared to Kant’s legal doctrine. Both the union and separation of marriage partners is viewed by Fichte as a phenomenon of the internal life and an element of personal freedom, hence the role of clergy in this field. In Fichte’s theory, special attention is paid to the nature and legal effects of a legitimate divorce interpreted based on his moral anthropology of sexes as a moral fact and a legal status. A divorce, once accomplished in the moral substance, transforms the personal union of family partners into a concubinage,...

The article focuses on different approaches to the definition of the legal state nature that has existed over time. The research is aimed at identifying the modern frames ... ... legal state that functions as a necessary counterbalance to the state monopoly on power and governance. The cope of research methodology is very wide, including the dialectic... ... compliance with the law, as well as on the government’s ensuing the individual rights and freedoms. 1. Алексеев Р. А. Эволюция концепции правового...

... introduced by medieval philosophers. The author presents the historical background of the development of the notion of absolute and ordered power of God in medieval natural theology. 1.  Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения. М., 1995. 2.  Коплстон ... ... Undo the Past // Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale. 1972. Vol. 40. 8.  Courtenay W.   J. Necessity and freedom in Anselm’s concept of God // Cove­nant and Causality in Medieval Thought. London, 1984. 9.  Courtenay W.   ...

... demonstration of how the primary factors of sense formation, socio-cultural practices and personal agency interact. Their relationship is non-linear: subjectivity results... ... unconnected. In this context, the article places particular emphasis on the apophatic nature of sense formation. Pauses, intervals, breaks, and gaps give rise to signs within... ..., G. L., 2019b. Telo svobody: otvetstvennost' i voploshchenie smysla [The Bo­dy of Freedom: Responsibility and Embodiment of Meaning]. St. Petersburg, 470 p. (in Russ...

... this article, we continue to address the mechanisms of presenting oneself as another and another as oneself. In this regard, non-trivial features of the semantics of a proper... ... and the Indeterminacy of On­tology. In: D. Davidson and G. Harman, eds. Semantics of Natural Language. Synthese. Vol. 40. Dordrecht. Hoffmann, E. T. A., 1994. Serapion brothers... ... i metafizika svobody [Im­posture. The phenomenology of evil and the metaphysics of freedom]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Tul'chinskii, G. L., 2020a. Filosofiya postupka:...

... revolutionised the philosophy of the modern period dealing with questions of ethics and epistemology; Socrates brought about a similar revolution in ancient Greek philosophy... ... broader concept: it makes it possible both to explain the interconnection between the freedom of reason and its publicity advocated by Kant and to draw a demarcation line... ... Is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing. Heidelberg: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8 . Bergson, H., 2002. The Two Sources...

... Kant’s Biological Teleology and Its Philosophical Significance. In: G. Bird, ed. 2006. A Companion to Kant. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 455-469. Goy, I., 2015. The Antinomy of Teleological Judgment. Studi Kantiani, 28, pp. 65-88. Guyer, P., 2014. Freedom, Happiness, and Nature: Kant’s Moral Teleology (CPJ §§83-4, 86-7). In: I. Goy and E. Watkins, eds. 2014. Kant’s Theory of Biology. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 221-237. Hamid, N., 2018. Being and The Good: Natural Teleo­logy in Early Modern German Philosophy....