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The separation of the Baltics from the Soviet Uni on was a difficult process accompanied by both political and economic conflicts. The third party in the negotiation process was represented by Germany and the USA. This article sets out to identify the role of the USA and Germany in the restoration of Baltic independence. Historicism and objectivity principles serve as the methodological framework for the research. The regional approach was applied in order ...

This article explores the semantic and pragmatic features of the word 'mother' when used as a term of address. It examines secondary uses of the term in literary texts from the 1780s to the present, a sample of 4,272 tokens, alongside dictionary definitions. The study revealed that, in different communicative situations, the term 'mother' can convey a range of some­times contradictory attributes such as 'patronage', 'superiority', 'dependency', 'strictness', 'kindness', 'overfamiliarity' and other...

In the semantic theory of Gottlob Frege, the content of a linguistic sign is determined by the connection between the meaning and a set of subjective perceptions that form the mean­ing. Our study aims to reveal the influence of individual perceptions of the meaning on the extension of the semantic structure of a word, using the kinship term ‘mamochka’ as an ex­ample. The article focuses on instances where the word ‘mamochka’ is used in fiction and, to some extent, Internet texts. The article examines...

This article examines the pragmatic meaning of the slang lexeme chuvak [dude], primar­ily when used as an address. The study aims to identify the components of this pragmatic meaning that contributed to the resurgence of the lexical unit in the 21st century after a peri­od of usage decline and oblivion. Currently, the word chuvak is an integral part of youth vernacular. The pragmatics of the word chuvak was analysed by methods of corpus analysis and questionnaire survey. It was concluded that...

... Berman, A., 1990. La retraduction comme espace de traduction. Palimpsestes , 13, pp. 1—7. Bourdieu, P., 1993. The Field of Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity Press. Brum, E., 2021. Bolsonaro has turned Brazil into a global pariah. El País USA , 9 March. Available at: https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-03-09/bolsonaro-has- turned-brazil-into-a-global-pariah.html [Accessed 5 May 2021]. Buzelin, H., 2005. Unexpected allies: How Latour’s Network Theory could com­ple­ment Bourdieusian ...

... art. Reflections on the fate of literary and artistic creation. Chapter 4. The dying of art]. In: Samosoznanie kulturyi i iskusstva XX veka. Zapadnaya Evropa i SShA [Self-awareness of culture and art of the twentieth century. Western Europe and the USA]. Moscow; SPb., pp. 352—378. 2. Goethe J. W. 1969, Poeziya i pravda [Poetry and truth], Moscow, 606 p. 3. Goethe J. W. 1976, Sobranie sochineniy [Collected works], v 10 t., Moscow. 4. Heisenberg W. 1989, Fizika i filosofiya. Chast i tseloe [Physics ...

... Intervention and State Sovereignty). The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa, 2001. 18. Knöbl W., Schmidt G. (Hrsgs.). Die Gegenwart des Krieges. Frankfurt, 2000. 19. Liste Ph. Völkerrecht-Sprechen. Die Konstruktion demokratischer Völkerrechtspolitik in den USA und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Baden, 2011. 20. Mayer P. War der Krieg der NATO gegen Jugoslawien moralisch gerechtfertigt? // Zeitschrift für International Beziehungen. 1999. № 6:2. S. 287—321. 21. Maus I. Verfassung oder Vertrag? Zur ...

This article analyses how media texts utilise phraseological units featuring family relationship vocabulary, aiming to identify the relationship between the semantics of kinship terms and the overall phraseological meaning while describing possible semantic shifts in the understanding of these phraseological units by modern Russian native speakers. Empirically, the study draws on the newspaper corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. A broad understanding of phraseology is adopted,...

... психология. 2011. Вып. 6. 13. Федеральный закон от 24 ноября 1995 г. № 181-ФЗ «О социальной защите инвалидов в РФ». 14. Mitchell D. What really works in special and inclusive education. USA, 2008. 15. Verma G. К., Christopher R. Bagley and Madan Mohan Jha International Per-spectives on Educational Diversity and Inclusion Studies fr om America, Europe and India. USA ; Canada, 2007. 16. Sue Stubbs Inclusive Education Wh ere there are ...

The article analyses functional-semantic characteristics of the speech acts of positive evaluation in English artistic discourse. The article represents the taxonomy of the speech acts of positive evaluation and it includes the analysis of their illocutionary aims. 1. Апресян Ю. Д. Интегральное описание языка и система лексикографии // Избранные труды. М., 1995. Т. 2. 2. Арутюнова Н. Д. Типы языковых значений: Оценка. Событие. Факт. М., 1988. 3. Вольф Е. М. Функциональная семантика оценки. М., 2006...

This article shows that the delimitative class of verbs can be expanded through involving new groups of motivating verbs. This process becomes more active in the conditions where the impact of usage is more pronounced. The author establishes that delimitatives acquire special functional-stylistic yield in modern written language and act as a “code word” indicative of socially marked narration. 1. Дмитриева О. И. Динамика процессов внутриглагольной префиксации // Дмитриева О. И., Крючкова О. Ю. Динамика...

... Planning Inequality: Language Policy in the Community. N. Y., 1991. 9. Weiss B. American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840—1940. Urbana, 1982. 10. Wiley T. G. Language planning, language policy, and the English-Only Movement // Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century. N. Y., 2008. Р. 319—338. 11. Wong Fillmore L. W. Language in education // Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century. N. Y., 2008. P. 339—361. 12. Americans Overwhelmingly Support Official ...

The article deals with the usage and the meanings of the emphatic intonation scales of modern British English which are subdivided into two groups according to the object the speaker means to emphasize in his utterance. We also point out which of these scales may occur in the Russian language. 1. Антипова А. М. Пособие по интонации английского языка. М., 1968. 2. Антонова Д. Н. Фонетика и интонация: корректировочный курс для зарубежных преподавателей. М., 1988. 3. Богомазов Г. М. Современный русский...

This article analyses the usage of substandard elements in literary works. Substandard is regarded as a characteristic of the author's idiolect from the standpoint of their internal culture, ethics and aesthetic expressiveness. It is emphasised that the author's usage of substandard units depends on both ideological and thematic content as well as the cultural-linguistic state of the society. 1.   Большой толковый словарь донского казачества. М., 2003. 2.  Бурняшев В.   П . Гроза с Дону. Сальск...

This article analyses the factors that strengthened the influence of the Christian right movement in the USA in the 1990s. The author considers the organizational changes and ideological transformation within the movement and its effect on the political process in this period. The article identifies the problems facing the Christian Right movement in its ...

The article is dedicated to the problem of racial segregation in the USA. Harry S. Truman was the first American president to raise the question of the necessity to eliminate this shameful tradition. 1. Basic Readings in U .   S . Democracy . Washington, 1994. 2. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States....

... This work aims to analyze possible Russia’s responses within military and political spheres. The measures proposed are divided into three subgroups: soft, medium and hard depending on the implementation of the adopted missile defence concept by the USA. This research employs the structure-system method and the method of actualization. The authors outline both positive and negative consequences of such actions for the Russian Federation, the USA, eastern European countries and the neighbouring countries,...

The article examines the concept of the rhetorical question, which — quite surprisingly — is still not part of the standard and widely recognized inventory of linguistic categories, and the term ‘rhetorical question’ is rarely used in linguistic studies. At the same time, the ex­pres­sion ‘rhetorical question’ is actively employed in discourse, and, at first glance, seems to be used in a rather broad and undefined sense. The goal of this article is to distinguish between the­se two fields: linguistics...

The discursive approach to the study of politeness has expanded its scope by incorpo­ra­ting the hearer, in addition to the speaker, as well as the context of interaction, which de­ter­mines various aspects of communication, including the emotional/emotive dimension. This ar­ticle examines politeness through the prism of the emotional component of communication. It contributes to the study of emotive politeness, which focuses on the recipient's feelings, in face-threatening acts. The purpose of this...

The study aims to reveal politeness strategies used in natural interaction within a particular community group. The article analyses excerpts from audio recordings of conversations of teenage male friends. The chosen interactional approach relies on Goffman’s notion of face and Brown and Levinson’s model of linguistic politeness, ethnographic methods of collecting data, and conversation analysis. The case study continues the discussion of gender and age aspects of politeness realization and communication...

The paper explores the evolution of communication etiquette between humans and artificial intelligence (AI), focusing particularly on the adaptation of traditional politeness strategies. While the politeness of AI can enhance the human level of trust, human politeness towards AI is equally important as it can impact the efficiency of communication. To demonstrate this, I conducted a pilot experiment with ChatGPT 4.0, using polite and non-polite prompts in Russian. The results suggest that politeness...

This article discusses the results of a survey underlying a reconstruction of ideas about tact and tactlessness in Russian communicative culture. The author considers the concept of tact to be a communicative strategy within the cate­gory of politeness that is closely related to native speakers' notion about the boundaries of private space. Thus, tact is defined as a communicative strategy driven by the speaker's desire to avoid infringing on the private space of their interlocutor. Moreover,...

This study identifies and characterises a class of lexical units — imperative speech cli­chés, exemplified by expressions such as krepis'! [hold on!], prekrati! [stop it!] or ne lez' [back off!]. It defines the concept of imperative speech clichés and investigates the role of pragmati­cisation in their formation. The general properties of imperative clichés are described: most are either never employed with the negative particle ne [not] or are utilised exclusively with this particle. In speech communication...

This article is devoted to the speech act of compliment, which is treated herein as express­ing the speaker's attention and partiality to their interlocutor. The similarities and differences between speech acts of compliment and praise are analysed, with the characteristics of com­pliment linked to the gender and age of the interlocutor. Particular attention is paid to the concepts of speech act and speech genre and the applicability of these notions in analysing the speech act of compliment. When...

The article provides an in-depth analysis of both direct and figurative usages, as well as the figurative transformations of the term 'twilight' in Russian poetry spanning over a cen­tury and a half of its evolution. The linguistic and poetic examination focuses on contexts featuring the lemma 'twilight' within the poetic corpus of the Russian National Corpus, spe­cifically those related to the period from 1756 to 1917. The chosen timeframe aligns with the initial recording of the selected lexeme...

... influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein and his philosophical treatise form on artistic practices, including poetry. Witt­genstein's "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" left a significant imprint on poets associated with the ‘language school’ in the USA. Furthermore, Wittgenstein's treatise and its interpre­tation by Arkadii Dragomoshchenko continue to reverberate in contemporary Russophone poetry, particularly within the objectivist line. The research material encompasses texts of poetic treatises ...

The paper examines the concept of multimodal expressiveness contributing to the general study of the expressive and emotive functions in belles-lettres texts. The author attempts to prove that in heterogeneous discourse expressiveness manifests itself as a meaning-making resource responsible for the form-content fusion. The analysis is carried out on the basis of two different kinds of theatrical discourse: theatrical performance and public play-reading. The author turns to theatrical interpretations...

In this paper, we study such a specific product of enigmatic discourse as a crossword puzzle. The powerful potential of this text is manifested in its ability to accumulate and translate cultural meanings and values, which explains the recent appearance of a large number of works on the study of linguistic, cultural, structural-semantic and cognitive-discursive features of the crossword language. The study of the ontological nature of the crossword, as undertaken in this research, is grounded in...

Urban motifs in Russian poetry have not yet become the subject of comprehensive investigation in terms of the evolution of poetic conceptualization of the world, the frequency, semantics and syntagmatics of the key lexemes — 'gorod' and 'grad'. Meanwhile, the analy­sis of the poetic, ethnic and linguistic picture of the world, closely connected with diachronic lexicology, phraseology and grammar, allows important conclusions concerning the history of the national semiosphere and conceptosphere based...

In 1836, Peter Chaadaev in his private letter to Alexander Turgenev mentioned that the French thinker Alexis de Tocqueville had stolen from him a “deep thought” that the point of departure of peoples determined their fate. Russian and foreign scholars interpreted these words differently, trying to assess the seriousness of Chaadaev’s reproach. The article explores the history of the expression ‘le point de départ’ and the use of it in the works by Tocqueville (“Democracy in America”) and Chaadaev...

The introduction of digital computers, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the Internet/Web has broadened the scope of communication globally in ways unprecedented in human history. The “digital world” implies more than the technical and instrumental aspects and usage of technology; it equally involves our tangible human social engagement and interface with the tools and technologies themselves. The relevance of digital studies to translation studies, and vice versa, is substantial...

Digital philology studies texts and textuality in electronic networks and the ways of their reading, writing and transformation. Electronic texts are much more fluid and transformable than paper texts and oral utterances. Textonics is a combination of theoretical and practical work with digital texts, the use of the Internet and all the capabilities of computer technology to create new sign ensembles, to develop new genres of intellectual creativity, and to rethink and reorganize existing textual...

A problem of the growing popularity of cross-cultural social media studies is the lack of discrimination between the effects of user characteristics and those of the architecture of a virtual platform interface. This makes the detected cultural differences unreliable. A way to solve this problem is a comparative study of social media interfaces only, seeking to identify the culturally constituted meanings embedded in the design of virtual platforms. These meanings are employed in the users’ virtual...

The translation process can be regarded as a complex system involving many agents, organizational factors such as workflow, communication processes, project management, job security, and translator status. Environmental factors in the physical sense (e. g. lighting, temperature, air quality, space) as well in the broader sense of the role of translation and translators in the economy and society as a whole can also influence the process. Viewing translation from an ergonomic perspective can provide...

This paper analyses structures typical of the classical Chinese poetry and the way they are used in contemporary Chinese verse. The analysis aims to demonstrate the work of traditional textual mechanisms in contemporary Chinese poetry and to describe their functional features. Poems by Dai Weina, Han Bo, Tashi Tentso, and Zhang Zao employ linguistic means that simultaneously engage several levels of utterances. These linguistic means include non-trivial semantic links created by means of phonographics...