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..., E., 1997. Kant on Intuition in Geometry. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 27(4), pp. 489-512. Carson, E., 2009. Hintikka on Kant’s mathematical method. Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 250(4), pp. 435-449. Carson, E., 2020. Arithmetic and the Conditions of Possible Experience In: C. J. Posy, O. Rechter, ed. 2020. Kant’s Philosophy of Mathematics; Volume I: The Critical Philosophy and Its Roots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 231-247. Cassirer, E., 1907. Kant und die moderne Mathematik....

... disposition, i.e. the moral conversion to a good disposition, is thus enabled by the principle of the good. Thus one can reasonably hope to achieve goodness in one’s moral conduct because of God’s grace. A transcendental deduction (b) has to justify conditions that enable the acquisition of rational claims. The justification of the claim of practical reason that faith is a necessary precondition of one‘s moral conduct has now to be understood as complementary to the result of the transcendental ...

... which portray Spinoza’s moral theory as heteronomous. My critique begins by presenting some textual evidence which vividly contradicts some of the boldest heteronomous renditions of Spinoza’s ethics. Then I move on to argue for the existence of conditions in Spinoza’s thought that make every heteronomous interpretation of his practical philosophy extremely unlikely. These are i) identification of moral value in the quality of an agent’s law-oriented motivation, ii) distinction between human ...

... as the sphere of communication among a multitude of individuals whose creative activities serve to continue the process of culture-structuring. Thus the effectiveness of the realisation of values in cultural reality depends directly on ensuring the conditions for the exercise of free will. There is potentially an unlimited number of ways of defining the concept of free will, each imposing certain limitations on the actualisation of the individual in culture. The question arises, how does each individual ...

... very essence of critical philosophy, the fundamental status of the subject is sometimes questioned in this period. Although the meaning of the concept of transcendental subject seems obvious today (the subject of cognition, bearer of transcendental conditions of experience) it lends itself to various interpretations in the late eighteenth century. To achieve my goal I have undertaken a textological analysis of the works of the earliest opponents and followers of the Kantian critique and a reconstruction ...

... social institutions and communities existing as instruments for expressing personal freedom. The social regulations they propose are already legal situations. Hessen and Gurvitch believe that the individual can fully exercise his/her freedom only in conditions of such legal pluralism. However, the concept of legal pluralism involves an inherent problem of preserving social unity: why is it that society does not fall into a range of autonomous social entities, each offering the individual its own ...

... thing in itself which possesses true but unknowable being (Kant) and appearance as taking place in the “relative” sphere of the natural attitude (Husserl): with Fink, appearance (or, as Fink constantly writes, “appearing”) turns out to be the condition of the existence of objects. Appearance, understood through the prism of the human being which perceives something as Vorschein, implies an inherently open world. Following Fink, I analyse these provisions and examine, first, light as the metaphysical ...

The hypothesis on the existence of a specific "Kaliningrad text" as a metatext, which emerged in the conditions of regional subculture, is put forward and confirmed in the framework of the semiotic paradigm of culture analysis. Metatext is understood as an invariant of all texts within the given culture, which embodies the content, world image, and sociocultural ...

... the kind of concept without which it is impossible to enter Kant’s philosophy (a paraphrase of Jacobi’s maxim). Methodologically, transcendentalism implies a transcendental turn from studying [empirical] objects to analysing the [transcendental] conditions of their cognition. Metaphysically, Kant’s transcendentalism rests on the crucial distinction between the thing in itself and the appearance. To give a more precise definition of Kant’s thing in itself, this article considers three theses....

... required by the rights of states. I highlight that according to Kant states may not behave as individual citizens do, since they do not recognize any higher authority than themselves. Second, cosmopolitan law shows that coercion is not an insurmountable condition to fulfill legal obligations, since the cosmopolitan order depends on the moral equality among states, far from involving a hierarchy over governmental structure. Third, I will discuss that the only reason to perform an active role in the political ...

... systematically repressed elements of human ignorance were integrated into the epistemology of 18th-century rationalism. This article discusses the development in the shift from ignorance as a given to ignorance as a systematically reflected part of the conditions of human knowledge from a historical point of view through the examples of Christian Wolff, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, and Johann Georg Sulzer. The argument does not focus on the ‘completion’ of the rationalist system of 18th-century ...

... revolutionary idea of values, knowledge, and norms as three aspects of existential reality lead to a conclusion that modality and moods are not identical, despite being interrelated. The categories of modality do not express the essence of moods but rather the conditions for their functioning. This gives a new perspective on the study of moods and modalities. However, Kant’s system is a cohesive whole and no part of it can be used without considering this fact. 1. Vinogradov V. V. 1972, Russkij yazyk [Russian ...

... progress of objective cognition. According to Sesemann, the opposite of a rational, conceptual, mediated element of cognition is an irrational, non-mediated component. The irrational factor of knowledge is the problems faced by human reason, as well as a condition for the progress of knowledge. The Russian philosopher strives to develop an original philosophical structure that just partially transcends the Neo-Kantian school. He is strongly influenced by the phenomenological movement, although expressing ...

... places a much stronger emphasis on the need for the moral perfection of human beings than the Lectures do. However, it would be wrong to assume that the Lectures present a position different from the responsibility of human beings for their own moral condition and its development. 1. Kant, I. 2016, Lekzii o philosophskom uchenii o religii [Lectures on the philosophical doctrine of religion] (editors K. G. L. Paliza) / Translation, notes and afterword by L. Kryshtop E. / ed. Kruglov. M. 2. Kant,...

... liking’ and the correlation between Kant’s definitions of art and cognition are considered. Kant distinguishes between aesthetic judgment and cognition, whereas Gadamer defines art as a method of cognition, an event that can become genuine under the condition of maximum of understanding. The author analyses the key categories of aesthetics — taste, play, and the beautiful. It is concluded that Kant understands the category of play from the perspective of the subject, whereas Gadamer interprets ...

... intellectual love. The sensual love of delight is identified with sexual love. The intellectual love of delight eludes definition, since such delight is difficult to perceive. The collision between vital and moral love results in a need to examine under what conditions relations between the sexes are compatible with morality. Such an examination is taking the form of an ethical and legal deduction of matrimony. Kant’s proof of the moral unacceptability of concubinage given in the Lectures is based on the ...

... interpretation is inherent in the system of not only theoretical but also practical reason. Freedom is the ‘substance’ of human existence. The unity of freedom is an idea, whose unity is presented in the diversity of actions in the sensible world. A condition for cognising freedom is the categorical imperative. Apparently, applying the moral law formula may lead to contradictions. One of these contradictions is contained in the famous question regarding the alleged right to lie out of love of humanity....

..., 415 p. 11. Lektsii po istorii estetiki. Filosofskiy fakultet. 1972 [Lections on the history of aesthetics]. Filosofskiy fakultet. Kniga 1. Izd-vo LGU im. A. A. Zhdanova, Leningrad. 206 p. 12. Lyotard, J.-F. 1998, Sostoyanie Postmoderna [Postmodern Condition], Moscow, SPb, 160 p. 13. Mamardashvili M. K. 1996, O soznanii [About consciousness] In: Neobhodimiost sebya (Lektsii. Stati. Filosofskie zametki) [The necessity of self (Lections, articles, Philosophical notes)], Moscow, pp. 214—228. 14. ...

... Marx. The methodological approach employed is Julia Kristeva’s ‘semiological adventure’, which is based on considering language as a heterogeneous structure in the realm of interactions between the ‘semiotic’ understood as a pre-linguistic condition of instinctive drives and the ‘symbolic’ manifested in socially oriented identification and discursive practices. The problem of play at the interface of its interactions is examined in the context of a danger of an ‘offensive of spectres’ ...

... values are exist. Therefore individual is not a creator of these values per se. Value became the basis of Alexeev’s philosophy of law. Furthermore he elaborated axiological model of law onto religious foundation. Religion — is a tool for initiating condition of values and there setting in political domain. Paper argued how religion conducts genesis of law. In that sense religion evaluated like a link between morality and law. Essential item of philosophy of law of Nikolay Alexeev — is a superiority ...

... social-democracy], predisl. Kh. Zhitlovskogo; per. s nem. M. S. Panina. St. Petersburg. 6. Dinze, V. F. 1917a, Gosudarstvennyi perevorot v Rossii [Coup d’etat in Russia], Petrograd. 7. Dinze, V. F. 1922, Nauka, ee usloviya i zadachi [Science, its conditions and tasks]. Petrograd. 8. Dinze, V. F. 1916a, O natsii i natsional’noi idee v pedagogike [About nation and national idea in pedagogy], in: Volzhanin [Dinze], V., Dinze, V. F., Smirnov, S. D., O natsional’noi shkole [About national school],...

... university library, construction of an observatory, a concert hall, or an open-air theater, etc.). The author cites documents about granting the Cathedral the status of a monument of cultural heritage. The article provides information about the physical condition of the Cathedral and Kant’s tomb in different years, including the materials of various relevant committees. The author describes the conservation, maintenance, and restoration of both objects. The history of the Cathedral and Kant's grave ...

... Polish students to be sent to German-speaking gymnasia. Some of them continued their education at the oldest Prussian university, the Albertina. Selected pas¬sages from letters dated 1802—1806 give an idea of the organisation of education and living conditions of Königsberg students originating from different parts of Eastern and Central Europe.At the Albertina, as in today’s German universities, students had an opportunity to choose courses from the list announced at the beginning of each semester....

... intervention, have come to the fore. An attempt was made to justify humanitarian intervention through the ban to use force for the purposes contradicting the goals of the UN Charter, whereas human rights protection is one of them. Thus, any formulation of conditions for admissible violence can be used for its justification, since exceptions come hand in hand with rules. This article considers the advantages and disadvantages of the concept of “responsibility to protect”, which proves to be dominant ...

... excludes any possibility of any accidents or free actions, which undermines the foundation of ethics. Many philosophers tried to avoid such fatalism through expanding and refining the concept of necessity and identifying its different types, for example, conditional and unconditional,absolute and hypothetical, moral, natural and others. The article considers the concept of necessity in the major philosophical works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff,Immanuel Kant, August Christian Crusius and ...

... anthropological models of Kant's and Nozik's theories are incommensurable; b) different notions of human nature result in different understandings of freedom — for Nozik it is the basic property of human nature, for Kant it is the result of entering the civil condition; c) the incommensurability of anthropological presuppositions and basic notions distorts the meaning of Kantian formula of categorical imperative when transplanted into an alien philosophical context. 1. Кант И. Метафизика нравов ...

... lawyers will be able to neither understand Kant’s “idealism”, nor explain the connection between this idealism and legal practice. The article presents two strategies corresponding to the spirit of Kant’s constitutional state in the modern Russian conditions: the principle of developing a moral (rather than competent) personality and the principle of population preservation. A necessary condition for the effectiveness of constitutional provisions is an increase in the moral and cultural level, ...

... sensitivity served as the basis for Lessing’s philosophy of hope. Lessing’s “code of hope”, whose ideas developed in the “pre-critical” period of the Elightenment is based on trust in human sensibility, within which, probably unconsciously, in the conditions of newly established autonomy, he discovers the heteronomous orientation of the “compassion” and “fear” existentials underlying his theory of catharsis. In Lessing’s system, these “vertically” positioned psychological states prove ...

... Засурский Я. Н. Интернет как основа развития информационного общества в России. URL: http://www.mediascope.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view &id=86&Itemid=45 4. Arendt H. The human condition. The University of Chicago Press, The University of Chicago Press, 1958 5. Bauman Zugmunt // Search of Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999. 6. Levine Peter. The Internet and Civil Society. URL: www.imdp.org/artman/publish/article_29.shtml ...

... Nation, l’Europe et la démocratie. Conférence-débat // Cultures en mouvement. 2001. № 35, 13. Manent P. La raison des nations. Gallimard, 2006. 14. Rawls J. Libéralisme politique / trad. C. Audard. Puf, 1995. 15. Rechtman R. Enquête sur la condition de victime // Etudes. 2011. № 4142. P. 175—186.

... concept of “critical thin­king,” its component composition, and methods of its development through the implemen­ta­tion of Project-Based Learning (PBL). The project serves as the core of the educational pro­cess, directing it towards creating conditions for the development of critical thinking and crea­tive abilities of students in interdisciplinary environments when solving real-life prob­lems. The stages of implementing an educational project in the context of interdisciplinary in­tegration ...

Taking into account the dual nature of the concept of “discourse,” which forms the basis for defining discursive competence, the expediency of using a cognitive-pragmatic approach in developing the discursive competence of students in language-oriented programs is justified, with a description of its main principles. Didactic principles are identified: the principle of contextuality, the principle of speech-thinking activity, the principle of cooperation and interactivity, the principle of professional...

... sources revealed that some new terms of education can receive ambiguous interpretations in dictionary entries, demonstrating the incompleteness of the process of forming the subsystem in question. The author comes to some certain conclusion about the conditionality of the terminological system of modern Russian education by the specifics of the subject-thematic area, the rapid pace of its development, as well as the openness of its borders to elements of other terminological systems.

... methodological documentation. The terms «reengineering» and «business process» are defined, as well as the model of reengineering of business processes, its aims and objectives are described. The authors examine the premises of using reengineering in modern conditions. Likewise, the peculiarities of the usage of reengineering for modernization of educational processes are considered, the objects of reengineering in an educational institution are analyzed. The heavy workload we face proves the necessity for ...

... depressive manifestations, situational anxiety, general neuropsychic tension, level of life satisfaction, general emotional background. The developed program will be in demand for reducing negative manifestations in the mental state of the elderly in the conditions of active modern social transformations, since mental reactions to dangerous situations are largely similar and universal.

... realistic approach to the weather phenomena of the Arctic and their literary psychologization. A close connection is revealed between the images of snow, blizzard, frost, wind and the reflection of the worldview of travelers exhausted by difficult living conditions. Analytical observations of the text of the novel also give grounds to assert that the artistic embodiment of meteorological phenomena occupies a strong textual position in it and reflects the specifics of the narrative style of the genre of ...

... harmony, avoid complex emotional states, makes a person strong, spiritually elevates them, protects them from the temptation to sin, helps in self-understanding. An essential aspect of the conceptualization of prayer for Tolstoy is the definition of the conditions for its performance. Tolstoy understands prayer exclusively as an intimate, non-church appeal to God. Tolstoy believes that prayer should be carried out with complete abstraction from everything mundane. Tolstoy warns against mechanical prayer....

... demonyms that can potentially serve as motivating bases. It is established that the presence of a significant number of pejorative nominations within the framework of the regional onomasticon is driven by the residents’ desire to improve the city’s condition and preserve their own identity.

... develop approaches, models, and systems for the formation and development of competencies in the field of game-based educational technologies and practices for future university teachers of social disciplines and humanities. Based on the analyzed works, conditions are identified under which game technologies can be applied in education. A criteria-level description of the competence “Ability and readiness to master game-based educational technologies and apply them in teaching social and humanitarian ...

... novel is formed by the personality of the hero and his free choice in the coordinates of the most incredible circumstances, and the interest in the category of choice in the syncretic genre structure is largely determined by the specific historical conditions of the literary process.

... of the religious education system, makes them a new and relevant subject for scientific research. The necessity of restoring the full educational function of modern schools and the search for effective educational means in contemporary socio-cultural conditions require a reference to the history and theory of Orthodox education. The accumulated experience in Orthodox general education schools over the past decades needs to be explored, revealing its content and characteristics of the cor­res­pon­ding ...

... integrity and lack of personality recognition. Teenagers are acutely aware of the injustice they see in the world, combined with the insensitive and inhumane attitudes of some people. Aggression in adolescents in most cases is a reaction to adverse social conditions for which not only adolescents but adults are responsible.

Having chosen the essay as the primary genre, S. Dovlatov, addresses the fate of the artist and sculptor M. Shemyakin. The article examines the central theme for the writer of the fate of a creative personality in the conditions of the totalitarian USSR regime in the era of stagnation and subsequent forced emi­gration. The humorous-ironic style is shown to have allowed the writer to raise the question of the fate of M. Shemyakin, I. Brodsky, his own fate and, in general,...

... purposes of the discourse. Meta-subject, linguistic, operational, critical, and cultural dimen­sions of literacy competencies are defined as indicators of the formation of the student's academic and discursive Self. The research also specifies necessary conditions for the organization and implementation of the discourse practices. 1. Дейк Т. А. ван. Язык. Познание. Коммуникация. Благовещенск, 2000. 2. Кубрякова Е. С. О термине «дискурс» ...

... that these terms can not be called either synonyms or quasi-synonyms, since they are characterized by belonging to the same part of speech, partial coincidence of valency, but do not match in their interpretation. These terms can be used in different conditions: recommendations — in case of dispositive use, guidelines — in the case of im­perative compliance with the rules for using the document, protocols — in case of adaptation of the first two documents to medical practice of specific medical ...

... article contains a short history of the term “romance” and the genre of Russian romance, describes the problems of studying the romance. Russian romance is presented as a social-cognitive construct with a particular set of historically and culturally conditioned cognitive indicators. A comparative analysis of the texts of the Russian romance and Russian lyrical songs re­vealed the national characteristics of the lyric song, as well as the cognitive characteristics peculiar to the romance: focus on ...

... The study found that the ability of linguistic deviations to acquire and convey relevant stylistic and pragmatic meanings in the discourse space en­hanced the semantic content, ex­pressiveness, and emotionality of these mean­ings. All this creates conditions for anomalies to function in political texts as expres­sive stylistic means that have a high potential for pragmatic impact on the addressee. It is concluded that, in giving political speech special liveliness and expressiveness, language-norm-breaking ...

... opportunities of teaching staff in the framework of the Education national project. The role of the teacher and an innovative vision of the teacher’s professional competency are analysed. The stages of teaching career are identified and described alongside conditions for career advancement and movement up and along the career ladder. 1. Аврамкова И. С. К вопросу о кризисе образования в современной России // Известия Российского ...

... Special attention is paid to techniques of identifying keywords and tacking questions. These techniques help to develop stable psychological attitudes in students with special needs. When used in psychotherapy, fairy tales affect the psychophysical condition of such students and contribute to resilience, i. e. greater control of one’s actions and more conscious attitude to risks and challenges. 1. Вачков В. И. Сказкотерапия: развитие самосознания через ...

... social exclusion. It is shown that social exclusion as one of the forms of organization of society can result not only from the structure of society, but can also be the individual’s con­scious choice. The author systematizes and describes special conditions of per­sonality development, personal dispositions and the role of social self-iden­ti­fication of people with disabilities in relation to social inclusion and ex­clu­sion. The author argues that there are different models of integration ...