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... transcendental synthesis of imagination and the empirical synthesis of apprehension. Then, I focus on the pure aspect and argue that the conceptualising function involved in the pure self-affection is decisive for the generation of formal intuition. In particular, I explain why the formal intuition of time depends on the intuition of space and how it is constituted by drawing a line. After that, I turn to analysing the empirical aspect of self-affection and show that by virtue of the empirical synthesis ...

... is a historical-philosophical reconstruction of the image of Fichtean philosophy formed within German neo-Kantianism. To achieve this aim I have analysed the key projects of the German neo-Kantians in which the influence of Fichte’s philosophy, in particular his interpretation of the Kantian doctrine of the primacy of practical reason, is most clearly manifested. I show that the theory of values of the Southwest neo-Kantians and the ethics of pure will of the Marburg neo-Kantians are associated ...

... on our actions from a moral point of view, we cannot really know whether in a given situation our actions are actually motivated by those maxims. This means that, although we have a firm sense of our moral duties, we can never be certain whether some particular action of ours is done from duty or simply in accordance with it. This view is voiced in several of Kant’s writings. Most prominent is its appearance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, but we also find it in Religion within the ...

... to Believe”, in spite of having received a great deal of hostile criticism, is in “its logic, in fact, precise and impeccable”, James’s thoughts are considered by many contemporary philosophers (by Charles Taylor, e.g., and by Hans Joas) as particularly inspiring. James’s approach is based on the modern experience of secularism and interprets Kant’s “postulate” as the “option” to believe. A deepening of the debate on the relevance of Kant’s analysis of the horizon of religious ...

... refutation of Wolffianism, became an advocate for the necessity of absolute space but also denied the existence of an internal force of inertia (2). After that I will show how Kant’s reading of Euler lead to crucial changes of his natural philosophy in particular and his philosophical enterprise in general. I therefore analyze Kant’s revision of his theory of space and inertia in his precritical writings. Building upon that, I will show the influence of these thoughts on his Metaphysical Foundations ...

... combining as they do the considered and serious wisdom of philosophy, the precision of scientific terminology and the figurativeness of a work of fiction. Kant is perceived not only as a researcher and philosopher capable of bringing out the essence of the particular and changeable captured in observation, but as a writer with a consummate command of the apparatus for keeping the reader’s attention through linguistic devices and practices of image-creating. The authors demonstrate how the categories of ...

... universal law of nature in the modern context. Apressyan, R. G., ed. 2020. Universal’nost’ v morali: kollektivnaya monografiya [Universality in Morality: A Collective Monograph]. Moscow: Sadra. (In Rus.) Callahan, D., 2000. Universalism and Particularism: Fighting to a Draw. Hastings Center Report, 30(1), pp. 37-44. Dévédec, N. le, 2015. La société de l’amélioration : la perfectibilité humaine des Lumières au transhumanisme. Montréal: Liber. Gauthier, D., 1985. Moral by Agreement....

... 2021 at The Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) attempts to explain the obvious growth of interest in Neo-Kantian philosophy in general and the philosophy of the head of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, Hermann Cohen, in particular. In their contributions, the participants in the discussion demonstrated that the current interest in Neo-Kantianism does not solely or even largely have to do with the history of philosophy but rather with the relevance of many of the ideas ...

... Gadamer and others). Accordingly, the authors consistently reconstruct “the sphere of conversation” within which Shpet’s concept of “historical philosophy” was formed and reveal the place and role of Kant’s ideas in Shpet’s theories (with particular focus on the Plato-Kant antithesis). Among Shpet’s “interlocutors” with whom he discusses Kant and thus “ploughs” the field of historical philosophy are G. I. Chelpanov and E. Husserl, B. Bolzano and A. Trendelenburg, F. Heman and ...

... status of the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity. In doing so, he refers to an already proven argument and thus to other passages of the Critique of Pure Reason. In search of this argument the “Transcendental Analytic” but in particular the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic” turn out to be possible reference points. Although this contextualisation demands further systematic and editorial reflections, it also allows the clarification of the status of the ...

... content independently of empirical concepts. Second, I show in what sense the generation of spatial content can be regarded as non-categorial. A key distinction is that a perceptual examination of an object can be understood as thoroughly sensible and particular, whereas a conceptual determination always grasps the object via its generalisable features. Third, I propose that the faculties of sensibility and understanding are not only separable in principle, but that their contributions remain in a ...

... critical works and then in the Critical period in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Further problems arise from the complex pre-Kant­ian history of the concept of Gesinnung which influenced Kant’s philosophy. Among the sources that had a particularly strong impact both on the meaning of Kant’s concept of Gesinnung and on its perception the most important are various translations of the Bible — both into German and into Russian — as well as Latin works by A. G. Baumgarten and German ...

At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical ...

... caricature with regards to certain theses. I address Weymann’s polemic with Kant to show that, in the pre-critical period, the early Kant advocated beliefs in sphere of practical philosophy that he later radically changed in the critical period, in particular those with regards to freedom and human dignity. The obvious bias of most Kantian scholars against Kant’s opponents prevented researchers from seeing the validity of Weymann’s criticism of Kant for ignoring the problem of freedom. To prove ...

... neokantianstvo: “Marburg” v Rossii. Istoriko-filosofskie ocherki [Russian Neo-Kantianism: ‘Marburg’ in Russia. Historico-Philosophical Essays]. Moscow: ROSSPEN. (In Russ.) Dmitrieva, N. A., 2016a. Back to Kant, or Forward to Enlightenment: The Particularities and Issues of Russian Neo-Kantianism. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 54(5), pp. 378-394. doi: 10.1080/10611967.2016.1290414. Dmitrieva, N. A., 2016b. The Conception of History by Nikolai Boldyrev: Neo-Kantian Perspectives. History of Philosophy,...

... Neo-Kantianstvo v Rossii: Aleksandr Ivanovich Vvedensky, Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin [Neo-Kantianism in Russia: Aleksandr I. Vvedensky, Ivan I. Lapshin]. Moscow: ROSSPEN, pp. 40-73. (In Russ.) 7. Dmitrieva, N. A., 2016. Back to Kant, or Forward to Enlightenment: The Particularities and Issues of Russian Neo-Kant­ianism. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 54(5), pp. 378-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611967.2016.1290414 8. Kubalica, T., 2013. Wiedza w neokantyzmie. Studia Systematica, 3, pp. 89-107. 9. Noras, A. J....

... 553-554. (In Rus.) Bitcilli, P. M., 1935. [Rev.] G. Gurvitch, L’expérience juridique et la philosophie pluraliste du droit, Paris, 1935. Novy Grad, 10, pp. 139-142. (In Rus.) Dmitrieva, N. A., 2016. Back to Kant, or Forward to Enlightenment: The Particularities and Issues of Russian Neo-Kantianism. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 54(5), pp. 378-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611967.2016.1290414 . Duguit, L., 1921. Objective Law. II. Columbia Law Review, 21(1), pp. 17-34. Durkheim, E., 1982. The ...

... example is the contemporary confrontation between the “two objects” theory and the “two aspects” theory. In this paper, I develop a semantico-cognitive approach to Kant’s transcendentalism in general as well as to his conception of appearance in particular. Its use makes it possible to clarify both the metaphysical and ontological status of appearance. I show that, from the metaphysical point of view, the specificity of appearance is given by the transcendental triad “object (thing in itself) ...

Kant’s ‘Newtonianism’ has been rightly highlighted by figures like Friedman. The follow-up debates led to a more adequate view on Kant’s natural philosophy and in particular his relation towards Newton. But the discussion that evolved did not point to the asynchronicity that takes place in Kant’s struggle with the central Newtonian concepts. Newtonian space and gravity, in revised form, are of central concern ...

... clear and careful definition. Historians and philosophers have lumped together their various understandings of outlooks that stress the value and importance of human life under the collective term “humanism.” This essay sets out to contrast, in particular, three types of humanism, all of which attracted attention at overlapping times in Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union. The youngest of the three, Marxist humanism, stemmed from late Soviet-era philosophers, who advocated the idea that ...

... Pasternaka i ego 90-letiyu [“A Hug in a Thousand Embraces”: a Collection of Papers in Memory of Evgeny Pasternak and His Ninetieth Birthday]. St. Petersburg: RChGA, pp. 59-80. (In Rus.) Dmitrieva, N., 2016. Back to Kant, or Forward to Enlightenment: The Particularities and Issues of Russian Neo-Kantianism. Russian Studies in Philosophy, 54(5), pp. 378-394. Dvorkin, I. S., 2002. The Thou and the It: Following of Buber and Freud. Voprosy Filosofii, 4, pp. 141-158. (In Rus.). Dvorkin, I., 2013. Towards ...

This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic. 1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в 4 т. М., 1978. Т. 2. С. ...

... their cultural studies interpretation by Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky are applied to the analysis of some fragments of N. O. Lossky's philosophical concept pertaining to the features of Russian culture in general and the originality of Russian philosophy in particular. The topic is developed through comparative digressions into the field of anthropological aspects of I. Kant's philosophy. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Сравнительное исследование западноевропейской ...

This article considers the key aspects of the development of contemporary Russian Kant studies and, in particular, the role of Vladimir Zhuchkov in it. 1. Васильев В. В. История философской психологии. Западная Европа — XVIII век. Калининград, 2003. 2. Васильев В. В. Учение ...

The origin of science and the demarcation between science and metaphysics are the main features of early modern period. This demarcation faces a particular problem with conceptualisation of body, which can be considered both as just physical body and as closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form the complex tradition, which significantly ...

... judgements. The American logician Irving Copi was the first to use Gödel’s first incompleteness theory to that end. While his small work went almost unnoticed, such ideas were expressed by at least two other mathematicians. In modern mathematics, particularly, Martin-Löf type theory, the existence of synthetic a priori truths, is considered justified. Although it is based on different grounds than those mentioned above, it is nevertheless compatible with Gödel’s results. Analysing proofs of ...

... concepts of the understanding to the level of sensual intuition, where mathematical acts are performed, followed by a subsequent return to the initial level. On this basis, the author develops a theory of transcendental constructivism (pragmatism). In particular, Kant's ‘intuitionism’ of mathematics can be understood as structural properties of mathematical language or its ‘logical space’ (Wittgenstein; cf. mathematical structuralism). In his theory, Kant distinguishes between two types of ...

... ontologization of cognitive process and the recognition of existential characteristics of the knowing subject as primary and exerting a significant impact on its cognitive structure. This ‘ontological turn’, typical of Russian Neo-Kantianism and, in particular, Sergey Hessen, Boris Yakovenko, and Vasily Sesemann, is, on the one hand, the hallmark of entire Russian philosophy, including its most representative parts, namely, Russian religious philosophy (ontologism). On the other hand, it brings the ...

... the development of scientific knowledge amid the dominance of religious philosophy. Using the tools of criticism, the Russian philosopher identified the metaphysical origins in scientific knowledge in order to eliminate them, although preserving the particular critical field of metaphysics dealing with issues transcending the available rational knowledge. Such an approach to the role of metaphysics, as well as demarcation of the border between philosophy and psychology amid the need for coherent ...

... civilizational crisis of consciousness, which arose against the background of the 20th century crisis of objectivist methodology of modern natural sciences. Such a methodology is incapable of solving the problem of an accurate description of the reality, in particular, as regards the ontological status of a wave function. This poses a serious ontological challenge to the entire scientific paradigm of today’s natural science standard. It is stressed that, in the context of the problem of consciousness and ...

... architecture of mathematical theories does not take into account the object-based character of mathematical knowledge, which was stressed after Kant by Cassirer, complicates the application of new mathematical theories in natural sciences and technology. In particular, this can explain why modern physical string theory is empirically unverifiable; it can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of possible outcomes of observations and experiments. At the same time, there are reasons to believe that certain ...

... reasons to consider that class of necessarily exemplified concepts as non-empty; 2) interchangeability of alethic modalities does not seem to be a valid argument; 3) there are additional complications that were not mentioned in earlier analyses. In particular, the proof does not take into account the multilevel structure of ontology, whose hier¬archy of levels determines, as a rule, what entities exist in ontology in the true sense of the word. In addition, Makin’s approach can be described in ...

... development of the key ideas of Kant’s philosophy. Being an interim variant between The Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reasons, these lectures contain a number of explanations contributing to a better understanding of both Critiques. In particular, this holds true for the postulates of the existence of god and immortality of the soul and their role on Kant’s ethical system. 1. Кант И. Критика практического разума // Кант И. Собр. соч. : в ...

... freedom was restricted, because the principle of sufficient reason implies the unlimited necessity of all things and excludes the possibility of any happenstance, at least in the real world. It had an adverse effect on philosophy in general and ethics in particular. However, the total elimination of the principle of sufficient reason was impossible. Thus, the main focus of the dispute was the maintaining of freedom without abandoning the sufficient reason. These efforts resulted in various interpretations ...

... perspective on experience and the bases of its certainty. The main target of his critique is ‘popular philosophy’, which appeals to common understanding; he seeks to defend it from the criticism of systemic knowledge in general and metaphysics in particular. In the argument between the advocates of the Leibniz-Wolff geometric philosophy and their opponents — enlighteners-eclecticists and pietists, Tetens manages to take a neutral position conducting a synthesis of the British observingphilosophy,...

... and other authors, as well as their attempts at harmonizing the principle of sufficient reason with freedom. It is demonstrated that, in the 18th century, necessity was understood very broadly, it held a special place in metaphysics in general and, in particular, in such metaphysical disciplines as cosmology, psychology, theology, and also ethics. 1. Бавмейстер Хр. Метафизика / пер. с лат. Я. В. Толмачева. М., 1808. 2. Вольф Хр. Разумные мысли ...

... complicated treatise, the Critique of Pure Reason presents the system of antinomies of the cosmological idea of pure reason. However, these phenomena are not identical — there is a great difference between the antinomy of pure reason and a system of particular antinomies of one of its ideas. The article addresses this complication and the reasons behind it and explicates the antinomy, which is reconstructed based on the entire body of Kant’s works. The authors considers Kant’s resolution of the ...

... research on Kant's philosophy in Russia in the early 19th century. The author considers both the process of dissemination of information about Kant's teaching via printed materials and the analysis of his heritage in professional philosophical — in particular, ecclesiastic — circles. This process is illustrated by archive materials. 1. Абрамов А. И. Сборник научных трудов по истории русской философии. М.,2005. 2. Авдеева Л. Р., ...

This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal, and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic. 1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в 4 т. М., 1978. Т. 2. С. ...

The formation of science and its separation from metaphysics are among the key characteristics of the early modern period. This separation faces a particular problem with conceptualization of body, which, while being a physical body, is closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form a complex tradition, which has significantly influenced Kant’s ...

... question largely determines a justification of the doctrine of right as such as well as a solution of the problem of relation between right and ethics in Kantian philosophy. Some recent interpretations of Kant’s theory of punishment are examined, particularly those by O. Hoeffe and B. Byrd. It is demonstrated that neither is actually compatible with Kant’s statement that punishment is a categorical imperative. Futhermore, it is shown that this statement is crucial and necessary for Kant’s ...

The article studies the mass media impact on the integration and the rooting of highly specialized vocabulary of fashionable discourse in the Russian language. Due to this goal the author analyzed the vocabulary of modern fashion magazines, in particular the linguistic borrowings of the clothing items names of the terms that have already established themselves in the world fashion discourse. A certain attention is paid to new color terms, which, as a rule, appear in French and English languages ...

The article analyses the ways of Russification of Buddhism in the cycle of novels by Holm van Zaichik (V. Rybakov and I. Alimov) “Eurasian Symphony”. Buddhist ideas (for example, the idea of karma in its various forms), Buddhist images (in particular, architectural images), Buddhist vocabulary are integrated by the authors into the traditional patterns of Russian culture. Russian Buddhism depicted by V. Rybakov and I. Alimov in the novels of the cycleoffers answers to complex challenges ...

... comparative; 2) the comparison should be carried out on activities that are regular for at least one of the compared groups; 3) empirical material should be selected in such a way that it reflects the features of linguistic phenomena caused by this particular activity; 4) empirical material should be analyzed in such a way that identifies a regular (i. e. not random) influence on it from regular activities and personal assessment.

... emphasized that the vision of America by both writers is ambivalent. From the point of view of Polish and Russian writers, America gives a chance for individual fulfillment, but the positions of both authors indicate their patriotism. This is confirmed, in particular, by nostalgic motifs in the novels “For Daily Bread” and “Without Language”.

... is the second one in the series of three papers dealing the modeling of terminological fields. The present paper deals with the practical application of the author’s method for modeling terminological fields (developed in the previous paper) to a particular terminological system to prove its efficiency. The “Pelvis injuries” terminological field is picked as an object of modeling because both its lexical content and structure are poorly conceived in many subject-related textbooks. As the result ...

... determining the status of business letters in the local system of documents. There have been identified several indicators of business letter consistency, like its self-designation, the direction of communication, capability of initiation, inclusion into a particular group of documents on the basis of their function. Within the system of business correspondence, which existed in the offices of the Don Cossack Army, business letters were informing and regulatory documents that accompanied the process of ...

... of confessional issues are identified, characteristic of both the early development of Russian classical literature and the turn of the 19th—20th centuries. Along with this, fundamental differences in the views of the two writers are clarified. In particular, A. S. Pushkin assigned a leading role in interreligious integration to official Orthodoxy, seeing in Old Believers purely destructive traits. L. N. Tol­stoy, on the other hand, considered Old Believers as the best example of religious tolerance ...

... topoi. In he novel, space does not only function as an arrangement of the hero’s inner state, but also as a plot-forming component. There is a contraction of space, proportional to the presence of the supernatural in the canvas of the narrative. A particular attention is paid to oneirosphere space functioning (J. Faryno) as a place of unreal events localization. James’ story showcases the multi-sensory imaging experience through the additional possibilities of dance, voice, correlation of light ...

... the 19th and 20th cen­tu­ries. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the significance of curricula and prog­rams with the emergence of pedagogical training in women’s educational organizations. The ex­pe­rience of educational institutions, particularly the Alexandrov School and the Smolny Insti­tu­te of Noble Maidens, in preparing future female graduates for professional activities as ho­me teachers and governesses is detailed. The research methodology is based on an aspectual app­roach: ...