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... here critically examined. The book is based on the results of a large-scale study by professional ethical philosophers devoted to the question of the nature of universality in morality and the mechanisms of universalisation of individual maxims and norms from antiquity to modern ethical theories, represented above all by the analytical tradition in philosophy. Of great interest is the analysis of related phenomena in morality, which makes it possible to determine the causes and nature of the transformation ...

The “Cambridge pragmatists”, Charles S. Peirce, William James and Josiah Royce, are at least in two respects significantly indebted to Kant: first, as von Kempski, Apel and Murphey have shown, with regard to the epistemological issues investigated in pragmatism; secondly, with regard to the various pragmatic approaches to religion, something which has been long overlooked. These approaches are best understood as innovative re-readings of Kant’s postulates of freedom, immortality, and God. Since Hilary...

I critically examine the plausibility of Kant’s conception of rationalising, a form of self-deception that plays a crucial role for Kant’s moral psychology and his conception of the functions of critical practical philosophy. The main problem I see with Kant’s conception is that there are no theory-independent criteria to determine whether an exercise of rational capacities constitutes rationalising. Kant believes that rationalising is wide-spread and he charges the popular philosophers and other...

In a crucial paragraph (KrV, A 663-664 / B 691-692) of the first part of the “Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic”, Kant discusses the specific status of the principles of homogeneity, specification, and continuity. In doing so, he refers to an already proven argument and thus to other passages of the Critique of Pure Reason. In search of this argument the “Transcendental Analytic” but in particular the “first book” of the “Transcendental Dialectic” turn out to be possible reference points....

... the Jewish Platonist Philo of Alexandria. Kant reinterpreted this doctrine by taking the intelligible world as a moral world consisting of free rational agents who ought to transform the empirical world of human society and history according to the norms and standards of moral laws. This was meant to be a programme for a moral reform of the human world, both with regard to individual moral­ity and to the cosmopolitical task of the establishment of an international order of legal institutions. Kant’s ...

Borisova, I.V., Davydova, L.S., 1998. Questions of Philosophy and Psychology (1889—1918). Index of the Content. In: Studies in Russian Intellectual History. Yearbook for 1998, 2. Moscow: OGI, pp. 427-523. (In Rus.) Bulgakov, S.N., 2007. On the Need to Introduce Social Sciences in the Program of the Theological School (1906). In: M. A. Kolerov, ed. 2007. Studies in Russian Intellectual History. Yearbook for 2004/2005, 7. Moscow: Modest Kolerov, pp. 265-277. (In Rus.) Ermichev, A.A., ed. 2001. Filosofskoe...

Kant, I., 1991. Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History. In: I. Kant, 1991. Political Writings. Edited by H. Reiss, translated by H. B. Nisbet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221-235. Korsgaard, C.M., 1996a. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Korsgaard, C.M., 1996b. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Korsgaard, C.M., 2004. Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals. In: G. B. Peterson, ed. 2004. The...

The author analyses the Enlightenment's principle of justifying lie from altruistic motives, which was criticised by Kant in the article "On a supposed right..." The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of arguments drawn in Kant's work. The author proves and specifies the admissibility of lie due to ethical and legal principles put forward by Kant in other publications and lectures, namely: need for self-defence and internal legal duty to humanity (categorical imperative)...

The article considers the first of the two principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls as universal principles that would be chosen by every reasonable and rational person in an ‘original position’. The work analyses the problematic aspects of the principle’s formulation (the vagueness of the list of key rights and freedoms and the value criterion for ranking them) and of the methods used by Rawls to overcome them in the works published after the acclaimed book A theory...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

In this article, I consider Kant’s dichotomy between general and transcendental logic in light of a retrospective reconstruction of two approaches originating in 14th century scholasticism that are used to demarcate formal and material consequences. The first approach (e. g., John Buridan, Albert of Saxony, Marsilius of Inghen) holds that a consequence is formal if it is valid — because of its form only — for any matter. Since the matter of a consequence is linked to categorematic terms, its formal...

... substan tial and empty ones. Substantial noumena correspond to transcendental objects as the material of possible experience, which has become or can become actual, on the one hand. On the other, they correspond to abstract idealisation relations – norms and values – that are immanent in the world of phenomena and contribute to the organisation of that world. 1. Kant, I. 1965a, Kritika practicheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works ...

... (O ponjatii i istorii filosofii) [What is philosophy? (On the concept and the history of philosophy)]) // Windelband, W., Izbrannoe: Duh i Istorija [Selected: Spirit & History], Moscow, P. 22—58. 14. Windelband, W., 1995b, Normy i zakony prirody [Norms and laws of nature] // Windelband, W., Izbrannoe: Duh i Istorija [Selected: Spirit & History], Moscow, P. 184—208. 15. Dmitrieva, N. A., 2007, Russkoje neokantianstvo: “Marburg” v Rossii. Istoriko-filosofskije ocherki [Russian Neo-Kantianism: ...

Based on the theory of genius presented in Kant’s Critique of Judgement, the author considers the idea of normal genius as opposed to the genius of Romanticism and Postmodernism. The influence of Postmodernism is manifested in popular interpretations of the works of great artists — especially, Russian ones — as a product of mental disorders and perversions. The author analyses an interpretation of the oeuvre of the great Russian poet and thinker A. A. Fet. Factors that affected the fundamentals of...

The paper discusses Paul Natorp’s social pedagogy theory from the point of its relevance to the modern educational discussions. Natorp sees practical task of his pedagogic theory in negation of German society’s crisis tendencies. The theoretical context of social pedagogy was defined by several key factors. The first one is Natorp’s dependency on legacy of Plato, J. Pestalozzi and I. Kant, while second deals with his critic of fundamental grounds of dominant contemporary pedagogical system. The major...

... Kants,,Zum ewigen Frieden“ // Wesen und Wirklichkeit des Menschen.Göttingen, 1957. S. 131—152. 8. Rawls J. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MS, 1971. 9. Sternberger D. Begriff des Politischen. Der Frieden als der Grund und das Merkmal und die Norm des Politischen. Frankfurt am Main, 1961. 10. Vollrath E. Grundlegung einer philosophischen Theorie des Politischen. Würzburg,1987.

This article explores the contribution of the Russian philosopher and theorist of law, neo-Kantian Kistyakovsky, to the understanding of the essence of law. He supported methodological pluralism and identified four theoretical and two practical concepts of law. The neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According...

The analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “ratonal egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue...

The analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “rational egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue...

... Ортега-и-Гассет Х. Восстание масс. М., 2002. 7. Beck U. Pouvoir et contre-pouvoir à l’heure de la mondialisation / trad. A. Duthoo. Champs Flammarion, 2003. 8. Bruns Th. Kant et l’Europe. Saarbrücken, 1973. 9. Commaille J. Normes juridiques et régulation sociale. LGDJ, Collection Droit et Société, 191. 10. Ferry J.-M. Problèmes théoriques de la construction européenne. Première Partie: Le sens politique de l’Union européenne. Paris, 2005. URL: http:// users. ...

... spelt in Latin alphabet, retain their orthogra­phic image. The article studies phonetic assimilation processes of those foreign words and loanwords from different languages in the modern German language which are pronounced in accordance with the norms of the English language pronunciation. The author analyses foreign phonemes on the material of the modern German print media. The processes which occur while borrowing for­eign words on phonetic and phonological levels are examined and analyzed ...

... основным общеобразовательным программам : приказ Министерства образования Калининградской области от 28 августа 2017 г. № 897/1. URL: https://edu.gov39.ru/norm/?sect=order&PAGEN_1=1 (дата обра­щения: 17.04.2021). 9. Об утверждении профессионального стандарта «Педагог (педагогическая деятельность в сфере ...

... on the con­text, a threat may take various forms, which can be at odds with the traditional idea of both the structure of a threat and its linguistic markers. Threats are frequently used in contemporary po­litical discourse, which is gov­erned by norms and conventions. The radicaliza­tion of communication is a re­sult of social and economic problems as well as geopo­litical conflicts. This pa­per analyses what forms the speech act of threat can take in the political dis­courses of two Europe­an ...

This article considers motives behind the breaking of language norms in persuasion in the space of English political discourse. The study aims to de­termine the linguistic factors influencing the development of the semantic content of language anomalies and encouraging the use of the latter in public speech. The ...

... then verbal signs are transferred to the culture system. Since the cultural intent of the quasi-symbol is modeling the behavior of the interpreter, the development of symbols is based on connotations that reflect cultural attitudes, ideologies, and norms.

... utterances with the verb ‘to lack’. These situations are the results of mental activity of the modal subject, implicitly present in the meaning of the verb ‘to lack’. When categorizing a situation, the modal subject evaluates it based on a certain norm, standard or prototype, which the situation does not correspond to. Thus, the verb ‘to lack’ conveys the modal subject’s viewpoint or knowledge, realizing its modus potential. Апресян Ю. Д. Исследования по семантике ...

... their dictionary fixation. The authors consider the traditional opposition of feminine gender verb forms to the other gender verb forms as a stable trend. The authors also denote a new opposition of the neutral gender verbs, marked as acceptable younger norm, with the type of accent paradigm a/c 2, 3. Wide variatian is also observed in short passive participles, free stress participle­forms are also common. A complex and variable system of free stress is also characteristic of short adjectives. The ...

This article is devoted to the terminological analysis of F. de Saussure's 1872—1911 authentic texts. A component analysis makes it possible to identify the characteristics of formation of general linguistic terms. It is established that F. de Saussure's terminology (118 preterms) is based on existing lexical units of different systems. Tectological mechanisms transformed Saussure’s terminology into a linguistic terminological system consisting of 36 scientific terms. 1. Cardona T. R. Négativité...

This article considers the main principles of ‘theory of mind’ as a cognitive theory explaining verbal and cognitive dysfunctions in children with autism spectrum disorder. The article presents some results of testing this theory through a psycholinguistic experiment that involved 16 students from special schools. It is concluded that, in the case of autistic children, it is more correct to speak of a deficiency, rather than a complete absence of a ‘theory of mind’. 1. Сергиенко Е. А., Лебедева...

This article discusses the development of social identity in the modern Russian society in the case of the Kaliningrad region. Based on an analysis of the regional public discourse and the data of surveys and case studies, the author considers the process of promoting and imposing a model of normativity and social identity marked as one characteristic of the “overwhelming majority” of citizens, “traditional” for the Russian society, and morally true, but nevertheless contradicting the actual state...

This article presents the findings of a study into the practices of special-ists of the Centre for Social Assistance to Families and Children and student volunteers from the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University aimed at man-aging a special area of social activity of the Centre’s clients, namely, social as-sistance. The authors identify management connections and problems, as well as prospect for inter-institutional cooperation in the field. 1. Иванова Ю. В. Социальное обслуживание граждан пожилого...

... influence of cognitive factors on the foreign language speech structure. Native Russian speakers tend to copy the native system of morphological and semantic-syntactic patterns in their English speech, which results in deviations from the authentic English norms. It is concluded that the foreign speech production regularities and grammatical idioethnism of the English speech of Russian speakers results from the automatic selection of semantic-syntactic means of thought verbalization. 1. Лотман Ю....

... Российский педиатрический журнал. М., 2008. № 4. С. 47—50. 7. Bowling A., Bond M., Jenkinson C., Lamping D. L. Short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire: which normative data should be used? Comparisons between lhe norms provided by the Omnibus survey in Britain, the Health survey for England and Oxford healthy life survey // Journal of public health medicine. 1999. Vol. 21. № 3. P. 255—270. 8. Bullinger M. et al. Translating health study questionnaires and ...

...   N., Newman B.   I. , Gross B.   L. Consumption values and market choices: Theory and applications. Cincinnati , 1991. 6. Woodruff R.   B., Cadotte E.   R., Jenkins R.   L. Modeling Consumer Satisfaction Pro­cesses Using Experience-Based Norms // Journal of Marketing Research. 1983. №   20 (Aug.). P. 296—304. 7.  ГОСТ Р ИСО 9001—2001. Системы менеджмента качества: требования. М., 2003.

This article describes the basic negative and positive effects of social relations of a person in the context of their subjective well-being on the basis of international publications, which have not been translated into Russian yet and are little known in the country. The authors present their own typology of positive and negative effects of social support in situations of normal and abnormal social functioning of an individual. 1.      Berkman L., Glass T., Brissette I. , Seeman T. From social...

This paper introduces and describes the concept of "talkativity" that is based on the identification of a specific set of conceptual features — the use of colloquial speech, spontaneity, formal situation, and the stability of subject matter. 1.  Ахренова Н.   А . Интернет-дискурс как глобальное межкультурное явление и его языковое оформление: автореф. дис. ...д-ра филол. наук. М ., 2009. 2.  Haase M. et al . Internetkommunikation und Sprachwandel // Sprachwandel durch Computer. Opladen...

... links between the arsenal of Prussian lieges and politics of the Order and church, who sought to unify both defensive and offensive weapons of Prussian by involving it in the terms «light weapons» and «service by armour» that were regulated by the norms of Kulm charter. This unification identified the functions of Prussians in the Order’s army (defense of borders, reconnais­san­ce, etc.) and became one of the basis aspects of their incorporation in the new social system.

This article examines a couple’s miniature portrait, traditionally ascribed to Italian artist Julie Corneo, kept in the collection of the Tansey Miniatures Foundation. Relying on the printed and archival sources, the author was able to establish the identity of the general and his wife shown on the miniature. More importantly, the author attempted to re-examine the evolution of the uniforms of generals of the French Republic between 1791 and 1803 and to demonstrate the function of regulations and...

... eligible to develop formal institutions of the national economy, and on the other hand, it itself is one of the elements of this sector of the global socio-economics system. The author defines the economic policies regime as a set of rules, measures, norms to achieve the macro-goal of the country’s development through the development of its economic system. With this approach, it becomes possible to adjust the economic policies by changing the regimes if, for a predetermined period, the target indicators ...

The aim of the study is to study the system of social standards of modern society and to assess the system of social norms and norms in the Russian Federation at the moment. The methods of analysis of the system of support of motherhood and childhood in Russia were used, as well as the method of com­parative characteristic of the system of support of motherhood and ...

... crimi­nological and criminal justice measures of crime prevention. The methodology of the research relied on both general scientific methods (logical and systemic methods, method of analysis) and the method of formal legal analysis for in­terpreting the norms of criminal procedure and criminal law. The author demonstrates the growing attention to the crime situation, and this awareness contributes to crime prevention both at the level of regular practice and the legislation. The situational crime prevention ...

... of Crimea, Russians and Crimean Ta­tars, towards mastering the Russian language as a macro-mediator have been defined. Having analysed the data obtained during the interviews, the author described the following aspects: a) attitude to language’s norms and stan­dards, their compliance and preservation; b) culturally defined functionality and the status of the language. The author revealed the correlation of the con­tent of the examined aspects of self-actualization of respondents and their cul­tural ...

... economics, and on the other hand, it itself is one of the elements of this sector of the global socio-economics system. The article proposes the author’s definition of the economic policies regimes, which is understood as a set of rules, measures, norms to achieve the macro-goal of the country's growth through the development of its economic system. With this approach, it becomes possible to adjust the economic policies by changing their regimes if, for a predetermined period of time, the target ...

... trans­forming society and investigates the causes of the crisis of parliamentarism, the confrontation between parliament and government in some countries and in others - the widespread "legitimization" of government policy in the sphere of legal norms. The author has identified the reasons for a decrease in trust to parliaments, which no longer play a decisive role in the division of power, be­ing forced aside by the executive authorities. Today the regulatory function of parliament is narrowed ...

..., the level of production of basic agricultural products is gradually approaching the rational rate of their consumption. The biggest gap in provid­ing the population with basic food remains in the production of milk. Only 71.0 % of the recommended norm of dairy produce is consumed. At the same time, in 2017, the level of self-sufficiency of Russia with this type of food was 84.0 % (against 90.0 % indicated in the Doctrine), due to a steady decline in the number of cows. Consequently, there was ...

... difference of the operational-search measures "obtaining computer information" from other operational-search measures on the Internet is justified. The research used formal-logical, logical-legal and comparative-legal methodology to study legal norms and to work out the proposals on improving the investigation measures on the Internet when dealing with extremist crimes. Particular attention is paid to the differences in investigation in tele­communication networks and the Internet as their ...

The article analyzes the life of former Polish prisoner of the Nazi concen­tration camp Auschwitz Stanislaw Dubiel (1910—?), who between 1942 and 1944 worked as a gardener at the villa of the Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss, and subsequently became one of the main prosecution witnesses at his trial. The trial took place in Warsaw in March 1947 and lasted 18 days. In addition to Dubiel, other Poles — former Auschwitz prisoners testified there, but Dubiel’s testimony was the most complete and contained...

The article explores consequences of revising the Constitution. Based on 25 years of experience in implementing the supreme law of the Russian Feder­ation, various approaches to changing the text of the Constitution are ana­lyzed. Speial attention is paid to the analysis of proposals to reform the consti­tutional law, which in effect means replacing the current Constitution with a new one. The author aims to study possible effects of constitutional reforms and the stability of the Constitution. He...

... international organizations in general in the field of pro­tection against disasters promotes gradual growth of the independent branch of international law — international disaster relief law, by means of develop­ment of the basic principles and norms and practice of their application. 1. Воздействие стихийных бедствий на сельское хозяйство: устранение ин­формационного разрыва. URL: http://https://www.preventionweb....