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In 1997, the Constitution of the Republic of Poland was adopted. Since then, constitutional disputes have continued in Poland. After the 2015 elec­tions, they sharpened. In addition, Polish President Andrzej Duda proposed a change to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This initiated a po­litical debate on constitutional matters. They are the subject of the article. Moreover, the most important current constitutional dilemmas were ana­lyzed. The cur­rent constitutional debate refers both...

1. Серков П. П. Правоотношение (Теория и практика современного правово­го регулирования) : в 3 ч. М., 2018. 2. Серков П. П. Правоотношение (Нравственность современного правового регулирования). М., 2020.

In this article, I consider the institution of constitutional control and its development during the Enlightenment. I stress that enlighteners thoroughly disapproved of French parliaments as forerunners of modern bodies of consti­tutional justice and explain why this was the case. In an early modern state, conditions for constitutional control and its very possibility were viewed in conjunction with the principles of sovereignty and the division of power. I conclude that the enlightenment doctrine...

The article presents the results of a theoretical study on the substantiation of the levels of value conditionality of political participation. On the basis of the subjective and objective nature of values, the level of normative ideals and that of individual priorities in the conditionality of civic activity and the political participation of young people have been singled out. 1. Баталов Э. Я. Политическая культура России сквозь призму civic culture // Pro et Contra. 2002. Т. 7, № 3. С. 7—22....

This article analyses the performance of small and medium public-private enterprises in the Brest region of the Republic of Belarus in 2010—2014. The authors examine the legislative and normative framework for the development of national small and medium enterprises and addresses problems of their development in different regions of the country. 1. Амунц Д. М. Государственно-частное партнерство // Справочник руководителя. 2005. № 12. С. 16—24. 2. Балашевич М. И., Лю Сяомэй. Тенденции развития малого...

... on the provisions of the concept of formal (legal) evidence. The formalisation of evidence presupposes the availability of the necessary proofs and mandatory sources of evidence that create proper conditions for the implementation of the procedural norm of Chapter 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 1. Александров А. С. Основание и условия для особого порядка принятия судебного решения при согласии обвиняемого ...

The author explores mutual alimentary obligations of children and parents. There are different forms of financial support including alimony. Alimentary obligation is the most important concept of the Family Code. However, neither the Family Code of the Russian Federation, nor other normative acts contains any legal definition of alimentary obligation. The author defines the concept of alimentary obligation and analyses the difference between the concepts of ‘support’ and ‘alimony’. The article describes...

... article focuses on the imposition and enforcement of criminal penalties of material nature – fines and community services. Special attention is paid to a low effectiveness of fine enforcement, in particular, due to the inflexibility of the legislative norm. The author presents several suggestions, in particular, reducing the minimum level of progressive fines. It is stressed that imposition of community service penalties is complicated by the possible unemployment of the sentenced person. 1. Уголовный ...

The paper analyzes the influence of modernization on social processes of different European states. On the example of desertion of the Central Power’s soldiers to Russia one comes to conclusion that changes in the manning system of European armies during the 19th century were one of the most important components of traditional society’s transformation and a vital source of new social practices. 1. Вербловский Г. О взаимной выдаче преступниковъ и дезертировъ // Юридический вестник. 1868. № 7. С....

This article analyses Robert Merton’s and Thomas Kuhn’s approaches to the concept of paradigm. Whereas Merton identifies the function of a paradigm in analysing data obtained within a social study, Kuhn considers a paradigm as a key notion at a certain stage of the development of science – that of normal science. It is stressed that, despite differences in approaches, the theories do not contradict but rather complement each other. 1. Mamedov A. K., Rybakova V. V. Scientific problem as a factor...

This article discusses the interpretation of legal norms by courts, which consist primarily in understanding the law. The interpretation of the law is often conducted alongside the interpretation of the statute, which requires serious professional and academic training, especially, if it involves the ...

This article analyses the basic norms of international law on the protection of marine environment from vessel-source pollution. The universal and regional levels of legal regulation of preventing marine environment pollution are identified. Special attention is paid to the status of ...

This article discusses the problem of organizing the movement of secondary resource flows in the system of reverse logistics flows. Traditionally, Consumption is considered the point of origin for all types of reverse flows, however, the question remains unanswered as to whether the secondary resource flows should be distinguished within them. This problem requires solution for the proper organisation of recycling processes. 1. Pollock W. K. Using Reverse Logistics to Enhance Customer Service and...

... 22. Кодекс профессиональной этики адвоката, принятый первым Всероссийским съездом адвокатов 31 января 2003 г (ред. от 22.04.2013 г.). URL: http://www.fparf.ru/norms/codex.htm

... restriction of freedom registered at penal institutions of the Kaliningrad region. An analysis of the results of the study suggest that, during the sentence period, those sentenced to restriction of freedom either do not reject the commonly accepted norms, values, and behavior patterns or demonstrate the medium degree of rejection. This category of convicted persons shows either low or medium degree of readiness for delinquent behavior and aggression. In most cases, those sentenced to restriction ...

... Sociology of Education. N. Y., 1986. P. 241—258. 4. Coleman J. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital // American Journal of Sociology. 1988. Supplement. Vol. 94. P. 95—120. 5. Coleman J. Rational Action, Social Networks and the Emergence of Norms // Structures of Power and Constraint. N. Y., 1990. P. 91—112. 6. Davern M. Social Networks and Economic Sociology: A Proposed Research Agenda for a More Complete Social Science // American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 1997. Vol. 56, № ...

Исследуется процессуально-правовая природа источников доказательств в уголовном судопроизводстве. Анализируются основные точки зрения, высказанные в современной отечественной литературе. Высказывается авторское видение этой проблемы. Предлагается внести изменение в нормативное определение понятия источников доказательств. This article focuses on the procedural and legal nature of sources of evidence in the criminal procedure. The authors analyse principal perspectives presented in modern Russian...

... connection between the reform and individual principles - the basics of civil law. The central element of regulating obligation relations is the "freedom of contract" principle. Possibilities inherent in the realization of this principle in various norms of the Civil Code determine the further development of law enforcement and regulation effectiveness. 1. Концепция развития гражданского законодательства Российской Федерации : одобрена ...

... potential of economy. Is shown that it includes: a) certain social networks and social structure determining the appropriate social roles (statuses); b) certain public relations between the performers of these roles; c) certain social institutes as norms of behavior according to the social structure and position in the hierarchy, which determine the lifestyle of a person; d) social environment and the relevant social component of the person’s quality of life. 1. Белкин А. Социальное ...

This paper considers the history of the Swedish pension system. Universal pension coverage is one of the key elements of the Swedish model of socioeconomic development. The author identifies the main stages of Swedish pension system development and emphasizes the need for further reforming. 1.  Korpi W., Stenberg S-Å., Åmark K. Välfärdsstat i brytningstid. URL : http :// www 2. historia . su . se / personal / klas _ amark / slutrapportViB . pdf (дата обра­ще­ния: 01.09.2011). 2.  Создавая...

The article deals with the questions of the current legislative budget process of local autonomies in the Russian Federation and Italy. The current budget process of an Italian autonomy is characterized by the growing role of municipal taxes and overall decline in public transfers. In the Russian Federation, municipal budgets depend crucially on the mechanism of federal and municipal tax redistribution at this stage of municipal reform. The author comes to the conclusion that legal innovations in...

The author discusses urgency and current necessity of the problem of corporate culture for the businessmen of the Kaliningrad region who are carrying out activity on territory surrounded by the EU. He gives special attention to fitting the European norms of corporate culture in conditions of economy globalization. 1.  Бобрик Ж. К вопросу формирования корпоративной культуры на пред­приятиях Калининградской области ...

This article considers the logical modelling of a set of arguments. The author shows that logic offers normative models, which impose the pre-set structure on the argumentation. The article introduces the notions of macro-, micro-, and mesostructure of argument sets as well as the notion of argumentation circle as a variety of the hermeneutic circle. The author determines the advantages and disadvantages of logical models. 1.  Бежанишвили М.   Н. Логика модальностей знания и мнения. М., 2007. 2...

... influence of family, mass media, and school on the process of individual legal socialisation. Special attention is paid to their controversial and disruptive influence on legal awareness in the conditions of the disagreement and low efficiency of social norms. 1.  Арутюнян М., Здравомыслова О., Курильски-Ожвэн Ш . Образ и опыт права: правовая социализация в изменяющейся России. М., 2008. 2.  Бабосов ...

... elastometry is not described in current clinical guidelines, so the authors of publications rely on their own research methods and get different results. The authors provide a systematization of the research methodology, the values of stiffness for the norm and in the conditions of various diseases. Factors affect­ing the results of stiffness measurement in healthy volunteers (the patient's position, food intake, respiratory phase, number of measurements) were iden­tified, which resulted in mean values ...

A medical examination on a selected group of young people demonstrated a negative correlation between the body mass index and the heart rate at rest, which disappeared after some physical activity. Physical activity was observed to change the heart rate variability under the influence of the changes mag­nitude in the initial heart rate. No correlation between body mass index and heart rate variability was established. 1. Амосов Н. М. Энциклопедия Амосова. Алгоритм здоровья. М., 2018. 2. Беленко...

The article reviews the influence of various factors on the accuracy and reproducibility of liver stiffness measurements using shear wave elastography (SWE), as well as on the reliability of judgments about the norm and patholo­gy. The tasks included analyzing the factors affecting the accuracy of meas­urements of liver stiffness depending on the equipment; testing various SWE techniques for their advantages and disadvantages; identifying the factors de­pending ...

The article contains all the available data on average monthly discharges and water levels for the rivers under study, that provided the background for the hydrological series of these characteristics which are found to be in a close stochastic connection. Linear regression equations connect the average month­ly discharges and water levels in the rivers under study. They also provide for the graphs of the relationship between the considered values, and the bounda­ries of their confidence intervals...

The authors propose a method of liver volumetry using anthropometric data and the data obtained during an ultrasound examination. The algorithm is built on the basis of a genetic algorithm with coefficients calculated using linear regression. It is shown that the new formula is more accurate than previously proposed ones. The algorithm can be used to work out volumetric formulas for other organs in radiological studies. 1. Изранов В. А., Казанцева Н. В., Мартинович М. В. и др. Оценка точности вычисления...

The article focuses on determination of the liver volume which is an urgent task for clinical medicine. It is directly connected to the need for an objective quantitative assessment of organ size. The complexity of calculating the volume is due to an irregular geometric shape of the organ, which can not be approximated to an ellipse or any other geometric figure. The aim of the study is to ex vivo evaluate the possibilities of measuring the volume of the liver based on the linear dimensions of the...

In this review, we approach Russian terminology in elastography by discussing elastography technique classifications using terms that take into account the essence of physical patterns underlying various elastography techniques. Elastography techniques used in clinical practice are divided into four groups: strain elastography, transient elastography, point shear wave elastography, and 2D shear wave elastography. Based on physical principles, two types are identified: strain elastography and shear...

In this article, we present a clinical case of a patient with T-cell lympho­ma (delta-gamma variant) complicated by neuroleukemia. We performed a dif­ferential diagnosis from other lymphoproliferative diseases. Our diagnosis was based on trepanobiopsy and immunophenotyping data: delta-gamma-T/NK-cell lymphoma, hepatolienal form. The first NHL-BFM 90 protocol block was obtained. We performed a whole body PET/CT scan and a myelogram to con­firm the diagnosis. Since therapy was ineffective, we conducted...

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a complex conservative therapy in childless women of reproductive age having atypical endometrial hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma. The study examines the effectiveness of combining the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. All patients had immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, ki-67, bcl-2, p 53, E-cadherin before and after treatment. From 2008 to 2015, none of the...

The traditional method of determining the propagation of acoustic waves during ARFI-elastometry of the liver as well as the existing norms are rather controversial. The article aims at standardization of techniques and the development of protocols for the AFRI elastometry of the liver. The study identifies factors for a more accurate ARFI elastometry imaging of the liver: the optimal ...

A study into the condition of Talitrus saltator Montagu, 1808 groups on the coast of the Vistula and the Curonian Spits in April — October 2011 showed significant differences in the seasonal dynamics of key parameters characterizing these groups. On the Curonian Spit, an increase in the average and total abundance and biomass of Talitridae is ensures through a normal life cycle. On the Vistula Spit, the preservation of a relatively stable average and total abundance and biomass is explained by an...

... global plate motions // Ann. Revs. Earth Plannet. Sci. 1998. Vol. 26.P.615—642. 7. Press F., Siever R. Understanding Earth. N. Y., 2000. 8. Vidyakina S. V., Averina N. G., Rassadina V. V. et al.Opportunities of methods of indication of stress and norm reactions of plants // Ekologicheskiy Vestnik. 2008.№ 4. P. 5—15. 9. Шмидт С., Шмидт Х. Реакции растений разных жизненных форм на изменения природной среды // Балтийский ...