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... influence of Kant’s philosophy on Schopenhauer and its decisive role in the development of the latter’s philosophy can be summed up as follows. Firstly, early Schopenhauer considered Kant as his only ally in the struggle against the speculative idealism of his followers. Secondly, this resulted in an almost complete acceptance of Kant’s epistemology and terminology. Only later, he developed an independent terminology, which was nevertheless largely influenced by that created by Kant. Thirdly,...

... Russian religious-philosophical renaissance]. Warsaw, p. 133—147. 59. Krasicki J. 2012 (c), «Filozoficzna donkichoteria»? Mikolaj Bierdiajew w poszukiwaniu idealu filozofii [„Philosophical Quixotism”? Nikolai Berdyayev and the search for the ideal of philosophy] // Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska [Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska]. № 2, p. 39—57. 60. Krasicki J. 2012 (d), Mikolaj Bierdiajew a neokantyzm [Nicolai Berdyayev and neo-Kantianism] // Postneokantyzm ...

... is directly connected to the three levels of activity of consciousness which are associated with the three stages of education — family education, school and stage of free adult self-education. The last stage represents a “lifelong” process and ideally shouldn’t be bounded by any external factors. Natorp expects that developing German system of “folk academies” becomes a basis for implementation of this ideal in practice. He specifies that matter of people’s education should be responsibility ...

... of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians and instil moderate optimism in them. The article collates and systemises politicians’ and lawyers’ ideas of humans, the world, and politics. According to Kant’s philosophy of law, the model of an ideal society can be pictured as a mechanism. However, his philosophy of history and politics claims the opposite, inclining towards organicism. The methodological framework for argumentation analysis is V. Bryushinkin’s ‘cognitive approach’. The ...

... 1. Aguirre, A. 1970, Genetische Phänomenologie und Reduktion. Zur Letztbegründung der Wissenschaft aus der radikalen Skepsis im Denken E. Husserls. Phaenomenologica 38, Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 197 s. 2. Allison, H. 1983, Kant’s Transcendental Idealism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 537 p. 3. Carr, D. 1997, „Krisis“ Husserla i Problema Istorii. [Husserl’s “Crisis” and a Problem of History], in: Metaphysicheskie Issledovania [The Metaphysical Investigation], № 3, St. Petersburg: ...

... involves the general population. Hessen counterposed law against the notions of nature and morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite for harmonizing relations in a society. Hessen developed an original understanding of the ideal of state organisation — a democratic state that incorporates the principles of liberalism and socialism. 1. Gessen, S. I., 2010a, Moe zhizneopisanie [My biography], in: Gessen S. I. Izbrannoe [Selected works], Moscow, p. 772—827. 2. Gessen,...

The article provides, for the first time in the philosophical literature, a general description of the Konigsberg Kant studies as a special local direction in the history of philosophy. Core activities in this direction formed the Society of Kant’s Friends, as well as "archival Kant studies" — the work of collecting, annotating and publishing the manuscript heritage, correspondence and lecture notes Kant. Given the large volume of primary and secondary sources, we propose a variant ofspecification...

... friends. Although he quotes Schopenhauer and Kant, he criticised them and demonstrates an independent worldview. The author analyses the critique of Schopenhauer given in A. A. Fet’s letters. Three aspects are criticised: firstly, A. Schopenhauer’s idealism, secondly, agnosticism, and, thirdly, inconsistency, contradictions in the philosopher’s reasoning. A special section of the work is dedicated to the analysis of the poetic triptych consisting of three poems written in 1879—1880: “Nothingness”,...

Immanuel Kant never considered the problems of medicine as a science in his works, however, his critical philosophy became highly influential in the late 18th century as to the issues of medical theory. The German physician and philosopher Johann Benjamin Erhard was first to address the theoretical status of contemporary medicine based on Kant’s critical foundations of science and arguments for the possibility of a philosophy of nature for the purpose of justifying medicine as a science. After analyzing...

1. Эткинд А. М. Внутренняя колонизация. Имперский опыт России / авториз. пер. с англ. В. Макарова. — М. : Новое литературное обозрение, 2013. — 448 c 2. Александр Эткинд: Кант под российским правлением. URL: http://gefter.ru/ archive/7025 (дата обращения: 10.12.2012) 3. Львовский С. Помимо Востока и Запада. URL: http://archives.colta.ru/docs/31055 (дата обращения: 4.09.2013) 4. Menschenkunde Starkes (1781/82) // Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften (АА) / Hrsg. von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der...

This article focuses on Rosenzweig’s major work The Star of Redemption. The author attempts to answer the principal question as to whether Rosenzweig’s thought belongs to the tradition of Kantian philosophy.The author addresses the Rosenzweig’s interpretation of Kant’s concept of freedom as a hermeneutical cipher to expose some of his considerations on human nature. Rosenzweig acknowledges Kant’s achievement in attributing a human act to the major fundament, which will save a human from the universal...

... and the Leibniz-Wolff ‘geometric philosophy’. Tetens attempts to show the limitedness of common understanding and the supremacyof scientific reason. In this relation, he is an advocate of the Leibniz and Wolff’s philosophy oriented towards the ideal of scientific reason. He identifies to major branches of metaphysics: intellectual metaphysics based on internal experience and dealing with incorporeal entities and the ‘philosophy of the corporeal’ dealing with the things corporealand their ...

... of correlation between changing rules of law and the unchanged form of moral prescriptions.The author focuses on the development of Kantian approach in solving the problem of moral philosophy. The essence of morals is revealed not in the creation of ideal projects but rather in the need for action: the moral law must be implemented in the outside world. The theory of standards and ethics evaluates moral foundations as an internal absolute value. However, a definition of morals is meaningful only ...

... was applied by A. Fet to art. It means that art for art’s sake is not limited to aesthetic values but includes their whole range. A. Fet gives the role of the ultimate end and value to poetry and thus philosophical poetry. The poet-thinker is his ideal of a poet. 1. Белый А. История становления самосознающей души // Белый А. Душа самосознающая. М., 1999. 2. Калинников Л. А. Принцип обособления как ...

This article considers the development of N. O. Lossky’s concept of intuitivism in the context of the translation of Kant’s works and revision of Kant’s epistemology. The development of Lossky as an independent philosopher required overcoming Kant’s scepticism, which was not consistent with the ideal-realist’s belief in the cognoscibility of transsubjective world given us in the original. The means necessary to overcome it determined the key characteristics of the new system of intuitivism, which...

... Концепции и проблемы : в 3 т. СПб., 2011. Т. 1 : Исследовательские программы. 9. Платон Парменид // Собр. соч. : в 4 т. М., 1993. Т. 2. С. 346—413. 10. Allison H. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense. New Hawen ; L., 2004. 11. Bird G. The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason.Chicago, 2006. 12. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason / eds. Guyer P., Wood A. Cambridge, 1998. 13. Hanna R....

... faith. The main differences between Kant’s and Rawls’s include the understanding of practical reason; the concept of a person based on fundamental ideas originating from different sources (political culture in Rawls’s works and transcendental idealism in Kant’s); the understanding of rational faith. 1. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности. URL: www.royallib.com/book/ kant_i/osnovi_metafiziki_nravstvennosti. html (дата обращения: 10.04....

... The author analyses the understanding of aesthetics and philosophyof arts and creative works in line with the Neo-Kantian tradition. The article focuses on the thinker’s contribution to the philosophy of the Marburg School and the justification of idealism. Philosophical aesthetics serves as a science and a link between the laws of nature and the moral world. The Neo-Kantian gives the lost connection to the sensible intuition back to aesthetics thus linking its significance to the field of the ...

This article offers an analysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Энциклопедия философских наук. Т. 1 : Наука логики. М., 1974. 2. Джемс В. Многообразие религиозного опыта. СПб., 1992. 3. Кант И. Грезы духовидца, поясненные грезами метафизики // Кант И. Соч. :в 6...

This essay concerns an unusual note of Kant’s that has been available in Hamburg since the 1920s but otherwise neglected in the Kant literature. This small 8 x 6.3 cm sheet belonged to the manuscript collector Oskar Ulex (1852—1934), who appears to have bought it from a dealer in France. Writing covers both sides of the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer”...

This article considers manuscript fragment R 3706, in which Kant criticises the traditional objection to the ontological argument based on ideal-real judgement distinction. The author analyses the relation this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in Nova dilucidatio and the earlier polemic on the ontological argument. 1. Декарт Р. Размышления о первой философии // Декарт Р. Соч. : в 2 т. М.,1994. Т. 2. С. 3—417. 2. Ермолаев В. К. Аргументация Канта в схолии к теореме VI в «Nova dilucidatio»: традиционная...

... in Kant’s theory of law there is no ethically enriched concept of this genuine kind of union, in the individual ethics of Kant’s later years there is no ethical notion of family as a personality. Its elaboration became a task for German classical idealism. 1. Кант И. Основоположение к метафизике нравов // Кант И. Сочинения : в 4 т. на нем. и рус. яз. Т. 3. М., 1997. 2. Kant I. Metaphysik der Sitten / Hrsg. v. K. Vorländer. Leipzig,...

This article offers an aanalysis of the concept of mystical experience and its relation to science and philosophy in connection with E. A. Torchinov's research and in the context of Kant's doctrine of human "metaphysical disposition", the nature and purpose of philosophy. 1. Gegel' G. V. F. Jenciklopedija filosofskih nauk. T. 1 : Nauka logiki. M., 1974. 2. Dzhems V. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. SPb., 1992. 3. Kant I. Grezy duhovidca, pojasnennye grezami metafiziki // Kant I. Soch...

This article is dedicated to the ideas, expressed in manuscript R 3706, where Kant criticizes traditional refutation of ontological argument, which is based on distinction of “ideal” and “real” judgments. The relation of this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in “Nova dilucidatio” and the preceding polemic over ontological argument is analyzed. 1. Descartes R. Razmyshlenija o pervoj filosofii // Descartes R. Sochinenija ...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of neo-Kantianism in Russia. Russian neo-Kantianism is marked with originality, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the national philosophical thought. The stages and specific character of the development of Russian neo-Kantianism are considered by example of the creation of A. I. Vvedensky, B. V. Yakovenko and V. E. Sesemann. 1. Bulgakov S. N. Ot marksizma k idealizmu. Stat'i i recenzii. 1895—1903...

... of the “Decembrism myth” of the Soviet intelligentsia, which achieved the peak of its popularity in the 1970s. The purpose of the study is to clarify the originality of the author’s concept of Decembrism at the background of two versions of the idealizing myth about the heroes of the past (official and oppositional). The hypothesis of the research is based on the ideas of Galina Belaya: it is challenging “indisputable” historical values in the work of Okudzhava and the close connection of ...

... tutelage of the Jesuit Order the values instilled by home education appear to conflict with those imposed by the British educational system. A study of the school system features shows that it is unable to lead Stephen to the creation of a full-fledged ideal which he could follow. At the same time the home loses its significance to him which leads to a complete change in ideological attitudes. An analysis of the hero’s inner world reveals that self-education does not only help Stephen to achieve success ...

... self-image in virtual spaces, they form a positive value of the Self, but the self-image is childish. If teenagers advocate a modern self-image, then there is a “split” in the assessment of the self-image: the real Self is radically different from the ideal Self. Escapism can be dangerous for teen­agers if the searching for the value of the Self in virtual spaces is not support­ed by subjective resources. 1. Балыков Д. В. Эскапизм как психологический феномен ...

... duma’s plot from the original historical source. Focusing on the antithesis between true and false values the research examines the oppositions freedom — captivity and life — honour. A careful examination of the protagonist’s im­age shows that his idealization was meant by the poet: the character is de­picted as a real hero led by the Biblical values and willing to sacrifice his life for the sake of his motherland. 1. Андреева Е. А. Поэтика и жанровое своеобразие ...

... whereas Princess Olga is always guided by a moral imperative. This antithesis is the main artistic means, and the cornerstone of the plot. The analysis of the main characters shows that Princess Olga, the ruler of the Russian land, is the epitome of the ideal Russian female character. The authors conclude that there are hagiographical references in depicting her image. 1. Вацуро В. Э. К изучению «Дум» К. Ф. Рылеева // Избранные труды. Статьи разных ...

... introduce a certain type of ‘two-worldliness’, which is distinct from that of German romantics' fairy tales. Andersen’s fairy tales are distinguished by wholeness, the absence of a tragic rift, and the presence of characters embodying the Christian ideal of humility and sacrificial love. 1. Альбрехт О. В. [Рецензия] // Вестник Православного Свято-Тихоновского гуманитарного университета. Сер. 3: Филология....

The parabolic works of F. Kafka and F. Dostoevsky are compared in the ideational context of the 20th century philosophy in relation to different philosophical interpretations of sin and crime. The ideal world of these works is considered in the light of sociocultural experience of totalitarian system, its later analysis and overcoming. The author address the writers’ interest in the psychological determination of enslavement and the unconscious ...

... be more accurate to speak of ‘humour’ in the context of Schopenhauer’s philosophy of pessimism characteristic of the 19th century poetic realism. The central element is not nurturing ennui resulting from awareness of the con-trast between the ideal and reality, but rather cheerful disposition (consola-tion) in the face of reality. Kehlmann’s world-famous novel Measuring the World should be con-sidered not as a veracious historical document, but rather as a free play with the biographies ...

The fictional world of the work is considered as one marked by binary oppositions of nature/civilisation, the world of children/adults, the ideal/the reality, the truth/a lie, fear/bravery, judgement/absolution, God/devil. The authors analyse the psychology of the novel’s main character. The central autobiographical image of the novel is interpreted in the context of religious and philosophical ...

This article considers the topical linguistic problem of metalinguistic potential of a natural language and identifies the cases of its specific functional tensions (the description of nonverbal signals designed within the ideal spacetime of a literary text). The chosen methodological approaches to the problem are new, however, they are based on the concepts developed by specialists in the field of applied psychology and semiotics, on the one hand, and prominent Russian ...

... and Metonymy at the Crossroads / ed. b y A. Barcelona. B., 2000. P. 31—58. 18.   British National Corpus. URL : http :// corpus . byu . edu / bnc / (дата обращения: 11.02.2009). 19. Cope H. F . Levels of Living. Essays on Everyday Ideals. N.Y., 1908. URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18712/18712—8.txt ( дата обращения : 25.03.2009 ) . 20. Geeraerts D. The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions // Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and ...

The article focuses on the book "Utopias of the Age of Enlightenment" by A. V. Chudinov. Analyzing this work, the author reflects on the contradictions and paradoxes of the Enlightenment: the utopian ideals of the Enlightenment, aimed at achieving universal happiness and prosperity, in practice were often associated with terror and violence. 1. Таньшина Н. П. Граф Ж.-Ж. де Селлон: от Женевского Общества ...

The article presents the results of a theoretical study on the substantiation of the levels of value conditionality of political participation. On the basis of the subjective and objective nature of values, the level of normative ideals and that of individual priorities in the conditionality of civic activity and the political participation of young people have been singled out. 1. Баталов Э. Я. Политическая культура России сквозь призму ...

... Tikhomirov. Reasoning in the framework of Russian philosophical organicism, each philosopher insists on his own approach to analysing social phenomena. It is shown that Leontyev, in line with naturalistic aestheticism, sharply criticises the philistine ideal triumphing through the implementation of the liberal interpretation of freedom. Tikhomirov, under the influence of political philosophical realism, focuses on analysing the theory and practice of the liberal democratic mechanism. The author pays ...

This article examines legal conscience in view of its little-studied generating function. The author considers the ideas affecting legal consciousness in different types of cultures – humanocentric and sociocentric ones. The idea of power underlies legal consciousness in sociocentric cultures, and the idea of freedom that of person-oriented cultures. The deformations of legal consciousness characteristic of modern Russia are explained by an incomplete transition from socio- to himanocentrism. 1...

... Kantian political philosophy for the theory of international relations. The answer is giving through the examination of the main trends in the interpretation of Kant's place in one of the major paradigms of the theory of international relations: realism, idealism, liberalism, and institutionalism. Author shows that Kant’s inclusion in a particular paradigm of international relations cannot be directly done. Otherwise, inevitably it comes to distortion and incorrect interpretation of the texts and ideas ...

... авторская позиция по вопросу о соотношении криминалистической версии и криминалистической модели. This article examines the correlation between the process of creating an ideal model of crime and the process of developing a lead. The definition and types of forensic models are considered. The article presents the author’s perspective on the problem of comparison of the criminalistic version and criminalistics model. ...

... research. The proposed typology suggests a logical division of the concept of “Justice of the Peace” according to properties integral to its individual elements. An inductive grouping of national models makes it possible to identify generalized (ideal) types of Justice of the Peace. 1. Философский энциклопедический словарь. М., 1983. 2. Чиснягова Е. В. Особенности Российской национальной модели мировой ...

This article analyses the conservative retrospective utopia, the main elements of which were autocracy, Orthodoxy, the principle of hierarchy, the supremacy of the rural way of life over the urban one, and the programme of national upbringing. 1. Шишков А.   С. Рассуждение о старом и новом слоге Российского языка // Собрание сочинений и переводов. СПб., 1824. Ч. 2. 2. Киселева Л.   Н. Система взглядов С.   Н. Глинки (1807—1812 гг.) // Ученые записки Тартуского университета. 1981. Вып. 513...

This article analyses the evolution of aesthetic ideals of baroque as the reflection of changes that took place in social consciousness. The author formulates the content standards of aesthetic ideal of baroque music and focuses on the history of spread of baroque music in East Prussia in the 17th century....

This article examines the currents of oppositional thought in the second half of the 18th century through the example of the Panin – Fonvizin project. The paper addresses the problem of the project's authorship and analyses the thinkers' ideal of state structure. 1.  Бантыш-Каменский Д.   М. Граф Панин. Б.м., б.г. 2.  Вяземский П. Фон-Визин // Полн. собр. соч.: в 12 т. СПб., 1880. Т. 5. 3.  Гаврюшкин А.   ...

... landscape // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 1988. Vol. 6, № 2. Р. 117—126. 40. Keough S. B. Cultural Landscape. URL: www.oxfordbibliographies.com (дата обращения: 05.03.2017). 41. Meinig D. W. Symbolic landscapes: some idealizations of American communities // The interpretation of ordinary landscapes: geographical essays. N. Y., 1979. Р. 164—192. 42. UNESCO. URL: www.unesco.org/exhibits/cultland/categories.html (дата обращения: 11.03.2017).