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... understanding. 1. Тетенс И. Н. О всеобщей спекулятивной философии. М., 2013 2. Nowitzki H.-P. Platner und die Wolfische Philosophietradition // Ernst Platner (1744—1818): Konstellationen der Aufklärung zwischen Philosophie, Medizin und Anthropologie/ Naschert G., Stiening G. (Hrsg.). Hamburg, 2007.

This article analyses Kant’s work “Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?” It is shown that Kant’s enlightenment is a political project. The author focuses on the philosophical prerequisites and the essence of this project and analyses the difference between the “public” and “private” use of reason. The article emphasises the major significance of this difference for developing the ideal of enlightenment in the field of politics. It is suggested that this ideal be seen in the evolutionarydevelopment...

... J., Rosen G. Subject with No Object. Oxford, 1999. 29. Field H. Science without Numbers: a Defense of Nominalism. Oxford, 1980. 30. Field H. Realism, Mathematics and Modality. Oxford, 1989. 31. Frege G. Uber Sinn und Bedeutung // Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und philosophische Kritik. Leipzig, 1892. 32. Hanna R. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford, 2001. 33. Hanna R. Kant in the XX century. URL: http://spot.colorado.edu/~rhanna/kant_ in_the_twentieth_century_proofs_dec07....

Necessity is a key philosophical notion, which is used in different disciplines from logic to ontology. In the German philosophy of the Enlightenment, this concept was centralto the work of many thinkers. For them, necessity is related not only to logic but rather to the disciplines of general and special metaphysics. It is explained by that the principle of sufficient reason introduced by Leibniz is closely linked to the notion underconsideration. The recognition of this principle as one of the...

... М., 2005. 2. Кант И. Критика способности суждения // Соч. : в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 5. 3. Goethe J. W. Faust // Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Werke : in 14 Bdn. München, 1988. Bd. 3. 4. Helferich Ch.. Geschichte der Philosophie. Stuttgart, 1992. 5. Lessing G. E. Hamburgische Dramaturgie // Lessings Werke : in 5 Bdn. Weimar, 1963. Bd. 4. 6. Kindlers Neues Literatur Lexikon : in 22 Bdn. / hrsg. von W. Jens. München, 1988. Bd. 10.

This article considers the development of N. O. Lossky’s concept of intuitivism in the context of the translation of Kant’s works and revision of Kant’s epistemology. The development of Lossky as an independent philosopher required overcoming Kant’s scepticism, which was not consistent with the ideal-realist’s belief in the cognoscibility of transsubjective world given us in the original. The means necessary to overcome it determined the key characteristics of the new system of intuitivism, which...

This article is devoted to A. A. Fet’s philosophy of art. He is a representative of ‘pure art’ in Russian poetry, whose works were opposed to tendentious art serving the socio-political agenda ofthe time. However, the objective logic of nature of art made A. A. Fet’s poetry complimentary to revolutionary-democratic poetry. A. Fet was guided by Kant’s principle of aesthetics stating that the function of art is constituting the world of values. It does not and cannot replace either science, which is...

... Immanuel Kant zu ehren / hrsg. von J. Kopper und R. Malter. Frankfurt a/M., 1974. 21. Königsberger Kantiana // Immanuel Kant. Werke. Volksausgabe / hrsg. von A. Kowalewski. Hamburg, 2000. Bd. 1. 22. Kowalewski A. Vom Heimatgeist in der kantischen Philosophie. Festrede in der Königsberger Ortsgruppe der Kantgesellschaft zum 200. Geburtstage Kants / hrsg. von S. L. Kowalewski. St. Georgen, 1998. 23. Krollmann C. Brückmann, August Rudolf // Altpreußische Biographie. Königsberg, 1936. 24. Kroner,...

This article considers the circumstances of the appearance of Kant’s remarks on the last book of M. Mendelssohn Morgenstunden… in relation to its analysis in L. G. von Jakob’s work. It is explained why Kant had to participate in debates with his opponents, despite the resolution to avoid them and concentrate on constructing a consistent and thus solid and effective system of philosophy. The significance of Kant’s small polemic works lies in that they explain the key elements of his system. Due to...

This article deals with the essence of art in Gadamer’s philosophy, including his critical approach to Kantian aesthetical consciousness and subjectification of aesthetical experience in Kant’s philosophy. According to Gadamer, art deals with the notion of truth and should be associated not with aesthetics, but rather with ontology. Thus, art is the experience of truth. In Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics, the basis of art is the notion of mimesis, which is not the Platonic copy of idea, but...

....1917 in ID., Kleinere Schriften, Schocken Verlag / Jüdischer Buchverlag, Berlin 1937, pp. 357—372; tr. it. a cura di G. Bonola, «Cellula originaria» de «La stella della redenzio¬ne» in ID., La Scrittura, 1991. pp. 241—256. 11. Disse J. Die Philosophie Immanuel Kants im «Stern der Erlösung». Ein Kommentar. In: BRASSER (Hg.), Rosenzweig als Leser. Kontextuelle Kommentare zum «Stern der Erlösung», Max Niemeyer, Tübingen, 2004. 12. Brasser M. Einleitung a Id. (Hg.), Rosenzweig als Leser....

The analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “ratonal egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue...

.... Штейнберг А. З. Герман Коген как воспитатель (1842—1918) // Штейнберг А. З. Философские сочинения. СПб., 2011. С. 284—309. 13. Cassirer E. Hermann Cohen und die Erneuerung der Kantischen Philosophie. In: Kant-Studien, Bd. 17, Berlin, 1912. S. 252—273. 14. Cohen H. Ethik des reinen Willens. 2. Aufl. Berlin, 1907.

This article focuses on the interpretation of ideas of Kant’s Perpetual Peace treatise in the modern democratic peace theory. Despite the fact that the advocates of the theory consider Kant’s perpetual peace project the political and philosophical framework of their concept, the analysis shows that the democratic peace theory misinterprets many ideas of Kant. 1. Babst D. Elective Goverments — A Force for Peace // The Wisconsian Sociologist.1964. Vol. 3, № 1. Р. 9—14. 2. Doyle M. W. Kant, Liberal...

This article is devoted to the dissemination and research on Kant's philosophy in Russia in the early 19th century. The author considers both the process of dissemination of information about Kant's teaching via printed materials and the analysis of his heritage in professional philosophical — in particular, ecclesiastic — circles. This process is illustrated by archive materials. 1. Абрамов А. И. Сборник научных трудов по истории русской философии. М.,2005. 2. Авдеева Л. Р., Абрамов А. И., Жуков...

This article offers a comparison of certain fundamental ethical ideas of Eastern philosophical traditions with Kant's categorical imperative aiming to corroborate the thesis about the moral unity of humanity and give a moral assessment of the state of Russian society. 1. Вивекананда С. Карма-йога. Пг., 1916. 2. Дао дэ цзин / пер. Ян Хин-шуна. СПб., 2011. 3. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности // Кант И. Соч. : в 6 т. М., 1965. Т. 4, ч. 1. С. 219—310. 4. Малявин В. Конфуций. М., 1992.

The essay is dedicated to the fate of the valuable Kant-related collections and manuscripts from the library of Tartu University, which, in 1895, were transported to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin for the publication of Kant's complete works and did not return to Tartu and escaped the notice of researchers for a long time. 1. Архив научной библиотеки Тартуского университета. Ф. 4. Оп. 1. Ед. хр. 982. 2. Блюм В. Р., Танклер Х. Л. Автографы философов в научной библиотеке Тартуского университета...

This article considers the attempt by the Russian Neokantianer M. Kagan to create a concept of philosophy of history through developing the main ideas of philosophy of history formulated by his teacher, the founder of the Marburg School of Neokantianism, H. Cohen. The author emphasizes the cardinal importance of philosophy of history for the philosophical position of the Russian thinker. 1. Каган М. И. Автобиографические заметки // Каган М. И. О ходе истории / ред.-сост. В. Л. Махлин. М., 2004....

The present paper focuses on the ethical and anthropological foundations of Kant’s philosophy of family law conceived as a “personal right that is real in kind”: the possibility of possessing a person as a property item presets the antinomy of moral and legal principles, which reproduces the conflict between Roman naturalistic legal theory and the contractual philosophy of natural law. The author also considers the ways to overcome this antinomy, as well as ensuing solutions to the problems relating...

This article proves that Kant’s philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over theoretical reason. The humanity owes its development and existence to practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н. Этика. СПб., 2002. 2. Гуревич П. С. Философская...

John Rawls’s interpretation of Kant’s categorical imperative is reviewed, some significant aspects of Rawls’ treatment of key notions of rationality, interests and ends are revealed, which limit the possibilities of application of Kantian ethics within Rawls’ liberal egalitarianism. 1. Калинников Л. А. Категорический императив и телеологический метод // Кантовский сборник. 1988. С. 25—38. Вып. 13. 2. Кант И. Основы метафизики нравственности // Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 4 (1). С. 219—310. 3. Ойзерман...

This historical-philosophical essay is dedicated to the Russian publicist, chief editor of the Musaget Publishing House Emil Metner and to Fyodor Stepun — the chief editor of the "Logos" magazine — and their contribution to the increasing influence of contemporary German thought on Russian philosophy. Emil Medtner and the Musaget Publishing House championed Neo-Kantianism in Russia. 1. Безродный М. Из истории русского германофильства: издательство «Мусагет» // Исследования...

This article is somewhat of an afterword to the publication of Georg Hamann’s text — including his correspondence with Immanuel Kant, earlier not available to Russian readers and related to their complicated “philosophical” relation — on the pages of Kantovsky Sbornik. These materials have comprised a book entitled Hamann and Kant: a Struggle for Pure Reason, which will be published this year by Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press. 1. Гильманов В. Х. Герменевтика «образа» И. Г. Гамана...

The analysis of Rawls’ anthropological model, underlying his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “rational egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue...

The grounds of construction of ethical systems of Kant and Solovjev are comparatively tested in this article. Noting the obvious strenghts of Kant’s ethics, Solovjev finds, that because of its absolute formalism it doesn’t have the complete implementation in the objective world. Solovjev also sees as unsuccessful Kant’s attempt at overcoming subjectivism in the moral sphere. In Solovjev’s opinion, Kant’s postulates of practical reason don’t overcome subjectivism, but bring to the foundation of Kant’s...

This article is dedicated to the ideas, expressed in manuscript R 3706, where Kant criticizes traditional refutation of ontological argument, which is based on distinction of “ideal” and “real” judgments. The relation of this criticism to Kant’s argumentation in “Nova dilucidatio” and the preceding polemic over ontological argument is analyzed. 1. Descartes R. Razmyshlenija o pervoj filosofii // Descartes R. Sochinenija : v 2 t. М., 1994. Т. 2. S. 3—417. 2. Yermolaev V. K. Argumentacija Kanta...

There are two important facts that prevent the success of the so called "ontological argument": 1) the use of the concept of existence as a real predicate and 2) the confusion of de re and de dicto modalities. The article considers a way to overcome the former problem proposed by the Czech logician Pavel Tichý. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения / пер. с лат. М., 1995. 2. Горбатова Ю. В. Модальный аргумент Алвина Плантинги: проблема формализации и трактовка понятия существования //...

... Jakovenko B. V. O teoreticheskoj filosofii Germana Kogena // Jakovenko B. V. Moshh' filosofii. SPb., 2000. 11. Sesemann V. Rationales und Irrationales // Studien zum Erkenntnisproblem. Kaunas, 1927. 12. Sezemanas V. Das Problem des Idealismus in der Philosophie // Humanitario fakulteto raštai. Kaunas, 1925. Kn. 1.

... Ausgewählte Werke. Bd 1. Leipzig, 1886. 4. Hartmann E. v. Neukantianismus, Schopenhauerismus und Hegelianismus in ihrer Stellung zu den philosophischen Aufgaben der Gegenwart. 3. Aufl. Bad Sachsa Südharz, 1910. 5. Kinkel W. Über Hermann Cohens System der Philosophie // Philosophische Wochenschrift und Literatur-Zeitung. 1906. Bd 2 : April, Mai, Juni, Nr. 6. S. 173—179; Nr. 7. S. 193—207; Nr. 8. S. 225—230. 6. Vaihinger H. Hartmann, Dühring und Lange. Zur Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie im ...

All three meanings of the notion "thing-initself" (object, subject and the transition between them), despite the evident opposition, constitutes the object of the central problem of philosophy in Kant's system. Kant is an innovator in both posing and answering the question. This answer is agnostic but not in the empirical or scientific sense, but rather in the solely philosophical meaning of these notions. The answer to his question — regarding both the world and the human being — is infinite...

This article focuses on the logical inconsistency of Kant's classification of judgements presented in the "Critique of pure reason". The author shows how Kant's division of judgements violates elementary logical rules. The article analyses an earlier attempt by G. Ryle to detect logical errors in the table of judgements. It is shown that the correct divisions were not unfamiliar to the 18th century German logic, nevertheless, they were not accepted by Kant. The author proposes possible...

On the basis of Kant's texts, the author attempts to prove that two and three-element logical-semantic structures — called the judgements of understanding and reason by Kant — represent logically organized complexes of propositions grouping around the structural core of both types of inferences and are communicative forms of textual material "packaging" and, thus, are forms of textuality in I. Kant's discourse. Moreover, they give assertoric and apodictic modality to Kant's discourse....

The article analyzes H. Ch. Andersen’s works, published in Russian in 2016 under the title “The Forgotten Stories of Hans Christian Andersen”. Their content and poetics are considered at the background of the writer’s creative evolution. The authors studies the reasons that determined the incompleteness of a number of works, and the circumstances that prompted the author to refuse to publish completed texts. “The Forgotten Stories” become the source for analyzing the writer’s creative manner and...

The article has conducted a comprehensive analysis of Joseph Brodsky’s poem “I always kept saying that the fate is a game...” based on functional-semantic and communicative-pragmatic approaches. In the process of analysis, the main emphasis is placed on the author’s modality as a means of transmitting his individual worldview. The author’s modality is con­sidered as a text-forming semantic category, explicit at various textual levels: lexical, syntac­tic, phonetic, and compositional. The role of...

This article considered Beckett’s French short stories through the prism of philosophical and aesthetic foundations of modernist music. The rejection of tonal hierarchies by dodecaphonists to transcend the limits of the traditional sonic semiosis can be compared to Beckett’s aspiration to go beyond the ‘fetish’ of words. The study emphasizes similarities between the creative systems of Beckett and the Second Viennese School/neoclassicists. The commonalities range from the work with patterns, which...

The article states that a short story “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (1940) by Jorge Luis Borges is the pretext of Nikolay Kononv’s novel “Parade” (2015). The author shows, how Kononov reproduces and, at the same time, develops the main themes from Borges’ story, resorting to geographical and anagrammatic codes, the principle of metaphorical reflection and a play upon words. The researcher interprets the hidden codes in the novel “Parade”, deciphers the names of characters, reveals allusions to the...

The novel “Magetizer” is viewed within the intellectual and ideological context of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s era, who was characterized, on the one hand, by the progress of scientific knowledge, and on the other, by the success of imagi­nary parascientific concepts. In particular, the authors trace the connection of Hoffmann's artistic thought with the ideas of Mesmer and the secret knowledge of Freemasonry popular at the beginning of the XIX century, which Hoffmann interprets as a threat to the world...

The author examines Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall from the imagological point of view. The author identifies and analyses ethnic stereotypes reflected in the images of members of ‘other’ peoples and races. The article stresses that the novel’s system of cultural images of ‘others’ should be analysed in connection with the heterostereotypes of English culture and the philosophic and historical categories of civilization and barbarism. 1. Бердникова И. В. Идейно-философская основа и культурно-художественные...

The paper considers the body representation as an important constituent of self-portrait in the autobiography “Memoirs” (published 1717) by Mademoiselle de Montpensier. The book contains descriptions of various aspects of the life of the body (appearance, clothes, tears, illnesses, physical suffering), which are analyzed within a broader cultural and philosophical context of the XVII-century, as well as from the point of view of the author’s general intentions. It is demonstrated that body images...

The article establishes the boundaries of the musical analogy in the comments of H. Broch to the novel «Death of Virgil». In the novel, musicality is associated with the motives of ‘voice’ and ‘hearing’. Noting the propensity to onomatopoeia in the work of J. Joyce, H. Broch aims to depict the music of human speech. By doing so, he follows the prevailing tendencies in the music art of the beginning of the 20th century, reviving interest in vocal genres (cantata, oratorios). 1. Broch H. Der Tod des...

The paper analyses the problem of school conflicts and provides a theoretical substantiation of the possibility of their historical and pedagogical investigation in pedagogy. Using pedagogical writings of the early XX century, the authors explore the conceptual foundations of school conflicts and identify their essential features. Special attention is given to the philosophical conception of the conflict as a means of reflecting reality. The authors also study the linguistic concept of the term as...

The article considers the Heideggerian principle of autonomy as a philosophical principle of self-dependence of Being, and its actualization in Murdoch’s works. The motif of autonomous reason as a «barrier»against the light of Being, the motif of mechanization of thought and feeling in the world of metaphysics completing itself, together with Platonic motifs and the esthetic diagnosis of the «death of light» in the 20th century (H. Zedlmayr), form the poetology of light in Murdoch’s works in the...

The parabolic works of F. Kafka and F. Dostoevsky are compared in the ideational context of the 20th century philosophy in relation to different philosophical interpretations of sin and crime. The ideal world of these works is considered in the light of sociocultural experience of totalitarian system, its later analysis and overcoming. The author address the writers’ interest in the psychological determination of enslavement and the unconscious mechanism of rejecting freedom. 1. Достоевский Ф. М...

The article reviews the foundation and development of the concept of the Russian Idea in the Russian philosophical and social thinking, its main definitions, content, as well as critics. The significance of development of national identity and cultural self-determination for effective intercultural communi-cation is pointed out. Besides, the role of the Russian Idea as a Russian nation specific component, forming the national identity, when dealing with intercul-tural communication practices is discussed...

Daniel Kehlmann’s oeuvre is often interpreted as ‘ironic’ and thus put on a par with works following Friedrich Schlegel’s tradition of Romanticism. It would be more accurate to speak of ‘humour’ in the context of Schopenhauer’s philosophy of pessimism characteristic of the 19th century poetic realism. The central element is not nurturing ennui resulting from awareness of the con-trast between the ideal and reality, but rather cheerful disposition (consola-tion) in the face of reality. Kehlmann’s...

This article considers one of the most complex works of Byron. The author focuses on the key motif in the plot of the philosophical drama. The analysis shows that Byron’s interpretation of the Biblical events makes it possible to conclude that, striving for absolute freedom, the human being is incapable of protecting themselves from the spiritual captivity of passions and their soul cannot remain independent from such opposite forces as the light and the darkness, good and evil, god and the devil...

This article analyses the spatial and temporal structure of Edward Stachura’s short story “The Wedding” in an intertextual dialogue with Sta-nislaw Wyspianski’s play of the same name and in the existential literary-philosophical context. The author focuses on the problem of relations between the individual and the historical national community. The article analyses the logic of solving this problem in the romantic context of Wyspianski’s thinking and the existential context of Stachura’s works 1...

In everyday life, the words "information" and "knowledge" are often used to explain each other, which leads to tautology. In pedagogical literature, the situation is similar. Through comparing the notions of "information" and "knowledge", the author analyses the philosophical and pedagogical approaches to education within the concepts of “information society” and “knowledge society” and discusses the results of misuse of these terms in the context of target...