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• Translation and Discourse Analysis

  ... 13(2), pp. 203—239. Colina, S., 1997. Contrastive Rhetoric and Text-Typological Conventions in Trans­lation Teaching. Target, 9(2), pp. 335—353. Daghigh, A. J., Sanatifar, M. S. and Awang, R., 2018. A taxonomy of manipulative op­e­rations in political discourse translation. A CDA approach. Forum, 16(2), pp. 197—220. Fairclough, N., 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Lon­don: Longman. Fairclough, N., 2000. New Labour. New Language? London: Routledge. Fairclough, N....

• Regionalisation in Northern Europe and the Northern Dimension in Russian political discourse

  ... 2000s, the development of regions with Russian participation was at its height in northwestern Europe. Cross-border regions arise both naturally, stemming from various functional relations, and as a result of political decisions. In the latter case, political discourse is an important factor in successful region-building. The Northern Dimension (ND) programme, which was launched in 1997, embodied the principle of depoliticised cooperation — Europe’s ‘new regionalism’. This article aims to evaluate ...

• Hybrid texts as a form of interaction between avant-garde artistic and political discourses

  This paper explores hybrid texts as a special type of text that forms within ‘inter-discourse interaction’ and relates to the ‘convergence of discourses’. The analysis focuses on the interaction between avant-garde art and political discourses, which have been in close contact since the 20th century and have common typological features. The main methods used in this study are the linguistic pragmatic method, the linguistic poetic method, and discourse analysis. The article proposes ...

• Image and discourse. On the discursive nature of political image formation

  The author proves that any image formed within political discourse is, in terms of its meaning, a mental object. It is claimed that, within discourse, the image of politics and the institutional practices of its formation are rather of psychological nature as well as that discourse register affects our perception ...

• Transformations in the Communicative Characteristics of Political Discourse in the Current Information Space

  The article analyses the main causes and the genesis of transformations in political discourse (PD) and provides a comparative analysis of the present and earlier forms of PD. The author examines the ontology and principal characteristics of PD, describes the state of political discourse prior to its current transformation and identifies ...

• Frames in discourse analysis

  ... environ-ment of the sender and recipient is analysed. The structure of the frame model of a discourse as a cognitive space formed in view of the recipient’s relevance is described. Special attention is given to the process of conceptual integration in German political discourse. 1. Минский М. Фреймы для представления знаний. М., 1979. 2. Кубрякова Е. С. Когнитивная лингвистика и проблемы композиционной семантики ...

• Verbal aggression in modern poetry: conventional and uncon­ventional functioning of discourse markers

  ... discourse. In: N. D. Arutyunova, ed. Logicheskiĭ analiz yazyka. Adresatsiya diskur­sa [Logical analysis of language. Addressing discourse]. Moscow. pp. 225—233 (in Russ.). Apresyan, V.Yu., 2003. Implicit aggression in language. In: Computational Lin­guistics ... ... Krongauz, M. A., 2009. Yazyk i kommunikatsiya: novye tendentsii [Language and com­munication: new trends]. Available at: https://polit.ru/article/2009/03/19/ communication/ [Accessed 15 April 2020] (in Russ.). Levitov, N. D., 2002. The psychological state ...

• Linguistic personality as a subject of political discourse

  This article deals with various concepts of linguistic personality. The article also describes relevant parameters of political discourse. Linguistic personality of a politician considers as a dynamic syncretic phenomenon. 1. Бабайцева В. В. Избранное, 1955—2005 : сб. Ставрополь, 2005. 2. Богин Г. И. Концепция языковой ...

• Semiotic Inversions in the Formation of the Political Image in the Media Discourse: the image of Russia in German media

  The article describes the process of forming the political image of Russia in socio-political media through semiotic inversions. It is claimed that in the modern media discourse, the political image is based on the pre-established ‘rules of the game’. The author holds that historical facts are often replaced by false models of reality in the modern mass media discourse. 1. Люббе Г. Историческая идентичность ...

• The media image of San Escobar in the space of fictional worlds: a socio-semiotic perspective

  ... linguistics], 1 (in Russ.). El'nitskii, L. A., 1962. Drevneishie okeanskie plavaniya [The oldest ocean swim­ming]. Moscow (in Russ.). Zheltukhina, M. R., 2000. Komicheskoye v politicheskom diskurse (na materiale ne­me­ckogo I russkogo yazykov) [Comic in political discourse (on the material of German and Russian languages)]: Ph. D. Volgograd State Pedagogical University (in Russ.). Zagibalova, M. A., 2008. Phenomen karnavalizacii sovremennoj kultury [The phe­no­menon of carnivalization of modern culture]: PhD....

• The functional perspective of political discourse

  This article considers the interaction between the functional and semantic categories of theme and rheme forming the basis for the generation, information deployment, and functioning of discourse. It is emphasized that the communicative structure of a political text incorporates several types of the themerheme progression formed through replacing the theme with the rheme and the transformation of the latter into the theme. It is concluded that the effective communicative impact of discourse is achieved ...

• Communicative and pragmatic nature of intertextuality in English political discourse

  The article discusses the communicative and pragmatic nature of intertextuality in political discourse, realized by different intertextual inclusions: allusions perform thematic functions in utterances specifying the thematic line in discourse while citations and phraseological units are used to form rhematic progressions, the aim of which is ...

• Realisation of the pragmatic potential of intertextuality in political discourse

  The article discusses the pragmatic potential of inter-textual inclusions in political discourse and how this potential is determined by the commonly shared precedent knowledge held in the cognitive base of all the members of the society. The paper touches upon the notion of precedent texts which have a unique system of commonly shared ...

• Legal discourse and its main characteristics

  The author analyses the main characteristics of legal discourse and its relatedness to the system of values of any given society, its political, religious and economic spheres. Legal discourse reflects historical and cultural conditionality. The main characteristics of legal discourse include reference to special legal concepts, narrow communicative setting and a number of semantic limitations. 1. Аутюнова Н. Д. Дискурс ...

• The functioning of interrogative hortative structures in the political discourse (based on V.V. Putin’s public speeches)

  Based on the verbatim records of V.V. Putin’s public speeches, the authors examine syntactic structures representing different types of interrogative hortative modality in the political discourse. The functional-semantic and communicative features of these structures are identified in the oral speech of the mentioned discourse type. 1. Баранов А. Н. Введение в прикладную лингвистику. М., 2001....

• Motives behind breaking language norms in the English polit­ical discourse

  This article considers motives behind the breaking of language norms in persuasion in the space of English political discourse. The study aims to de­termine the linguistic factors influencing the development of the semantic content of language anomalies and encouraging the use of the latter in public speech. The study found that the ability of linguistic deviations ...

• The symbolic complexes of mass culture and the semiosis of political discourse

  In this article, I address the influence of modern mass culture (MC), its symbolic system, narratives, and protagonists on the political discourse. I emphasise that an analysis of the images of mass culture protagonists can give a complete picture of the society that continuously reproduces these protagonists and seeks to resemble them. Therefore, the mode of the production of effective ...

• The “European identity” of today: a category of political practice or discourse?

  This paper considers the cultural, political, and historical problems of the development of European identity in the discourse of Europe. The author addresses the question as to whether European identity is a category of political discourse or a real instrument of European integration and comes to a conclusion that the concepts of European identity are stuck in a methodological trap. And the EU institutional design does not inspire confidence among the residents of united Europe....

• Polish-Russian relations as reflected in the programmes of right-wing political parties in Poland: a quantitative and qualitative analysis

  ... Polish-Russian relations. There are two important conclusions from the qualitative analysis. Firstly, international relations have a pronounced influence on the programmes of political parties. Secondly, as to the right-wing parties considered in the Polish political discourse as pro-Russian (the National Revival of Poland, the National Radical Camp), they are either far from being pro-Russian or Russia is quite low on their agenda. Żęgota K. Poland, political programmes, right-wing parties, Polish-Russian ...

• The discourse of “European identity” in the conditions of the EU crisis

  ... identity in the EU crisis conditions. European identity cannot develop in an institutional crisis. The concept of European identity requires structural reconstruction, new foundations, since the old ones are, to a great degree, an extension of earlier political discourses. The author forecasts that the change in discourses around European identity will lead to a shift in the paradigm and the perception of this phenomenon in political theory. 1. Janik A. Different perception of Europe in a time of crisis Europe ...

• Historical memory in the age of globalization: the case of Russian- Estonian relations

  ... local importance. The author proves the latter statement through comparing Russian and Estonian discourses on the relationship between the events which took place in Tallinn in September 1944 and April 2007. Highlighting the differences between the two discourses may help Russian scholars understand the reasons behind the political decisions made by the Estonian authorities in April 2007. It accounts for the practical significance of the research conducted, since one of the most important objectives of international relations as a discipline is not to explain what decision ...

• Ethno-confessional immigrant ghettos as a national security problem in Denmark’s social and political discourse

  ... objective process of the emergence of ethno-religious ‘parallel societies’ in the state. Cultural and religious principles that are often at odds with the democratic values of Danish society guide the actions of ghetto residents. Danish social and political discourse pictures this ideological difference between the host society and Muslim immigrant minorities as a potential threat to Denmark’s national security caused by a combination of political, social, and economic factors. The ensuing social disunity ...

• Linguistic and pragmatic potential of metaphors in political discourse

  ... determin­ing the role of language means in enhancing the pragmatic potential of a polit­ical text. The main aim of the study is to explore the pragmatic potential of meta­phor by means of a systematic analysis of different types of metaphors typical of political discourse. Metaphors in political discourse are an effective tool of influencing the addressee's intellectual, volitional, and emotional state. Our research has shown that a wide range of metaphors is used for achieving a powerful information and emotional ...

• Language specificity of the texts of political speeches of Angela Merkel

  This article discusses the concept of discourse, its special form political discourse, the verbal behavior of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, especially her ability to put into practice different speechmeans in political communications. It focuses on the analysis of the linguistic-stylistic and pragmalinguistic resources realized ...

• The linguistic-pragmatic features of the realiza­tion of speech acts of threat in the political discourses of Germany and Spain

  ... Language yesterday, today and tomorrow. 2018. Vol. III, № 2. P. 204—250. 19. Safwat S. Speech acts in political speeches // Journal of Modern Edu­cation Review. 2015. Vol. 5, № 7. P. 699—706. Bagdasarov S. A., Lenets A. V. threat, speech act, political discourse, componential analysis, linguis­tic pragmatics 5-16

• The intertexteme as an instrument in the past — pre­sent — future dialogical space of urbanism practices: an intersemiotic ana­ly­sis of graffiti and inscriptions in Gdansk and Kaliningrad

  ... genres]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Sladkevich, J. R., 2013. Politicheskiy fel'yeton v svete teorii rechevogo vozdeystviya [Political feuilleton in the light of the theory of speech influence]. Gdańsk (in Russ.). Sladkevich, J. R., 2019. Media image ... ... aktual'nyye problemy soder­zhatel'nogo analiza obshchestvenno-politicheskikh tekstov [Methodology for the study of poli­tical discourse: actual problems of a meaningful analysis of socio-political texts]. Minsk. Vol. 1. pp. 142—149 (in Russ.). Chernyavskaya,...

• The Image of Contemporary Russia n Language and Culture: the Thematic Issue of «Russian Review»

  ... Tsilyurik, D. D., 2013. Obraz Rossii v sovremennom frantsuzskom politicheskom mediadiskurse (po materialam elektronnykh versii ezhednevnykh gazet «Mond», «Figaro» i «Liberas'on» za 2008—2012 gg.). [The image of Russia in the contemporary French political media discourse (based on electronic versions of the daily newspapers Mond, Figaro and Liberation for 2008—2012)]. Moscow (in Russ.). Riabov, D. O., 2016. Obraz Rossii v politike evropejskoj identichnosti ES [The image of Russia in the European identity ...

• The moving boundaries of news translation

  ... 145—153. 10.1080/14708470508668890. Tsai, C., 2006. Translation through Interpreting: A Television Newsroom Model. Translation in Global News, University of Warwick. Tsai, C., 2010. News Translator as Reporter. In: C. Schäffner and S. Bassnett, eds. Political Discourse, Media and Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars. pp. 178—197. Valdeón, R.A., 2005. The CNNenespañol News. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 13(4), pp. 255—267. 10.1080/09076760608668996. Valdeón, R.A., 2007. Ideological Independence ...

• Models of narrative syntactics as a tool for analysing images of states

  ... of the states in question in certain discourses. A. J. Greimas's model of narrative syntactics is used to demonstrate how syntactic descriptions of images of states can be built in the case of Kosovo and South Ossetia as presented in official Russian political discourse. 1. Берендеев М. В. «Образ» как эпистемологическая категория в дискурсивных практиках // МЕТОД : Московский ежегодник трудов из обществоведческих ...

• The features of talkativity implementation in the political online discourse (a case study of personal websites of members of the British parliament)

  ... сайт ]. URL : http :// merriam - webster . com / (дата обращения: 20.05.2011). 6.  Cambridge Dictionaries Online: [ сайт ]. URL : http :// dictionary . cambridge . org (дата обращения: 14.05.2011). Morozova O.N. political online discourse, “talkativity”, social networks, blogs, interactivity. 74-77

• Russian soft power in the Baltic States through the lens of research: traditions, competition, confrontation

  In this article, we aim to analyse the research discourse in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) as regards Russian soft power, which is considered as hard power, and to compare the theses that dominate this discourse with the actual interactions between Russia and the three states in media, education, and culture. Each Baltic country has built a system of political and legal restrictions to diminish the effect of Russian soft power, which is considered in terms of hard power, i.e. as a threat to national security. The current forms of Russian soft power are becoming less productive in the region and their ...

• Geopolitical transformation of the Kaliningrad oblast of the Russian Federation

  ... isolated from the motherland and turned into an exclave. Gradually the exclave found itself first at the crossroads of different security structures and later — surrounded by one of them. Changes in the situation gave rise to the so-called Kaliningrad discourse, i. e. political decisions, academic discussions and research, influenced by the internal transformation in the USSR and the Russian Federation (RF) as well as slips in the international policies of Central and Eastern Europe. 1.      Habermas J . The ...

• Text localization as a task of translation

  ... 166—169 (in Russ.). 12. Prunch E., 2015. The Ways of development of Western translation studies. From language asymmetry to political one. Moscow, R. Valent Publ. 512 p. 13. Sin Wai Ch., 2012. Approaching Localization. Bartrina M., Bartrina F., eds.... ... Mityagina V. A., 2017. Translation and Localization of Microtoponyms (Based on Russian and English-Language Texts of Online Tourism Discourse). XLinguae Journal, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, pp. 112—124. DOI: 10.18355/XL. 2017.10.02.10 15. Novikova E. Yu., 2015. Discourse ...

• Emotional and receptive-axiological aspects of the speech act of threat in everyday conflict communication in Russian

  ... zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Ser.: Gumanitarnye nauki [Scientific notes of Kazan University. Ser.: Humanities], 157(5), pp. 286—294 (in Russ.). Epshtein, O. V., 2008. Communicative speech strategies and techniques for im­plementing the threat in political discourse. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University], 1 (51), pp. 27—33 (in Russ.). Leech, G. N., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London. Levine, T. R. and Wheeless, ...

• The concept “people” in A. S. Shishkov’s manifestoes in the discourse of the Patriotic War of 1812

  ... manifestoes by Shishkov. These texts expressed the official posi­tion of the supreme authority on national unity. The method of discourse analysis employed by the author, made it possible to place Shishkov’s texts in a broader historical context, trac­ing ... ... [Let­ters of a Russian officer about the military incidents of 1812]. Moscow (in Russ.). Gorolevich, I., 2011. The War of 1812: a political analysis. Red Star, 20 Apr. Avail­able at: http://old.redstar.ru/2011/04/20_04/5_03.html [Accessed 29 November 2019] ...

• Speech behaviour of Internet users in conflict communication

  ... it possible to define the roles and attitudes of partici­pants in the conflict interaction. The authors employed methods of discourse analysis and corpus tools of data collection and marking. Seven confrontational threads in the communities of the social ... ... Rudneva, E. A., 2019. Strategii lingvisticheskoi vezhlivosti v spontannom rechevom vzaimodeistvii [Strategies of linguistic politeness in spontaneous speech interaction]. Ph. D. Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russ....

• Political reconsideration of the Soviet past: attitudes and actions of the Lithuanian elites

  ... Challenged Histories and Collective Self-Concepts: Politics in History, Memory, and Time‘, ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, no. 617, p. 199—213. 6. Kratochwil, F. 2006, History, action and identity: Revisiting the “second” ... ... Relations, Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 5—29. 7. Matonyte, I. 2006, Why the Notion of Social Justice is Quasi-Absent from the Public Discourse in Post-Communist Lithuania, Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. XXXVII, no. 4, p. 388—411. 8. Matonyte, I. 2009, Ex-nomeklatura ...

• Modern trends in the Baltic countries in the discourse of identity: between sovereignty and European integration

  The publication reflects the problem of new identity of the Baltics in the conditions of competition between European spaces. The Baltic States are presented as a political structure, where mutually competitive identities oriented towards different centres of modern Europe are developing. In the Baltics, the identity discourse acquires new markers. The agenda includes the crisis of confidence in the institutions of power and integration problems. 1. Miniotaite G. The Baltic States: in search of security and identity. URL: http://edvardas.home.mruni.eu/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/balt-vals-saugumas....

• The illocutionary aims of the positive-evaluative speech acts (in English artistic discourse)

  The article analyses functional-semantic characteristics of the speech acts of positive evaluation in English artistic discourse. The article represents the taxonomy of the speech acts of positive evaluation and it includes the analysis of their ... ... Саратов, 1997.С. 31—34. 10. Austin J. L. How to do things with words. Oxford, 1962, 1973. 11. Brown P., Levinson S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge,1987. 12. Fraser B. Hedged Performatives // Syntax and Semantics. N. ...

• Territorial-political and regional geopolitical systems: correlation of concepts

  ... no. 3 (20), p. 17—22. 7. Kolossov, V. A., Mironenko, N. S. 2001, Geopolitika i politicheskaja geografija [Geopolitics and Political Geography], Moscow, Aspekt-press. 8. Kotlyarov, I. D. 2007, Razdelennye gosudarstva i ih rol' v sovremennoj geopolitike ... ... kategorii «region» v sovremennom nauchnom diskurse [Definition of the category "region" in the modern scientific discourse], Pskovskij regionologicheskij zhurnal, no. 2, p. 3—21. 10. Mereste, U. I., Nymmik, S. Ya. 1984, Sovremennaja geografija: ...

• The antinomy of political reason. Some deliberations on Kant’s “Answer-ing the Question: What is Enlightenment?”

  ... prerequisites and the essence of this project and analyses the difference between the “public” and “private” use of reason. The article emphasises the major significance of this difference for developing the ideal of enlightenment in the field of politics. It is suggested that this ideal be seen in the evolutionarydevelopment of society based on the transformation of public consciousness. Kant’s view that the key discourse for social development consists in a comprehensive critique of social reality by a citizen capable of self-determination is considered against the background of Rousseau’s ideas, who defended the right of people to revolution. The reconstruction ...

• Embedding imagology in Translation Studies

  ... Stereotypes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), pp. 281—298. Le, E., 2006. The Spiral of ‘Anti-Other Rhetoric’: Discourses of Identity and the Interna­tional Media Echo. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. Leerssen, J., 2016. Imagology.... ... case study of Ye Junjian's 1958 translation of H. C. Andersen’s tales. In: L. D'hulst, C. O'Sul­livan and M. Schreiber, eds. Politics, Policy and Power in Translation History. Ber­lin: Frank & Timme. pp. 95—112. Marinetti, C., 2011. Cultural approaches....

• Argumentum ad morti in the violence discourse: the semantics and pragmatics of ‘radical’ argumentation

  ... Peters­burg (in Russ.). Tulchinskii, G. L., 2010. Kul'tura delovoi i politicheskoi argumentatsii [Culture of bu­si­ness and political reasoning]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Tulchinskii, G. L., 1992. Mechanical argument. Filosofskaya i sotsiologicheskaya ... ... Humanity]. St. Pe­tersburg. pp. 10—12 (in Russ.). Quine, W. V., 1981. Theories and things. Cambridge. argumentation, violence discourse, communication, polemics, death, argu­ment, anti-dixi Tulchinskii G. L. 58-64 10.5922/2225-5346-2020-4-5

• Inadvisable Concession: Kant’s Critique of the Political Philosophy of Christian Garve

  ... Pragmatic Point of View. Translated and edited by R. B. Louden, 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kuehn, M., 1987. Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Maliks, R., 2014. Kant’s Politics in Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oz-Salzberger F., 1995. Translating the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Solovyov, E. Y., 2005. Kategoricheskiy imperativ nravstvennosti i prava [Kategorical Imperative of Morality and Law]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiya. (In Rus.) Stolleis, M., 1972. Staatsräson,...

• How transcendental are Kant’s principles of public law?

  ... are as empirical criteria for establishing legitimacy, and whether they can be characterized as ‘transcendental’. Kant’s discourse on publicity — a result of strenuous efforts presented in a number of writings and lectures — takes the reader to ... ... out to be either motives for searching for transcendental principles or example s targeted at a certain type of readers and political agents. Identifying the role of publicity principles in Kant’s system of law and their strict positioning is also ...

• Russia and the Baltic States: Some Results and a Few Perspectives

  ... Baltics; yet acting upon this interest is made either difficult or altogether impossible when it comes to the Baltic States. For 20 years, the Russian Federation has been actively promoting a model of mutually beneficial co-operation. The anti-Russian discourse of the Baltic States' political elites — driven by their own wish to maintain their political monopoly — halts most of co-operation efforts. It is time to accept that the previous model of co-operation with the Baltic States is now irrelevant, since these states now form ...

• Some aspects of the speech portrait of the German president, J. Gauck as observed in political speeches

  ... (дата обращения: 18.09.2013). 15. Gauck J. Weihnachtsansprache 2012. URL: http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Joachim-Gauck/Reden/2012/12/121225-Weihnachtsansprache.html (дата обращения: 18.09.2013). Tsvetkova E. political discourse, verbal portrait, linguistic-stylistic potential, pragmalinguistic resources, strategy of dialogue with supporters. 162-169

• The Works of Modern Russian Historians and the Historiography of Medieval Lithuania before and after the Red October

  ... and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the end of the XV century. to 1569: Experience of comparative-historical study of the political system], Moscow, 173 p. 3. Bychkova, М. Е. 2012, Russko-litovskaja znat' XV — XVII vekov. Istochnikovedenie. Genealogija.... ... oskolki razbitogo zerkala: Rossijskij diskurs Velikogo knjazhestva Litovskogo [Peering into the pieces of a broken mirror: Russian discourse Grand Duchy of Lithuania], Ab Imperio, no. 4, p. 561—601. 15. Filyushkin, А. 2008, «Drugaja Rus'» v russkoj istoriografii ...

• On the Semiotic Model of Image

  ... in a certain discourse), b) the transfer function (transmission (synchronic and diachronic) of semiotic experience from one discourse to another), c) logonomic function (prescription and enabling of the future of acts of semiosis, similar to a certain ... ... M. V., Fomin, I. V., 2016. And the meaning, and the measure. Semiotics in the space of modern science. Politicheskaya nauka [Political science], 3, pp. 30—45 (in Russ.). Lotman, Yu. M., 2000. Semiosfera [Semiosphere]. St. Petersburg (in Russ.). Lotman,...

• The rhetoric and logic of the representations of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in Russian public discourse

  ... vision of the conflict was instrumental in ‘Westernising’ the image of the Russian Empire. The critics of this model placed both parties of the conflict in a common oriental framework but did not equate them. Self-orientalisation was viewed as a political challenge that required Westernisation, which did not apply to the other party to the conflict that represented the Orient proper. The political authorities of the Russian Empire could not retain control over the broad rhetorical framework that ...