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n this article, which completes a two-part series on the problem of optimism in Kant’s works, I explore in detail the arguments advanced by the Crusians A. F. Reinhard and D. Weymann against the actual world as the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the actual world as one of the good worlds, Kant’s counterarguments put forward in the mid-1750s drafts and in An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism (1759), and further polemical attacks on this topic against Kant by D. Weymann in his works...

At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy is due to...

The expression “linguistic Kantianism” is widely used to refer to ideas about thought and cognition being determined by language — a conception characteristic of 20th century analytic philosophy. In this article, I conduct a comparative analysis of Kant’s philosophy and views falling under the umbrella expression “linguistic Kantianism.” First, I show that “linguistic Kantianism” usually presupposes a relativistic conception that is alien to Kant’s philosophy (although Kant’s philosophy itself may...

The sources of Kant’s term Gesinnung and a review of the problems of its translation into English were presented in the first part of this article; the second part examines the novel features that Kant brings to the interpretation of this concept in the critical period. In the Critique of Practical Reason these include the questions of manifestation of Gesinnung in the world, apprehended through the senses, the method of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem...

The concept of appearance within the framework of the transcendental distinction between “appearance” and “thing in itself” is the cornerstone of Kant’s transcendental philosophy. However, its conceptual status seems largely uncertain. This uncertainty is the reason for a wide range of interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism. A paradigmatic example is the contemporary confrontation between the “two objects” theory and the “two aspects” theory. In this paper, I develop a semantico-cognitive...

... two-aspect interpretation) finds a solution through their reconciliation. Allison, H. E., 2004. Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defence. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Arnauld, A. and Nicole, P., 1996. Logic, or, The Art of Thinking: Containing, Besides Common Rules, Several New Observations Appropriate for Forming Judgment. Translated and edited by J. V. Buroker. 5th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bradie, M. and Harms, W., 2016. Evolutionary Epistemology....

In the paper it is shown that E. T. A. Hoffmann has been valuing the post-Napoleon politics of Prussia in the Christmas tale "Meister Floh" from the Kantian position. The cardinal problem of the tale — shown in "Halle-gorisch und Jena-logisch" manner how Hoffmann himself had characterized his style — is the problem of constitution for Prussia. 1. Гофман Э. Т. А. Повелитель блох // Э. Т. А. Гофман. Избранные произведения: в 3 т. Т. 2. М., 1962. 2. Гофман Э. Т. А. Житейские воззрения...

This article focuses on the essence and features of concept operations. The author introduces the concepts of logical structure, logical and logical-cognitive form, and natural form of operations. The sources of mistakes in concept operation are identified and classified. 1. Бойко А. П. Логический анализ структуры классификации: дис. ... канд. фи­лос. наук. М., 1983. 2. Брюшинкин В. Н. Антропологические измерения логики // Вестник Россий­ско­го государственного университета им. И. Канта. Вып. 6...

This article proves that when addressing the problem persistent in his oeuvre — whether the humanity exists independently in space or it is a transcendental project — the Saint Petersburg poet A. S. Kushner always consults with I. Kant. 1. Гейне Г. Собр. соч.: в 10 т. М., 1958. Т. 6. 2. Кант И. Всеобщая естественная история и теория неба // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 1. С. 245. 3. Кант И. Опыт некоторых рассуждений об оптимизме (1759) // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 2. С. 245. 4. Кант...

The article “From the Russian studying of Kant’s philosophy. Kharkov’s philosophical school of the first part of the XIX century” is devoted to the studying of Kant’s philosophy in the Kharkov’s University at the first decades of XIX century. The importance of Kant’s philosophy in the professional philosophical sphere and influence on the development of motherland philosophical thought has been examined 1. Багалей Д. И. Опыт истории Харьковского университета (по неизданным мате­риалам): в 2 т....

This article addresses the problem of presuppositions in a methodological work of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1863—1919) — a Russian historian and theorist of historical science. The author identifies the existential strategies applied by Lappo-Danilevsky in the practical interpretation of Kant’s philosophy and specifies the meaning of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky's work for modern philosophy of historical science. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 6 т. М., 1964. Т. 3. 2. Кант И. Антропология...

This article considers the correlation between the historical Christianity and the pure religion of reason, the figure of the biblical Christ of Nazareth and Kant's interpretation of his personality. The author focuses on the question, whether the Biblical Christ, as a real historical person, is the personification of the idea of the absolute good and moral perfection. 1. Кант И. Религия в пределах только разума // Собр. соч.: в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 6. 2. Его же. Метафизика нравов // Там же. 3. Его...

This article offers a comparative analysis of Kant's moral philosophy and the philosophy of Sade revealing the paradoxes of the categorical imperative. The satisfaction of the requirement of the categorical imperative is, on the one hand, a single and unique act and, on the other hand, a permanent and universal one. Although the familiarity with the categorical imperative does not always result in a moral action, the familiarity itself alongside the idea of forgiveness may be considered as a manifestation...

The article is devoted to the Jubilee of the Kant Compendium. The history of its beginnings is related, and the contents of all issues of the Kant Compendium are described in brief. 1. Гринишин Д. М., Калинников Л. А. Проблема философии истории в системе Канта // Научные доклады высшей школы. Философские науки. 1974. № 6. 2. Калинников Л. А. Проблемы философии истории в системе Канта. Л., 1978. 3. Кант между Востоком и Западом. К 200-летию со дня смерти и 280-летию со дня рождения Иммануила Канта:...

This article provides a brief description of Sergey Hessen’s philosophy of law in connection with J. J. Rousseau’s idea of «common will» and Kant’s «autonomy of will». 1. Гессен С. И. Философия наказания // Логос. М.: Тип. Т-ва А. А. Левенсон, 1912—1913. Кн. 1, 2. С. 183—232. 2. Гессен С. И. Политические идеи жирондистов. М., 1917. 3. Гессен С. И. Основы педагогики. Введение в прикладную философию. М., 1995. 4. Гессен С. И. Лев Толстой как мыслитель // Гессен С. И. Избранные сочинения. М., 1998...

This article analyses the works of E. T. A. Hoffmann through the example of the novel "A Report on the Latest Adventures of the Dog Berganza". The author shows the influence of Kant's epistemological and ethical ideas on the Weltanschauung of E. T. A. Hoffmann for whom the human nature and the essence of humanity became one of the central problems. Following Kant, Hoffmann considered morals the measure of humanity. 1. Гёте И. В. Фауст / пер. Б. Пастернака // Собр. соч.: в 10 т. М., 1976...

This article considers the key aspects of the development of contemporary Russian Kant studies and, in particular, the role of Vladimir Zhuchkov in it. 1. Васильев В. В. История философской психологии. Западная Европа — XVIII век. Калининград, 2003. 2. Васильев В. В. Учение о душе в метафизике XVIII века. Барнаул, 2000. 3. Васильев В. В. Философская психология И. Н. Тетенса и современные мифы о соз­нании // Философия сознания: история и современность: материалы научной конфе­ренции, посвященной...

Gesetzmäßig ist, dass sich «die Philosophie des Wertes» in der konsequentesten und systematisierten Art gerade in der Tradition von Kant formiert. Für Kant ist die menschliche Persönlichkeit bei all ihrer Einzigartigkeit weder ethisch, noch ästhetisch in sich geschlossen. Die Entwicklung der axiologischen Ansichten Kants entwickelte sich je nach ...

The author shows the importance of the analysis of Kant's epistolary heritage in the reconstruction of the evolution process of German Classic philosophy. This article defines the role of Moses Mendelsohn, Kant's letters to whom became a turning point in the works of the great German philosopher, in the context of this heritage. 1. Гулыга А. В. Кант. М., 1977. 2. Кант И. Императрице Елизавете Петровне от 14 декабря 1758 г. // Кант И. Трактаты и письма. М., 1980. С. 505—506. 3. Переписка Иммануила...

This article proves that the philosophical system of Kant is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over the theoretical one. The humanity owes its development and existence to the practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н. Этика. СПб., 2002. 2. Гуревич...

Der Autor des Artikels analysiert zunächst den Inhalt der Kantschen Religionsphilosophie (Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft), um dann ihre Wirkungsgeschichte zu verfolgen und ihre Aktualität aufzuzeigen. In groben Zügen, aber doch ausführlicher als andere Lehren, betrachtet er in diesem Zusammenhang die philosophischen Ansichten von Hegel, Schleiermacher und Kierkegaard. Habermas schlägt vor, Kants Moralphilosophie insgesamt als Versuch anzusehen, das kategorische Sollen göttlicher...

This article is devoted to the origins of the "aesthetic turn" in contemporary philosophy and the increasing importance of aesthetic categories and art experience for contemporary theories. Kant’s aesthetics, concepts of beauty, the sublime, genius, as well as various aspects of their interpretation within the romantic doctrine of "new mythology" and aestheticisation of life, the discovery ...

The article is devoted to the dispute between two eminent people of the time — I. Kant and E. Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher, scientist, engineer and poet, who, however, remained in the memory of humanity, mainly as the last Christian mystic, and the "King of visionaries." It is shown that, although E. Swedenborg's oeuvre was important for I. Kant, it was only a trigger for scrutinising serious philosophical questions pertaining to the nature and limits of human knowledge — the main...

The article is dedicated to the life and work of the Russian Neo-Kantianist Gavriil Gordon. The author addresses archive material and the memoires of Gavriil Gordon's children, which allow reconstructing certain episodes of his creative work. 1. ОР ГМИИ им. А. С. Пушкина. Кол. 11. Разд. 5. Ед. хр. 11. 2. Там же. Ед. хр. 13.

This article offers a critical analysis of the general idea of “overcoming Kant”, presented by Ye. N. Trubetskoy in the book “The metaphysical assumptions of knowledge” (1917). 1. Соловьёв В. С. Теоретическая философия // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч.: в 9 т. 1-е изд. СПб., 1903. Т. 8. 2. Соловьёв В. С. Критика отвлеченных начал // Соловьёв В. С. Собр. соч. и писем: в 15 т. М., 1993. Т. 2 (репринтное изд. со 2-го изд. собр. соч. В. С. Соловьева под ред. С. М. Соловьева и Э. Л. Радлова). 3. Соловьёв...

In diesem Beitrag wird das Problem der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Begriffe vom intelligiblen und empirischen Charakter in A. Schopenhauers Philosophie behandelt. Der Autor zeigt, wie sich diese Begriffe bei Schopenhauer inhaltlich wandeln und welche Ursachen seiner Lehre über den Charakter zugrunde liegen mögen. 1. Кант И. Критика практического разума // Кант И. Соч.: в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 4. С. 373—565. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума // Там же. Т. 3. С. 5—678. 3. Шеллинг Ф. В. Й. Философские исследования...

This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочи­нения. М., 1995. С. 123—165. 2. Ермолаев В. К. Аргументация Канта в схолии к Теореме VI в "Nova dilucidatuo": традиционная интерпретация и связанные с нею проблемы // Кантовский сбор­ник...

The author addresses Kant’s transcendental solution to the problem of objectness. This article focuses on Kant’s concept of object and the problem of legitimacy of establishing correlation between ‘I’ and objects. The author specifies the substantive elements of this correlation through addressing the concept of experience and the objectivity of experience and comes to the conclusion that objectivity as a result of objectification and as objectivity primary to the given objectivity indicate one another...

This article attempts to demonstrate the influence of Kant's philosophy of law and politics and philosophy of history alongside his aesthetic ideas on “The Bronze Horseman” by A. Pushkin. 1. Белый А. Искуситель // Белый А. Стихотворения. М., 1928. 2. Гаспаров Б. М. Поэтический язык Пушкина как факт истории русского литера­турного языка. СПб., 1999. 3. Калинников Л. А. Теория гения в эстетике Канта и «Моцарт и Сальери» Пуш­кина // Кантовский сборник. Вып. 22. Калининград, 2001. С. 138—171. 4. Кант...

This article considers Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work “A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition”. The alternative interpretations of Kant’s argumentation offered by T. Pinder and J. Schmucker are discussed. The author comes to the conclusion that none of these interpretations has advantages over the traditional one. 1. Ермолаев В. К.. Аргументация Канта в схолии к теореме VI в «Nova dilucida­tuo»: традиционная интерпретация и связанные...

This article defines the way of interaction between formal and transcendental logic through introducing ontological considerations based on P. Strawson's descriptive metaphysics. The notions of a particular, a sortal universal and a feature universal are introduced into the transcendental limitation on the inferences of formal logic. 1. Аристотель. Категории // Аристотель. Соч.: в 4 т. М., 1978. Т. 2. С. 53—90. 2. Брюшинкин В. Н. Взаимодействие формальной и трансцендентальной логики // Кантовский...

This article suggests that rationality has to be treated as one of the basic categories of liberal philosophy. Together with freedom and equality, rationality lies at the anthropological core of liberalism, which makes it stand out among other political theories. The development of the main models of rationality relied upon by various liberal theories is reviewed. 1. Вебер М. О некоторых категориях понимающей социологии // Избранные произведения. М., 1990. 2. Кант И. Метафизика нравов // Собрание...

This article analyses the impact of Kant's ideas on the development of logic and University philosophy in Russia. The integrity of philosophy, psychology (pedagogy), and logic until the early 20th century implied that Kant's ideas influenced logic via its philosophical foundations (empiricism versus the rationalistic aspects of Kant's philosophy). It was especially evident in the interpretations of logic in terms of psychologism and anthropologism ensuing from empiricism. 1. Андреев А. Ю. Лекции...

The unpublished memoirs of the anarchist writer Alexei Borovoi (1875—1935) contain crucial information on Russian Kantianism and Neo-Kantianism. The article describes philosophical societies, discussions and philosophical biographies on the basis of archive records. 1. Боровой А. Париж был и остается замечательнейшим фактом моей биогра­фии (Публикация С. В. Шумихина) // Диаспора: новые материалы. СПб., 2004. Т. 6. 2. Его же. Моя жизнь. Воспоминания. Гл. 7: Как я стал анархистом. (Под­готовка текста...

This article considers the functions, structure and actions of transcendental logic in “The Analytic of Principles” of Kant’s “Critique of pure reason”. The author explicates the specificity, rules, laws and the method of transcendental logic in this sphere of analytic. 1. Кант И. Критика чистого разума (В, 1787 г.) // И. Кант. Сочинения на рус­ском и немецком языках. Т. 2 (1). М., 2006. 2. Кант И. Критика чистого разума (А, 1781 г.) // Там же. Т. 2 (2). 3. Кант И. Критика способности суждения...

This paper shows that E. T. A. Hoffmann assessed the post-Napoleon politics of Prussia in the Christmas tale “Meister Floh” from a Kantian perspective. The cardinal problem of the tale — shown in the “Hallegorisch und Jena-logisch” manner, as Hoffmann himself defined his style — is the problem of a constitutional system in Prussia. 1.Гарденберг Ф. фон (Новалис). Вера и любовь, или король и королева // Эстети­ка немецких романтиков. М., 1987. 2.Гофман Э. Т. А. Повелитель блох // Избранные произведения:...

This article analyses different definitions, types and tasks of Kant's anthropology: Is "moral" or "practical" anthropology identical to "pragmatic" anthropology? Does anthropology aim to answer the question about the vocation of a human being? To what extent is metaphilosophy present in the Anthropology? What is the 'fundamental' transcendental anthropology? The idea of an anthroponomy remains an unsolved puzzle. 1. Кант И. Антропология с прагматической точки зрения...

The article is devoted to the problem of identification of the Kant’s and Berkeley’s philosophical systems. The author considers reasons of the origin of Kant-Berkeley question and considers some versions of its completion. 1. Васильева М. Ю. Критика И. Кантом идеализма Дж. Беркли // Историко-фило­софский альманах. Вып. 1: Кант и современность. М., 2005. С. 182—189. 2. Allison H. E. Kant,s Critique of Berkeley // Journal of the History of Philosophy. 1973. Vol. 11. 3. Berkeley G. The Works. London...

This article focuses on the problem of reconciling a priori and empirical dimensions of freedom, will, and action as the crucial point for understanding the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in Kant’s and Husserl’s practical philosophy. Relying on the explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical freedom given in Kant's practical philosophy, the author problematizes Kant’s thesis about the primacy of practical reason. This is the starting point and leitmotif...

In the article the question is raised about the Kantianism of E. T. A. Hoffmann on the example of the story from “The night stories”, which shows that the transcendental reflection as an important gnoseological form makes the practical sense in the human life. 1. Берковский Н. Я. Э. Т. А. Гофман // Берковский Н. Я. Романтизм в Германии. СПб., 2001. 2. Гёррес Й. Афоризмы об искусстве… // Эстетика немецких романтиков. М., 1987. 3. Гиппель Т. Г. фон. Воспоминания о Гофмане // Гофман Э. Т. А. Жизнь...

This article demonstrates the application of I. Kant’s and A. Schopenhauer’s principles of ethics to the real case of transplantation of an organ, which was not HIV tested. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н. Системная модель аргументации как основа методологии компаративистских исследований // Модели мира. Исследования по логике, аргу­ментации и истории философии: сб. науч. ст. Калининград, 2004. С. 66 -86. 2. Делёз Ж. Критическая философия Канта: учение о способностях. М., 2000. 3. Калинников Л. А. И. Кант о...

The article considers the first of the two principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls as universal principles that would be chosen by every reasonable and rational person in an ‘original position’. The work analyses the problematic aspects of the principle’s formulation (the vagueness of the list of key rights and freedoms and the value criterion for ranking them) and of the methods used by Rawls to overcome them in the works published after the acclaimed book A theory...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of Neokantianism in Russia. The originality of Russian Neokantianism is marked, which was due to the cultural and historical peculiarities of the formation of the domestic philosophical thought. The 1. Булгаков С. Н. От марксизма к идеализму. Статьи и рецензии. 1895—1903 / сост., вступ. ст. и комм. В. В. Сапова. М., 2006. 2. Введенский А. И. Вторичный вызов на спор о законе одушевления и ответ про­тивникам // Введенский А. И. Статьи...

This article is dedicated to Fyodor Stepun's history of philosophy. The author concentrates on the problems of methodology of historical cognition and traces neo-Kantian motifs in the oeuvre of the Russian philosopher. 1. Степун Ф. А. Г. П. Федотов // Степун Ф. А. Соч. М., 2000. С. 747—761. 2. Степун Ф. А. Идея России и формы ее раскрытия // Там же. С. 496—501. 3. Степун Ф. А. Об общественно-политических путях «Пути» // Там же. С. 860—865. 4. Степун Ф. А. Религиозный смысл революции // Там же....

The article sketches the development of Kant interpretation in analytic philosophy. The author turns to Kant’s transcendental idealism and three well-known difficulties about things in themselves which Kant’s idealism generates: problems about unknowability, noumenal-affection and category-application, and the neglected-alternative. Building on the work “Things in Themselves: an Interim Report” (XI Kant Readings, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 2014), the author questions how...

This paper investigated the historical and philosophical context of the notions of “tradition” and the “purpose-task” in the philosophy of Sergius Hessen. The article identified the meaning of values and hierarchy of values of Heinrich Rickert in definition of the notions of “tradition” and “purpose-task” and the main principle of their interaction. 1. Гессен С. И. Основы педагогики. Введение в прикладную философию. М., 1995. 2. Гессен С. И. Мое жизнеописание // Гессен С. И. Избранные сочинения...

This article discusses the thesis put forward by some scholars that Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in the Scholion to Prop. VI in "Nova dilucidatio" contradicts Prop. VI. The author shows how the apparent discrepancy between Prop. VI and the Scholion can be explained. 1. Ермолаев В. К. Аргументация Канта в схолии к Теореме VI в "Nova dilucidatio": традиционная интерпретация и связанные с нею проблемы // Кантовский сбор­ник: науч. журн. 2010. 3(33). С. 52—63. 2...

My article is devoted to one of the main concepts of early modern natural law, i. e. the concept of obligation. Starting with Pufendorf's concept of obligation, it will be demonstrated that the natural law is grounded on the will of God. In contrast, the concept of obligation in Christian Wolff's Philosophia practica universalis has no need to found the validity of obligation of natural law in God's will. Instead he developed a concept which was based on the idea of a free self-binding moral subject...

... possibility of detecting the grounds of the aesthetization process in modern culture in the structure of the Kantian philosophy. The connection of Kant's aesthetics with science and morality is traced, and also Kant’s influence on the romantic philosophy of art is revealed. The loss of its classical boundaries by modern aesthetics is shown as originated in the Kantian philosophy, though it was this very philosophy in which these boundaries were once defined. 1. Аверинцев С. С. Поэтика ...