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This article offers a review of the activities of I.P. Khmelnitsky at the Königsberg University of the 1760s, examines the ideational and philosophical context, and identifies the role and position of Khmelnitsky in the intellectual polemics of the mid-18th century. The author emphasises that D. Weymann referred to Khmelnitsky’s works when debating with I. Kant. 1. Аноним. Хмельницкий, Иван Парфентевич // Русский биографический словарь. СПб., 1901. Т. 21. 2. Болотов А. Т. Жизнь и приключения Андрея...

This article reconstructs the portrait features of a woman as presented in ’female’ modern Russian chanson. The authors emphasise the woman’s original self-perception as opposed to the way she is presented in chanson by a man. Such original features include a greater number of details in the ‘self-portrait’, orientation towards the male psychological models of perceiving reality, and the use of an image of an ageing woman. Love and at the same time freedom are presented as a woman’s basic life values...

This article considers G. P. Fedotov’s philosophical views on culture and history and provides an overview of his ideas. The author addresses the problem of the sources of cultural development, its mechanisms, and patterns. Another focus is the analysis of the problem of cognition of culture and the methodological justification of such possibility in the framework of Russian philosophy abroad. 1. Братство Святой Софии : материалы и документы. 1923—1939. М. ;Париж, 2000. 2. Степун Ф. А. Г. П. Федотов...

This article presents the author’s philosophical and sociological ideas about the condition of modern society, its problems, and origins. The author stresses that the modern European civilisation is coming to a “dead end” and considers a human being as an object of manipulation. The subject of these manipulations is the bureaucratic system, whose interests lie in its own well-being. 1. Бобков В. Мнение эксперта // Аргументы и факты. 2014. № 2. 2. Гладилин А. Где у политиков ум? // Там же. 2013...

1. Покровская В. Ф. Повесть о Фроле Скобееве (По неизданному Тихонравовскому списку с вариантами по всем известным спискам). URL: http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default. aspx?tabid=6259 (дата обращения: 14.03.2011). 2. Кожинов В. В. Происхождение романа. URL: http://svr-lit.niv.ru/svr-lit/kozhinov-proishozhdenie-romana/plutovskoj-roman-o-frole-skobeeve.htm (дата обращения: 14.03.2011). 3. Пискунова С. Плутовской роман. URL: http://svr-lit.niv.ru/svr-lit/articles/piskunova-plutovskoj-roman.htm (дата...

1. Франк С. Л. Пушкин как политический мыслитель // Этюды о Пушкине. СПб., 1998. 2. Франк С. Л. Пушкин об отношениях между Россией и Европой // Этюды о Пушкине. СПб., 1998. 3. Франк С. Л. Светлая печаль // Этюды о Пушкине. СПб., 1998. 4. Свасьян К. А. Предотвратимая катастрофа // Растождествления. М., 2006. 5. Штейнер Р. Основные черты социального вопроса в жизненных необходимостях настоящего и будущего. Ереван, 1992.

1. Berek M. Gutes oder schleschtes Erinnern? Die Notwendigkeit des Politischen in der Erinnerungskultur // Erinnerungskultur und Versöhnungskitsch. Marburg, 2008. 2. Assmann J. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. München, 2002.  3. Staliūnas D. Savas ar svetimas paveldas? 1863—1864 m. sukilimas kaip lietuvių atminties vieta. Vilnius, 2008. 4. Langewiesche D. Unschuldige Mythen: Gründungsmythen und Nationsbildung in...

1. Bremer U. Visionen der Wende. Eine textanalytische Untersuchung erzählerischer Prosa junger deutscher Autoren zur Wiedervereinigung. Osnabrück, 2002. 2. Brussig Th. Helden wie wir. Frankfurt a/M., 1999. 3. Solms-Laubach F. Ost- und Westdeutsche entfernen sich voneinander [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.welt.de/politik/article3775359/Ostund-Westdeutsche-entfernen-sich-voneinander. html 4. Schalk A. Coitus germaniae interruptus. Die deutsche Wiedervereinigung im Spiegel von Prosa...

1. Мокиенко В. М., Никитина Т. Г. Большой словарь русского жаргона.СПб., 2001. 2. Смирнов Ф. О. Язык общения компьютерщиков: потребность в аффилиации или нечто большее? [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://mytests. ru/articles/335 3. Хёйзинга Й. Homo Ludens: Статьи по истории культуры. М., 1997.

... Recki, B., 2001. Aesthetik der Sitten. Die Affinität von ästhetischem Gefühl und praktischer Vernunft bei Kant. Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann. Schueller, H. M., 1955. Immanuel Kant and the Aesthetics of Music. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 14(2), pp. 218-247. Spinoza, B., 1985. The Complete Works of Spinoza. Volume I. Edited by E. Curley. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Vossenkuhl, W., 1994. Spontaneität. Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 48(3), pp. 329-349....

... 2019b. Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie. Volume 2. Berlin: Suhrkamp. Häring, H., 1979. Die Macht des Bösen. Das Erbe Augustins. Zürich, Köln & Gütersloh: Benziger und Gütersloher Verlagshaus. Höffe, O., 2010. Can Virtue Make Us Happy? The Art of Living and Morality. Translated by D. R. McGaughey and A. Bunch, edited by A. Bunch. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press. Hoff, J., 2010. The Rise and Fall of the Kantian Paradigm of Modern Theology. In: P. M. Candler and C. Cunningham,...

... University Press. (In Rus.) Kalinnikov, L. A., 2013. A. A. Fet and Kant’s Starry-Moral Theme in Russian Philosophical Lyrics. Kantian Journal, 1(43), pp. 46-62. (In Rus.) Kalinnikov, L. A., 2014a. A. A. Fet as a Theorist and a Practitioner of Pure Art and the Problem of the Nature of Poetry. Kantian Journal, 1(47), pp. 38-58. (In Rus.) Kalinnikov, L. A., 2014b. Kant’s Philosophical System and the Principles of Its Interpretation. Kantian Journal, 3(49), pp. 1-18. (In Rus.) Kalinnikov, L. A., ...

Kant’s natural philosophy in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science is heavily influenced by Newton’s Principia. However, a closer look makes it clear that Kant’s project has also been influenced by other thinkers. One of these thinkers is Leonard Euler. His work was of great influence for Kant, not only with regards to his view on space and inertia but on the relation between metaphysics and natural science in general. Even though Euler’s Physics built on Newton’s work, he differs from...

Anon., 1914. Formular List of the Service of Alexander Liverievich Sakketti, a titular councillor attached to the Ministry of National Education. Compiled to 17 May 1914. [manuscript] Ministry of Public Education Collection, 733. Inventory 155, Folder 1087, Sheet 92. St. Petersburg: Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). (In Rus.) Dmitrieva, N. A., 2007. Russkoe neokantianstvo: “Marburg” v Rossii. Istoriko-filosofskie ocherki [Russian Neo-Kantianism: “Marburg” in Russia. Historical and Philo­sophical...

Immanuel Kant’s Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime is examined in the context of the emergence of the epistemological practice of scientific observation. By focusing on the genre-stylistic and semantic-structural features of the text the authors demonstrate the mechanisms of observation as well as the methods of describing the results characteristic of mid-eighteenth century science. The authors consider Kant’s treatise to be a hybrid text: on the one hand, it attests to...

The house which Immanuel Kant bought in Königsberg in 1783 has not survived, having been pulled down in the late nineteenth century. Likewise, hardly any of the great philosopher’s personal belongings have survived. Many pieces of furniture and household utensils were auctioned off after his death. So the Kant museum had few original exhibits from the Königsberg thinker’s house, and almost all these artefacts were lost during the Second World War. Today, digital technologies make it possible to present...

Some ideas expressed in the collective monograph Universality in Morality (2020), edited by Ruben Apressyan, are here critically examined. The book is based on the results of a large-scale study by professional ethical philosophers devoted to the question of the nature of universality in morality and the mechanisms of universalisation of individual maxims and norms from antiquity to modern ethical theories, represented above all by the analytical tradition in philosophy. Of great interest is the...

To reconstruct a critique of the ontological proof of the existence of God in Schelling’s philosophy I examine his interpretation of the ontological argument by Anselm of Canterbury and Descartes as well as Schelling’s assessment of the critique of the Kantian ontological proof of the existence of God. I propose a reconstruction of Schelling’s account of undoubted being which cannot be deduced from the concept of the totality of all that is possible and therefore must come before any thought. He...

The problem of rationality today means the problem of the inner unreasonableness of reasonableness in the sense of its inner limit. Even the humanistic revolution of the Renaissance gradually led to the replacement of the power of omnipotent faith by faith in the omnipotence of power. It is this general orientation towards power and the cult of power, this new belief in power, that revealed itself more and more sharply in the course of European history and eventually led to extreme forms of expression...

The interpretation of Kant’s philosophy by thinkers in pre-Soviet Belarus has been the subject of not a few publications. They described the reception of his seminal ideas, the analysis, polemic and occasionally sharp criticism of these ideas. It is helpful now to look at Kantian studies beginning from the 1920s to the present time. I will show that immediately after the October 1917 revolution and until the 1930s interest in Kant’s teaching was waning. When they turned to his ideas during that period...

... Word. Selected Works]. Edited by T. G. Shchedrina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, pp. 191-200. (In Rus.) Shpet, G. G., 2007. Esteticheskie fragmenty [Aesthetic Fragments]. In: G. G. Shpet, 2007. Iskusstvo kak vid znanija. Izbrannye trudy po filosofii kul’tury [The Art as a Kind of Knowledge. Selected Works on the Philosophy of Culture]. Edited by T. G. Shchedrina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, pp. 175-322. (In Rus.) Shpet, G. G., 2009. Ocherk razvitija russkoj filosofii. II. Materialy [Essay on the Development of Russian Philosophy....

... Selbsterkenntnis. Kant-Studien, 97(2), S. 163-183. Boyle, M., 2009. Two Kinds of Self-Knowledge. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 78(1), pp. 133-164. Emundts, D., 2013. Kant über Selbstbewusstsein. In: D. Emundts, ed. 2013. Self, World, and Art. Metaphysical Topics in Kant and Hegel. Berlin und Boston: De Gruyter, S. 51-77. Emundts, D., 2017. Kant’s Ideal of Self-Knowledge. In: U. Renz, ed. 2017. Self-Knowledge. A History. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 183-198. Evans,...

The Russian intuitivist philosopher Nikolay Lossky repeatedly admitted Kant’s substantial formative influence on him as a scholar. Moreover, Lossky was a disciple of the Russian Kantian Aleksander Vvedensky, and was one of the most successful translators of the first Critique. However, his own philosophical project is rather the opposite of the critical programme. While in the framework of Lossky’s epistemology the specificities of his reading of Kant have received a fair amount of attention in Russian...

Kant was never satisfied with the version of his “Refutation” published in 1787 (KrV, B 275-279). His dissatisfaction is already evident in the footnote added to the preface of the second edition of the Critique in 1787. As a matter of fact, Kant continued to rework his argument for at least six years after 1787. The main exegetical problem is to figure out who is the target of the “Refutation”: a non-sceptic idealist or a global sceptic of Cartesian provenance or both. In this last case, a related...

... Burkhanov, R. A., 2016. Thing in itself and a Phenomenon, Noumenon and Phenomenon, Transcendental, Immanent and Transcendent in the Theoretical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Historical, Philosophical, Political and Legal Sciences, Culturology and Art History. Issues of Theory and Practice, 3(65): in 2 Parts, Part 2, pp. 34-36. Descartes, R., 1985. The Principles of Philosophy. Translated by J. Cottingham. In: R. Descartes, 1985. The Philo­sophical Writings. Volume 1. Cambridge, London, New York ...

Kant’s concept of Gesinnung reveals the whole range of its problematic potential when it has to be translated into other languages: there are no ready-made equivalents. The problem stems from the evolution of this concept in Kant himself from the pre-Critical (“mode of thinking”, “convictions”, “virtuousness”, “virtues”, “sentiments”, “inclinations”, “aspirations”) to the critical works and then in the Critical period in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Further problems arise from the complex...

... Translated by R. Gregor-Smith. With an introduction by M. Friedman. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 249-264. Cassirer, E., 1922. The Form of the Concept in Mythical Thinking. In: E. Cassirer, 2013. The Warburg Years (1919–1933): Essays on Language, Art, Myth, and Technology. Translated and with an Introduction by S. G. Lofts with A. Calcagno. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 1-71. Casper, B., 1967. Das dialogische Denken: Eine Untersuchung der religionsphilosophischen Bedeutung Franz ...

In the focus of my attention there are six German-language textbooks in logic published in the second half of the eighteenth century. What distinguishes these books is that they were all written specially for women. While such works were fairly common in France and Italy during this period, they had something of an exotic character in the German-speaking world. Today these works and their authors are generally seen as secondary and marginal. Nevertheless, they may be of substantial interest in the...

n this article, which completes a two-part series on the problem of optimism in Kant’s works, I explore in detail the arguments advanced by the Crusians A. F. Reinhard and D. Weymann against the actual world as the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the actual world as one of the good worlds, Kant’s counterarguments put forward in the mid-1750s drafts and in An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism (1759), and further polemical attacks on this topic against Kant by D. Weymann in his works...

At the centre of discussion lies the reception of Plato’s philosophy, particularly his theory of Ideas, in Kant’s moral philosophy, his ethics and his doctrine of right. Kant saw himself as a follower of Platonism insofar as its anti-empiri­cist principles of human conduct are concerned, although his own version of practical rationalism differs considerably from Plato’s. This is also true of Kant’s conception of freedom and of human rights. The greatest impact on Kant’s moral philosophy is due to...

The expression “linguistic Kantianism” is widely used to refer to ideas about thought and cognition being determined by language — a conception characteristic of 20th century analytic philosophy. In this article, I conduct a comparative analysis of Kant’s philosophy and views falling under the umbrella expression “linguistic Kantianism.” First, I show that “linguistic Kantianism” usually presupposes a relativistic conception that is alien to Kant’s philosophy (although Kant’s philosophy itself may...

The sources of Kant’s term Gesinnung and a review of the problems of its translation into English were presented in the first part of this article; the second part examines the novel features that Kant brings to the interpretation of this concept in the critical period. In the Critique of Practical Reason these include the questions of manifestation of Gesinnung in the world, apprehended through the senses, the method of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem...

The concept of appearance within the framework of the transcendental distinction between “appearance” and “thing in itself” is the cornerstone of Kant’s transcendental philosophy. However, its conceptual status seems largely uncertain. This uncertainty is the reason for a wide range of interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism. A paradigmatic example is the contemporary confrontation between the “two objects” theory and the “two aspects” theory. In this paper, I develop a semantico-cognitive...

... two-aspect interpretation) finds a solution through their reconciliation. Allison, H. E., 2004. Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defence. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Arnauld, A. and Nicole, P., 1996. Logic, or, The Art of Thinking: Containing, Besides Common Rules, Several New Observations Appropriate for Forming Judgment. Translated and edited by J. V. Buroker. 5th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bradie, M. and Harms, W., 2016. Evolutionary Epistemology....

... Gottesbeweiskritik in den Schriften Kants. Berlin: de Gruyter. Seeberg, U., 2006. Ursprung, Umfang und Grenzen der Erkenntnis. Eine Untersuchung zu Kants transzendentaler Deduktion der Kategorien. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Philo & Philo Fine Arts. Seeberg, U., 2008. Der methodologische Hintergrund der Kategoriendeduktion. In: V. Rohden, V., Terra, R. R., Almeida de, G.; Ruffing, M., hg. 2008. Recht und Frieden in der Philosophie Kants. Akten des X. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Berlin ...

The period between the late 1910s and early 1920s saw the emergence of onto-epistemological philosophical projects in Russia that was determined by criticism and attempts to overcome the domination of epistemology in philosophy which was the result of the intensive development of Neo-Kantianism and the influence of Husserl’s phenomenology. Attempts to turn towards ontology were made both by Russian religious philosophers and by Russian Neo-Kantians. I look at the little-studied philosophical projects...

The prevailing interpretations of Spinoza’s ethical theory view it as an example of heteronomy in the Kantian sense of the term. I make a case for the claim that is not in harmony with such interpretations. In the course of the argument I discuss Kant’s concepts of autonomy and heteronomy showing how they refer to will and to ethics. Then I describe a group of interpretations which portray Spinoza’s moral theory as heteronomous. My critique begins by presenting some textual evidence which vividly...

The aim is to examine Alois Riehl’s contribution to the “culture war” (Kulturkampf) in the second half of the nineteenth century. We show that he used Kant’s autonomy principle to argue against the idea that religious dogmatism is a fundament of morality. We prove this thesis by focusing on the forgotten historical background, which is important for an understanding of Morals und Dogma. Originally this essay was an expert opinion for the court case of the socialist H. Tauschinski who was accused...

This article provides a brief description of Sergey Hessen’s philosophy of law in connection with J. J. Rousseau’s idea of «common will» and Kant’s «autonomy of will». 1. Гессен С. И. Философия наказания // Логос. М.: Тип. Т-ва А. А. Левенсон, 1912—1913. Кн. 1, 2. С. 183—232. 2. Гессен С. И. Политические идеи жирондистов. М., 1917. 3. Гессен С. И. Основы педагогики. Введение в прикладную философию. М., 1995. 4. Гессен С. И. Лев Толстой как мыслитель // Гессен С. И. Избранные сочинения. М., 1998...