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... the same objection that he concedes to be effective against other attempts to answer the positive duties objection; on the other horn, the procedure he recommends cannot be based on the FUL (because it does not evaluate actions on the basis of their corresponding maxims). In addition, I maintain that Duindam’s benevolence argument rests on a procedure that is, in general, intractable and, in this particular case, foredoomed (because it can be shown that there are no positive duties of the kind ...

... Translated and edited by K. Ameriks and S. Naragon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 109-286. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1999. Correspondence, Translated and edit­ed by Arnulf Zweig, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Translated by P. Guyer and E. Matthews, edited by P. Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant,...

...., 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated and edit­ed by J. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1999. Correspondence. Translated and edited by A. Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2002. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by W. S. Pluhar, Introduction by S. Engstrom. Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. Kant,...

... they can be encountered only in the first half of the 1780s. The latest case occurs in “Feyerabend’s Natural Right”. More often than not these terms are used in moral philosophy. Here they have two main meanings: the principle of adjudication corresponds to the objective foundation of volition, whereas the principle of execution points to the objective foundation; to adjudicate moral duty reason alone is enough, to execute it external (divine) will needs to be posited. The research has established ...

... Shaftesbury on the nature of the moral sense and then proceeded to analyse the place of this concept in Hutcheson’s philosophy. In the case of the former the moral sense is closely linked with the aesthetic categories of the beautiful and the ugly which correspond respectively to the aesthetic categories of good and evil. The latter associates the moral sense with reason. I then examine Kant’s attitude to the concept of moral sense. First I look at the works of the pre-critical period in which this ...

....: MIT Press. Hanna, R., 2001. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 1999. Correspondence. Translated and edited by A. Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2000. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Edited by P. Guyer, translated by P. Guyer and E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Makeeva, L....

... corpus of the Russian National Corpus, spe­cifically those related to the period from 1756 to 1917. The chosen timeframe aligns with the initial recording of the selected lexeme, as per corpus data, with the second date serving as a conditional endpoint corresponding to the conclusion of the Silver Age of Russian lyrics. The aim of the linguistic and poetic analysis is to discern patterns in the figurative and symbolic utilization, as well as the individual reinterpretation of the term 'twilight' by ...

... as well as explicating the turn-taking indices in its non-conventional function. Thus, at the present stage, the poetic message is supplemented by new (linguistic and media) means, including interfaces, pseudo-dialogue models characteristic of online correspondence, conversational patterns, and discourse mark­ers used in online communication. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the functioning of pragmatic markers as indicators of subjectivity and addressing on the Internet. Aarseth, ...

... Levinson's theory of linguistic polite­ness. The literature review and data analysis revealed two interactional contexts where ad­dressing by a given name is foregone or does not seem to be preferential despite the speaker's acquaintance with the corresponding term of identification: communication between family members and service encounters. For some pieces of data, a description framed in terms of linguistic politeness appears to be suitable. Yet, a first-name address can function as not only ...

... face-threatening potential. This study aims to analyse the informants' assessment of 'tactless' questions proposed in the questionnaire as regards their appropriateness in public communication. The survey re­sults are divided into the following thematic blocks corresponding to communication risk zones: age, family and marriage, religion and sex. The quantitative findings provide infor­ma­tion on the social norms intuitively classified by Russian native speakers as preventing intru­sion into private space....

... Evolutionary Approach to the Symbol-Matter Problem. In: Laws, Language and Life. Biosemiotics . Vol. 7, pp. 165—179, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5161-3_11 . Peirce, C. S. and Welby-Gregory, V. (Lady Welby), 1977. Semiotic and Significs: The Correspondence between C. S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby . Bloomington, 201 p. Peirce, C. S., 1906. Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmaticism. The Monist , 16 (4), pp. 492—546, https://doi.org/10.5840/monist190616436 . Prodi, G., 2021. The Material ...

... its origins in NASA’s practice and culminating in contemporary conceptual approaches, such as the product life cycle model proposed by Michael Grieves and the multi-physics models developed by Glassgen. Unlike simple modeling, a DT ensures dynamic correspondence between the virtual and physical entities through continuous data exchange and feedback. Key methodological aspects of creating and operating a DT are identified, including issues related to the integration of heterogeneous data, the selection ...

... the land, etc. Two classifications of climates — B. P. Alisov’s and V. P. Köp­pen’s, which were developed and supplemented back in the last century — are wide­ly spread in domestic science. In modern literature, different types of climate corresponding to different classifications are often indicated for the same locality. Such an example is Magadan, for which not only different climatic belts but also climate types are mentioned. Thus, in sci­entific and educational literature there ...

... concentrations for ammonium and nitrite ni­trogen was recorded in the eastern section of the Kaliningrad Sea Canal, including the area near the Kaliningrad wastewater treatment plant outlets. In winter, concentrations of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus corresponded to a potentially hypertrophic level according to the classification for the Baltic Sea waters, which manifests in the high biological productivity of the Pregolya estuarine system. An increase in phosphorus during summer under low nitro­gen ...

... regional growth both from a technological perspective and in addressing energy shortages, while the produc­tion of “green” hydrogen could establish the region as a major hub for hydrogen trade among the Asia-Pacific countries. All of the above correspond to national priorities as outlined in the Concept for the Development of Hydrogen Energy of the Russian Federation and the Energy Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. offshore wind stations, Asia-Pacific region, Analytic Hierarchy ...

... französische Revolution: Philosophie und Wissenschaften. Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein, pp. 245-249. Rousseau, J. -J., 1995. The Confessions. In: C. Kelly, R. D. Masters and P. G. Stillman, eds. 1995. The Collected Writings of Rousseau. Volume 5: The Confessions and Correspondence, Including the Letters to Malesherbes. Translated by C. Kelly. Hanover & London: University Press of New England, pp. 1-550. Scheerlinck, R., 2017. Enthusiasmus und Ekel. Ein posthumer Dialog zwischen Kant und Lyotard. Kant-Studien, 108(3),...

... critical philosophy of law. Instead of choosing between absolutisation of extra-historical legal norm and absolutisation of historical factuality the critical philosophy of law works with the real world as a “semi-finished product” (Halbfabrikat) which corresponds to the meanings of culture. In the “semi-finished product” the realm of right is partly “scientific” and partly “pre-scientific”, which makes the question of transition from the “pre-legal” to “legal” reality particularly ...

... statei [Russia and Western Europe: mutual viewing (literature, philosophy, cultural studies): collection of scientific papers]. Ivanovo, pp. 202—217 (in Russ.). Ospovat, A. L., Pigarev, K. V. and Lerner, N. O., 1989. Tyutchev in Munich: (from the correspondence of I. S. Gagarin with L. N. Bakhmeteva and I. S. Aksakov). Litera­turnoe nasledstvo [Literary heritage], 97 (2), pp. 38—62 (in Russ.). Pogodin, M. P., 1844. God v chuzhikh krayakh. Dorozhnyi dnevnik (1839): v 4 chasty­akh [A year in ...

... complete­ness/incompleteness of a speech act as a component of coherent discourse. It is shown that prosody is the main means of expressing pragmatic meanings in the languages of the world, and the expressed meanings are organized into a system that corresponds to the system of the prosodic means used. The study uses corpus and instrumental methods of analysis. The main material for analysis is the Russian language. The multimodal subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language was used ...

... description requires a fundamentally different annotation structure. The article discusses the principles and features of this annotation, as well as its potential for the intralingual classification of Russian language routines and its applicability to the corresponding material of other languages — laying the groundwork for future typological studies. Italian language examples collected by the authors are used for illustrations. Aijmer, K., 2014. Conversational Routines in English: Convention ...

... stamp is a powerful socio-semiotic resource that has a direct impact on the formation, transmission and representation of cultural meanings and values. The study demonstrates that in modern society, stamps are becoming not only attributes of postal correspondence, but also elements of a cultural narrative that are actively used to form and convey ideological and aesthetic messages. 117-133 10.5922/2225-5346-2025-3-8

... https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2020-0086. Habermas, J., 1995. Peirce and communication. In: K. L. Ketner, ed. Peirce and con¬tem¬porary thought: Philosophical inquiries. Fordham, pp. 243—266. Hardwick, Ch. S., ed., 1977. Semiotic and significs: The correspondence between Char¬les S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby. Bloomington. Hilpinen, R., 2019. On the immediate and dynamical interpretants and objects of signs. Semiotica, 228, pp. 91—101, https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0094. Jacob, F., 1973....

... languaging—and the more narrowly defined traditional models of text and utterance construction based on normative lexicons and formal grammars. The article contains a sketch of the main approaches to the study of verbalisation and the formation of the corresponding scientific traditions. word, λόγος, verbum, case, πρᾶγμα, āctus, acting forces, agency, pragmatics, semiotics, semiosics, sign systems, possibilities of communication, olingualisation, relingua­lisation 7-29 10.5922/2225-5346-2025-3-1

... shaping the city’s image within a semiotic—imagological framework. The representation of Ekaterinoslav is shown to be constructed primarily through the opposition between ‘the space of a glorious past’ and ‘the space of an inglorious present’. Correspondingly, the motif of unrealized potential is a defining feature of the city’s image. The moment of the city’s foundation — its space of historical memory — is associated with motifs of grandeur, scale, and ambition, and linked to figures ...

The article analyzes the social factors that influence the content of tour narratives. Based on interviews with tour guides from Kaliningrad, the study identifies the main social requirements of guiding practice and the corresponding constraints these impose on narration. Among the key social regulators of tour narratives, the article highlights the process of socialization, the social context of the excursion itself, where group dynamics come into play, as well as institutional ...

... competencies are examined. The main objective of the study is to substantiate the structure of universal digital competencies adapted to the conditions of distance learning and suitable for building personalized educational trajectories, on the one hand, and corresponding to the current demands of the economy and labor market, on the other. The study involves an analysis of Russian regulatory documents (the Education Law, professional standards, Federal State Educational Standards) and international frameworks ...

... century witnessed a single attempt to engage with the plot, undertaken by V. P. Avenarius in the children’s tale The Beautiful Melusine. The tale is an adaptation for children’s reading of Goethe’s novella The New Melusine, which only loosely corresponds to the medieval novel and is rather an authorial parodic “variation on the theme.” Despite the story of Melusine being known in Russia since the 17th century, the specifics of the interpretation of the image and the context in which it ...

Based on materials from the State Archive of the Kaliningrad Region, in particular un­published meeting protocols, correspondence on industrial issues, reports and proposals of the Department of Light and Food Industry of the Regional Committee of the CPSU, decrees and directives of the Kaliningrad Council of National Economy, and decisions of the Kaliningrad Regional ...

... periods. Given that the Russian Federation is the successor state to the Soviet Union, there arises a justified necessity to examine certain ac­tions of the Soviet leadership and the conformity of the measures they adopted with interna­tional law of the corresponding period. By studying individual treaties concluded between the USSR and Germany in 1939—1941, analyzing the factual actions of the two powers in 1939—1945, other relevant circumstances, and the fundamental norms of international law of ...

... system of investigative actions within the structure of the institution of evidence. Taking into account the complexity of conducting investigative actions and the wide range of activities they encompass, it was possible to resolve the issue of their correspondence to the general characteristics of forensic examination, the operational part of which is carried out by a person possessing special knowledge, as well as to identify a group of structurally similar actions. As a conclusion, a structural-systemic ...

... proposed, based on three core processes: thinking, communication, and activity. The complexity of tasks is suggested as the key criterion for the vertical part of the taxonomy. Using the topic of “linear regression” as an example, typical tasks corresponding to primary and secondary processes, as well as their intersections, are presented. Specific assignments for Master’s students in the “Business Informatics” program within the course “Computer Data Analysis” using the R language ...

... the spatial organization of V. G. Korolenko’s story Yashka reveals that the vertical and horizontal arrangement of prison cells forms the traditional oppositions of “top — bottom” and “right — left” characteristic of Slavic mythology. A corresponding character system is constructed: the protagonist, Yakov, who disturbs everyone with his loud, persistent knocking aimed at denouncing the authorities, is contrasted with other prisoners and wardens. The goal of Yakov’s relentless spiritual ...

An attempt is made to examine the course of military operations in East Prussia from autumn 1944 to spring 1945 through the prism of publications by war correspondents in the central Soviet newspapers: Pravda, Izvestia, Krasnaya Zvezda, and Stalinsky Sokol. Frontline correspondents, being embedded within the active army, were chroniclers of the war, eyewitnesses to the events unfolding on the territory ...

... address this issue constructively, it is useful to differentiate between five concepts en­compassing language and speech: hermeneutics, philology, linguistics, semiotics, and prag­malinguistics. Each of these concepts delineates a specific ontology and corresponding metho­do­lo­gical approach. By considering them as orthogonal axes within a fan matrix, one can identify 25 possible approaches for studying speech, including those that are currently em­ployed and potential ones. Within this framework,...

... ­ duction to Biosemiotics: The New Biological Synthesis . Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 149—166. Kel’bert, O. Ya., Trunin, M. V. and Uspenskii, B. A., 2016. Yu. M. Lotman — B. A. Uspenskii. Perepiska 1964—1993 [Yu. M. Lotman — B. A. Uspensky. Correspondence 1964—1993]. Tallinn (in Russ.). Koonin, E. V., Novozhilov, A. S., 2017. Origin and Evolution of the Universal Ge­ne­tic Code. Annual Review of Genetics , 51, pp. 45—62. Kotov, K., 2002. Semiosphere: A Chemistry of Being. Sign Systems ...

... September 2021]. Leibniz, G. W., 1982. Reasoning about metaphysics. In: G. W. Leibniz, ed. So­chineniya v chetyrekh tomakh [Papers in four volumes], 1. Translated by V. P. Preobra­zhenskii. Moscow, pp. 125—163 (in Russ.). Leibniz, G. W., 1984. Correspondence with Queen Sophia-Charlotte of Prussia and Kurfürstin Sophia. In: G. W. Leibniz, ed. Sochineniya v chetyrekh tomakh [Papers in four volumes], 3. Translated by V. P. Preobrazhenskii. Moscow, pp. 371—393 (in Russ.). Lewis, D., 1968. ...

... publitsistika [Orwell J. «1984» and essays of different years: a novel and artistic jour­nalism]. Translated by V. Golysheva. Moscow, pp. 22—220 (in Russ.). Pushkin, A. S., 1828—1831. Poln. sobr soch.: v 16 t. [Complete works: in 16 volu­mes]. Vol. 14: Correspondence. Moscow; Leningrad (in Russ.). Pushkin, A. S., 1979. Secluded house on Vasilievsky. In: Poln. sobr soch.: v 10 t. [Complete works: in 10 volumes]. Vol. 9. Leningrad, pp. 351—373 (in Russ.). Ricœur, P., 1976. Interpretation theory: discourse ...

... concludes that the heading, interpreting the text, sets its reference, and the mono­verse is both a self-sufficient text and an aphoristic expression of many other texts in which the keywords forming it are found. They represent a synthetic proposition corresponding to the set of all poetic statements ‘about the same’. The article also examines referential, semantic and compositional metatropes that combine texts into micro- and metacycles. Bazzhina, T. V., 2007. Keys for understanding. In M....

... used signs accompanied by the amplification of meaning and emergence of new semantic projections. The investigation of the play — theatrical performance transformations made it possible to identify the specific levels of semiotic creativity, which correspond to the degree of pragmatic identity of the original content and its modulations. The author singled out the level of pragmatic equivalence and the level of pragmatic modulation, which account for different pragmatic effects produced and illustrated ...

... (April 1758 — March 1762). The work considers the historiographic tradition originating from Bolotov’s memoirs, the Königsberg pages of which were written more than 30 years after the events described. Bolotov’s memoirs are compared with his correspondence of the time and the archival materials of the Russian administration of East Prussia during the Seven Years’ War. It is concluded that Bolotov’s status was ambivalent. Although serving as a translator at the governor’s office, he ...

... and poetics. The author employs semiotic methods of modelling the sign and communication, developed in the works of Frege, Peirce, Shpet, Mukařovsky, Jakobson, Lotman, Eco, Novikov, and Zolyan. The emphasis is laid on the models of the sign and the corresponding models of semiosis in relation to literary systems. The concept of literary communication is given a new definition; it refers to the interaction of the author as an artist and the reader (viewer, listen­er) through a message or an utterance ...

... Works]. Vol. 8. Moscow: Choro. pp. 29—37 (in Russ.). Eco, U., 1987. The limits of Interpretations. Munich, Vienna: Carl Hanser Verlag. Hamann, J., 1949—1957. Collected Works. Vienna: Thomas Morus Presse im Ver­lag Herder Wien. Hamann, J., 1965. Correspondence. Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Insel. Ricoeur, P., 1974. Philosophische und theologische Hermeneutik. In: P. Ricoeur, E. Juengel. Metapher. Zur Hermeneutik religiöser Sprache. Munich: Kaiser. Ricoeur, P., 1974. Metapher. To the Hermeneutics of religious ...