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... Zuckert, R., 2007. Kant on Beauty and Biology: An Interpretation of the Critique of Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487323 . Kant, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, sublime, Christ, moral motivation, disposition, empirical morality Adrian Razvan Sandru 31-57 10.5922/0207-6918-2020-1-2

... most peculiar traits of Kant’s critical philosophy is the contention that, while we can know our moral maxims and can thus reflect on our actions from a moral point of view, we cannot really know whether in a given situation our actions are actually motivated by those maxims. This means that, although we have a firm sense of our moral duties, we can never be certain whether some particular action of ours is done from duty or simply in accordance with it. This view is voiced in several of Kant’s writings. Most prominent is its appearance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics ...

... notes for the studies of Kant’s moral philosophy too, because of their closeness to the Foundations of Metaphysics of Morals, what can help us to understand some not clear aspects of Kant’s ethical thought. One of such questions is the question of moral motivation, and namely how we can not only know, what we have to do according to the moral law, but also actually want do it? As in his published writings Kant concludes in the Introduction of Natural Law Notes that human will itself can not be in complete ...

... heteronomous renditions of Spinoza’s ethics. Then I move on to argue for the existence of conditions in Spinoza’s thought that make every heteronomous interpretation of his practical philosophy extremely unlikely. These are i) identification of moral value in the quality of an agent’s law-oriented motivation, ii) distinction between human nature as rational and affective, ascribing different sets of laws to each, iii) endowment of reason with moral content, iv) recognition of the non-subjective notion of goodness. Added to this is my discussion ...

... the empirical but the “intelligible character”, his solution proves to be idealistic. The next step is an analysis of Kant’s notion of “radical evil” and its causes. Since Kant sees the source of radical evil in the wrong subordination of motives dictated by sensibility and reason when choosing rules for actions, which Kant calls the “reversal of incentives”, there arises the question as to the role of sensibility in justifying morals. It is emphasised that, on the one hand, sensibility — as well as reason — is a necessary element constructing the being of humans. In this context, it is interpreted as either ethically indifferent or even a “predisposition to the good”....

... this way, we can approach the incomprehensibilities and paradoxes faced by the human being who, while under the authority of the moral law, is nevertheless constituted “naturally”. This type of moral interpretation also positively influences the moral motivation of the interpreter. Caruth, C., 1988. The Force of Example: Kant’s Symbols. Yale French Studies, 74, S. 17-37. Dörflinger, B., 2006. Offenbarung — nicht jedermanns Sache. Kants Kritik der historischen Religionen. In: B. Dörflinger,...

... binding only to a relative degree. This is very close to the Kantian distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Another salient feature of Crusius’ moral teaching is the stress laid on the sphere of internal motives. It is the inner motive that determines the morality of an act, rather than the external form of the act. These and some other features of Crusius’ ethics suggest a possible influence of Crusius on Kant. The possibility of such influence has repeatedly come under close scrutiny. The first works ...

... Imperative. Zur Entwicklung von Kants praktischer Philosophie bis 1785. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1999. 23. Wimmer R. Kants kritische Religionsphilosophie. Berlin ; New York, 1990. 24. Zobrist M. Kants Lehre vom höchsten Gut und die Frage moralischer Motivation // Kant-Studien. 2008. Bd. 99. postulates, practical reason, existence of god, immortality of soul, freedom, highest good, axiom, moral theology, belief, happiness, virtue, holiness Kryshtop L. E. 49-61 10.5922/0207-6918-2015-2-3 [html]1. Kant, I. 1994a, Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of practical reason], in: Kant I. Sobr. soch. w 8 t., Moscow, T. 4.2. Kant, I. 1994b,...

... metaphysics. Fichte maintains that in the “second type” of worldview man himself feels and understands, respects and loves himself only as a subject of unconditional law, therefore the pathos and “affection of law” pervades all his assessments and motivations. This affects the impartiality of moral assessment if the requirements of the law are diverged from. The “man of law”, the Stoic and Kantian who is not conscious of direct violations of the law, can at most not despise himself, but he cannot, according to Fichte, positively respect ...

... Basis of Kant’s Et­hics // Philosophical Topics. Vol. 19 (1991). P. 325—351. 24. Wenzel U. J. Anthroponomie: Kants Archäologie der Autonomie. B., 1992. vocation of human being, transcendental idealism, "pragmatic" anthropology, "moral" and "practical" anthropology, lectures on anthropology, motivation, character, right, "fundamental" anthropology, "anthroponomy" Klemme H. F. (translated from German by A. Yu Shachina and S. V. Shachin) 24-32 10.5922/0207-6918-2010-3-2

... observations capable of distorting the required purity of the form when taken together. In effect, they turn out to be either motives for searching for transcendental principles or example s targeted at a certain type of readers and political agents. Identifying ... ... harmonise the publicity principles as (meta) principles of lawmaking and law enforcement with the core of Kant’s system of law and morals. This resolves the issue of direct efficiency of these principles, whereas the declaration of the formal character of the ...

... Translated by V. N. Belov. Moscow: Academicheskii Project Publishing House. (In Rus.) Cohen, H., 2015. Ethical and Historical Motives of Religion. Translated by V.N. Belov. Judaica Petropolitana, 9, pp. 218-223. (In Rus.) Cohen, H., 2018. The Problem of ... ....org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-9-90-102 . (In Rus.) Dmitrieva, N. A., 2021. The Kantian Origins of Sergei Rubinstein’s Theory of Moral Improvement. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 55(6), pp. 1126-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12632 . Dmitrieva,...

... establishment of a circle of motives associated with Moscow, and their role in the Galich plot building. According to the conclusions, the capital in the artistic world of the poet, as a rule, has a negative connotation. In the poetic subsystem of Moscow, the motives of departure and arrival are emphasized, and the metropolitan space is primarily associated with the departure (exile) of the hero, and arrival or static stay in Moscow is morally devalued as the lot of a layman, a loser or a careerist. At the same time, Moscow is presented as the native, “home” space of the hero. Such a paradoxical negative assessment is associated with the idea of the world shattered as a result of ...

... hands of Ya. E. Golosovker and S. L. Frank whose intellectual affinity manifests itself today in the way they interpret Kantian motives in the work of Dostoyevsky. Reflecting on “the logic of imagination” Golosovker draws attention to the fact that the ... ... Braginskaya. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya, pp. 7-40. (In Rus.) Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I., 1912. Three Great Ethical Problems. Moral Worldview of Dostoevsky. In: M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, 1912. K luchshemu budushchemu [To a Better Future]. St. Petersburg: ...

... the reception of Neo-Kantianism in Russia. Boldyrev, N. V., 1922. Being and Knowledge, Intuition and Reason. Ontological Motives of Critical Philo­s­ophy. Mysl. Zhurnal Peterburgskogo filosofskogo ob­shchestva [Thought. Bulletin of the Russian ... ... translated by P. Guyer and A. W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kant, I., 2011. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. A German-English Edition. Traslated by M. Gregor, edited by J. Timmermann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kubalica,...

... von Jean-François Lyotard und ihr Widerstreit mit Kant. Mandelbach & Cambridge : Cicero. Kant, I., 1999a. The Metaphysics of Morals. ln: I. Kant, 1999. Practical Philosophy. Translated and edited by M. J. Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,... ... — Beethoven. Musiktheorie. Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft, 1, pp. 41-54. Kant, enthusiasm, affect, the good, virtue, motivation, practical reason, Lyotard Stolzenberg J. 40-67 10.5922/0207-6918-2025-1-2

... female twin-images, who look similar, but differ in nature. Duality plays a significant role in novel’s plot, it reveals characters’ personalities. At the same time duality of female images becomes a moment of their testing, examination of their morality and feelings. Male images (Linsky and Lonsky) do not pass this test, female ones (Claudia and Masha), thanks to duality, discover the true values of life, which are not in love for a man and not in wealth, but in following a sense of duty to ...

... Modern Philosophy. In: V. A. Zhuchkov, ed. 2001. Khristian Vol’f i filosofiya v Rossii [Christian Wolff and Philosophy in Russia]. Saint Petersburg: RHGI, pp. 8-106. (In Rus.) Zobrist, M., 2008. Kants Lehre vom höchsten Gut und die Frage moralischer Motivation. Kant-Studien, 99(3), pp. 285-311. Kant, Wolff, God, proof of the existence of God, morality, natural law, physical-theological proof, ontological proof, postulate Kryshtop L.E. 7-37 10.5922/0207-6918-2022-4-1

... reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According to Kistyakovsky, the rational element of legal rules is their key characteristic. Not ... ..., L. I. 1909, Teorija prava i gosudarstva v svjazi s teoriej nravstvennosti [The law and state theory in connection with the moral theory], Saint Peterburg, t. 1.9. Savalsky, V. A. 1909, Osnovy filosofii prava v nauchnom idealizme. Marburgskaja shkola ...

... Human being must understand his position in the cosmos and his radical finitude. Closeness to God can only arise through the moral feeling and the infinitely distant work of God, heaven itself — a famous motif Kant adopted from Seneca. Therefore, comfort ... ... that Gottsched’s influence on the journalism of the Enlightenment can also be observed in Kant’s reading and adoption of motives from Addison’s “Spectator”: Gottsched commissioned the translation. Kant refers in Funk’s necrology to a story ...

... competence of the future teachers of chemistry in the field of ecological education is defined: is complete-semantic, as comprehension of unity of the purposes of ecological and chemical education; is substantial-remedial; motivationstrong-willed; socially moral. Based on the analysis of complete system of training of students of a specialty «Chemistry» the description of pedagogical conditions of education of the presented components is give. 1. Иванов Д.   А. Профессиональные ...

... Russian Revolution implies an overall rethinking of his own relation to Marx as well as to Kant. Already in the spring of 1917, Gramsci foresaw that the February Revolution could become a proletarian revolution and that this would realise in fact Kant’s moral: only a society completely freed from oppression and exploitation would allow people to be free and autonomous. After the fall of the Winter Palace, Gramsci wrote that the revolution happened “against Marx’s Capital”, or better, against its ...

... Non-Spatiality of Things in Themselves. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(3), pp. 355-382. Hogan D., 2013. Metaphysical Motives of Kant’s Analytic — Synthetic Distinction. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 51(2), pp. 267-307. Hogan D. Kant ... ... University Press, pp. 203-242. Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford and R. Meerbote. Cambridge: ...

... Quellen des Judentums. Wiesbaden, 1988. (Nachdruck der 2. Aufl., 1928.) 21. Graf F. W. Troeltsch, Ernst. Theologie als Kulturwissenschaft des Historizismus // Neuner P.; Wenz G. Theologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Darmstadt, 2002. S. 53—69. 22. Habermas J. Motive nachmetaphysischen Denkens // Habermas J. Nachmetaphysisches Denken. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1988. S. 35—60. 23. Habermas J. Texte und Kontexte. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1991. 24. Habermas J. Vorstudien und Ergänzungen zur Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns....

... Spitz R. A., Wolf U. M. The Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations // Genetic Psychology Monoprints. 1946. 34. S. 57—125. 11. Stern D. Mutter und Kind. Die erste Beziehung. Stuttgart, 1979. 12. Velleman J. D. Love as a Moral Emotion // Ethics, 1999. Vol. 109. S. 338—374. 13. Winnicott D. Die Spiegelfunktion von Mutter und Familie in der kindlichen Ent­wicklung // Winnicott, Donald: Vom Spiel zur Kreativitaet, Stuttgart, 1974. S. 128—135. der Erkenntnisakt im ...

The author analyses the Enlightenment's principle of justifying lie from altruistic motives, which was criticised by Kant in the article "On a supposed right..." The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of arguments drawn in Kant's work. The author proves and specifies the admissibility of lie due to ethical and ...

... practical philosophies. Another important result is identifying the principles and departure point ideas for both thinkers. These are a shared understanding of the relationship between theoretical and practical reason, the principle of the ‘purity’ of moral motives and compulsoriness of the a priori, the idea of parallelism between logic and ethics, the interaction between will and mind, and the determining role of the categorical imperative. The author stresses that an adequate understanding of the thinkers’ ...