The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... development of some industries (and even cause them to decline) and give a boost to others, with these two processes constituting economic restructuring. In the exclave of Kaliningrad, heavily dependent on international trade and transit trade with mainland Russia, geopolitical changes have naturally had an exceptionally strong effect. The relationship between border functions and economic restructuring was investigated over four periods. The study utilised data from Rosstat and the Federal Customs ...
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... the initiative of the Council of Europe, provided a platform for Russian and Polish scholars to discuss various aspects of cooperation [5]. However, some of the regional strategy proposals contained unacceptable suggestions to isolate Kaliningrad from mainland Russia, introduce governance of the territory by an international consortium, etc. One of the articles, on one hand, discusses the region’s participation in several European cooperation networks and, on the other, groundlessly depicts the territory ...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into NATO and the maximum involvement of the then non-aligned Finland and Sweden in NATO activity. The latter included participation in possible efforts to defend the Baltic countries given their semi-isolation from the mainland of the Alliance [18, p. 61].
However, the evolution of Washington’s priorities in the Baltic region and the entire eastern half of Europe was largely reactive and depended on many factors — both domestic and external. Among them is Russia ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
... area of each territorial unit i (diocese i), and S stands for the total area of all dioceses combined.
The resulting value is close to the lowest bound of the tolerance range, indicating a highly even distribution of deaneries and parishes throughout mainland Denmark (Table 1). It means that the services provided by the parishes, whether delegated by the state or initiated by the religious organization itself, are easily accessible to the population of the country.
Concentration index of deaneries ...
Kaliningrad and Crimea as Russian exclaves: similarities, differences, and interconnections
... perspective of their enclave/ exclave status. On this basis, Crimea is classified as a quasi-enclave. Special attention is given to the geographic and socio-economic situations in the two exclaves and particularities of their administration from the mainland. The article describes cooperation between the two territories in production, research, and defense. The author analyses opportunities for Crimea to draw on the experience of the Kaliningrad region gained in the post-Soviet period. It is concluded ...
A new role of cooperation under economic sanctions as seen by residents of the Kaliningrad region
... determining these priorities.
The economic crisis and geopolitical transformations have highlighted the problems of the Kaliningrad economy, whose unique risks are a product of its enclave position and dependence on imported goods and supplies from ‘mainland’ Russia. Transport costs are a severe limitation upon food accessibility for the population, leading to reduced consumption levels. Additional constraints are the difficulties encountered by regional food industry enterprises, which are currently ...
The spread of the COVID-19 infection in Russia’s Baltic macro-region: internal differences
... centre, and a well-developed network of high-quality roads and railways. Intensive hierarchical and horizontal diffusion of the virus could have occurred here, but moderate intra-regional migration and outward mobility (the exclave is isolated from mainland Russia) created natural barriers to the spread of the pandemic despite the intense internal social and economic activity.
In the Republic of Karelia, the regional centre is home to about half the population, which translates into a high degree ...
Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic
... neighbouring regions (Tula, Moscow, Leningrad regions), as well as in Russia’s north (YaNAO, KhMAO, Magadan, Murmansk regions, Karelia), where communication services are in demand because of spatial isolation, as well as the need to interact with the ‘mainland’. In addition, northern regions have high household incomes and are characterized by a high degree of urbanization. The share of households with broadband Internet access is also higher in coastal regions: the Primorsky krai, Khabarovsk, Crimea,...
The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners
....ru/2022/05/30/predvaritelnye-itogi-vserossijskoj-perepisi-naseleniia.html
(accessed 01.06.2022);, 2021, Moscow: Rosstat, 1112.
The Kaliningrad region stands out amongst the three regions in terms of economic and geographic development conditions. Its exclave position and territorial isolation from mainland Russia make its economy particularly sensitive to external influences. The region’s development slows down under unfavourable external conditions, whilst, in more prosperous years, it occurs at a faster rate than throughout the country [17]....
The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-Soviet experience and current priorities
... newly independent neighbouring states: Odessa, Klaipėda, Ventspils and others. These ports handled 40 % of Russia’s maritime cargo traffic [19]. As to regional policy, prompt action was needed on the Kaliningrad region, a territory detached from mainland Russia. Since the 1990s, its exclavity has been compensated by the regimes of free, and later special, economic zone and funding within the FTP for the region’s development. The very first year s of market transition highlighted the persistent ...
Сorrelation of the oral and the written in topolect poetry
....).
Fang Xuejia 房学嘉, 1994.
Kejia yuanliu tan’ao
客家源流探奥 [Survey on the Historical Roots of Hakka]. Guangzhou (in Chinese).
Groves, J., 2008. Language or Dialect—or Topolect? A Comparison of the Attitudes of Hong Kongers and Mainland Chinese towards the Status of Cantonese.
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Gukhman, M. M., 1985.
Funktsional’naya stratifikatsiya yazyka
[Functional stratification of language]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Halliday, M., 1989.
Spoken ...
The spatial structure of Baltic Sea ferry services
Ferry service is a transport system of regular routes which links areas separated by water bodies. Sometimes ferries are the only connection of an island and the mainland which is not rare in the Baltic Sea. A typical example of this is the island of Saaremaa. Ferry service is the backbone of cargo and passenger traffic in the Baltic Sea region.
This article aims to describe the spatial structure of the ferry ...
The effect of cross-border fibre-optic transitions on the information and communication connectivity of the Russian cities
... telecommunication networks. Of the three categories of physical connectivity, the system of the Russian cities is associated with the worst option — the exogenous connectivity. This is explained by the impossibility of connecting the Kaliningrad region with mainland Russia without using international networks. An analysis of the traffic redistribution between the core cities of the autonomous systems shows that closed flows and internal economic connectivity are predominant in Russia. The calculation of ...
Social Facilitation: the Kaliningrad Region and Russian Mainland Regions
The authors look at the concept of social facilitation as a possible component of Russian social consolidation in the course of social reforms. The article focuses on the results of an empirical study of the levels and characteristics of competence in social facilitation, which is here understood as the ability to apply certain knowledge and systems of skills and as a success rate of actions based on experience in improving the conditions of social development. The study was conducted in the Kaliningrad...
Geography and economy of the Kaliningrad region: limitations and prospects of development
... cross-border relations are rather subjective and lie in the field of geopolitical orientation, information and institutional policy, as well as persistent stereotypes that shape public opinion. In this light, integration between the Kaliningrad region and mainland Russia is seen not only as an economic, but also as a sociocultural objective. An analysis of the stages of the region’s exclavisation, and policies of social support stemming from the uniqueness of the economic and geographical position of ...
The historical and geographical evolution of the enclavity of the Kaliningrad region
... the land access (passenger and cargo transit) of the metropolis to the isolated territory, as well as the issues relating to the origins of state border, border control, visa regime, and political and economic relations to neighbouring states and the mainland. The author reviews cases of evolutional development of enclavity and peaceful and military methods of eliminating enclave formations. Actions towards the solution of political and socioeconomic problems taken in East Prussia are compared to ...
Russian Exclave on the Baltic Sea: Evolution of Exclavity and Ways to Overcome It
The author considers peculiarities of the emergence and evolution of exclavity of the Kaliningrad region. The article analyses the influence of exclavity on the connections of the region with the Russian mainland, its economic development, exclave administration, and Kaliningrad identity and examines the ways the existing disadvantages can be overcome. Methods of overcoming these disadvantages are suggested in the article.
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