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Kant’s natural philosophy in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science is heavily influenced by Newton’s Principia. However, a closer look makes it clear that Kant’s project has also been influenced by other thinkers. One of these thinkers is Leonard ...

... demonstrate the mechanisms of observation as well as the methods of describing the results characteristic of mid-eighteenth century science. The authors consider Kant’s treatise to be a hybrid text: on the one hand, it attests to the importance of the natural science paradigm and the degree of its influence on the humanities in the modern period; and, on the other hand, it bears witness to the multi-genre character of philosophical treatises, combining as they do the considered and serious wisdom of ...

... In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-242. Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford and R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243-286. Kant, I., 1992c. On the Form and Principles of the Sensible ...

... Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Dahl, R., 1956. A Preface to Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dahl, R., 1982. Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy and Control. New Haven: Yale University Press. Dewey, J., 1988. Human Nature and Conduct. In: J. Dewey, 1988. The Middle Works, Volume 14. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press Frege, G., 1968. Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. Оriginal text and parallel translation by J. L. Austin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1968....

... Dreams of Metaphysics. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford, R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302-359. Kant, I., 1992b. Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, 1755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford, R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243-286. Kant, I., 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by ...

... Verhältnisses von Absolutem und seiner Erscheinung in der späten Wissenschaftslehre. In: Ch. Danz, J. Stolzenberg und V. Waibel, Hg. 2018. Systemkonzeptionen im Horizont des Theismusstreites (1811—1821). Hamburg: Meiner, S. 51-70. Stolzenberg, J., 2018b. Die Natur der Freiheit. Kant und Fichte. In: V. L. Waibel, M. Ruffing und D. Wagner, Hg. 2018. Natur und Freiheit: Akten Des XII. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, Band 1. Berlin und Boston: De Gruyter, S. 563-576. Wood, A., 1999. Kant’s Ethical Thought....

... explains how this figure functions in two essential ways: as a representation of a maximum of morality that can ground our moral disposition and in so doing acts as a stan­dard for morality. More precisely, the following argument is made: 1) the sublime nature of the image of Christ — as an image of universal respect for the law — awakens the moral feeling of subjects in the sense of the possibility of overcoming one’s perverted nature; 2) as moral perfection it provides immediate transparency ...

Carruthers, P., 2017. Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness. In: S. Schneider and M. Velmans, eds. 2017. The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Hoboken. N. J.: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 288-297. Home, H., 2005. Essays on Principles of Morality and Natural Religion. Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Hume, D., 1960. A Treatise of Human Nature. Reprinted from the original edition in 3 volumes and edited, with an Analytical Index, by L. A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Clarendon ...

The brief letter exchange between Hamann and Kant, in which they discussed a physics textbook for children, is the main purpose of this text. It unravels an urgent question about the nature of consciousness and its role in the structure of the physical world. 1. Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 т. М., 1978. 2. Вергилий. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида. Гораций. Оды. Эподы. ...

... von Chr. F. Krausen, Leipzig. Crusius, Chr. A., 1753, Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunft­Wahrheiten, wiefern sie zu den zufälligen entgegen gesetzet werden, Leipzig. Crusius, Chr. A. 1767, Anweisung vernünftig zu leben, Darinnen nach Erklärung der Natur des menschlichen Willens die natürlichen Pflichten und allgemeinen Klugheitslehren im richtigen Zusammenhange vorgetragen werden, Leipzig. Festner, C. 1892, Chr. Aug. Crusius als Metaphysiker, Halle. Finster, R. 1982, Spontaneität, Freiheit und ...

... cognition of empirical data (Kant defines such phases as thingness, using the concept of ‘transcendental object’). The data are obtained through the transcendental analysis (reflection) of the process of cognition. The thesis (2) about the dual nature of the thing in itself suggests a solution to Kant’s problem of causality. The thing in itself serves as the referent of the phenomenon, whereas the noumenal thing-in-itself (or the ‘negative noumenon) serves as its meaning (Frege’s semiotic ...

... with Spinoza against Jewish under-standing — about this "case" there are quite a number of studies. Even less in the study will be discussed on the consideration of personal stories. So here it draws attention to the following topics: the nature of thinking and thinking of nature. Conducted by the author analysis allows to understand the main causes of a Cohen’s critical attitude to Spinoza. Spinoza's pantheism, according to Cohen, leads to various unacceptable conse-quences: identification ...

Based on Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right recently published in Russian for the first time, this article investigates the logic and basic statements of Fichte’s theory on family law. The second part of the study considers Fichte's theory of marriage law as compared to Kant’s ...

... rooted in Fichte’s practical philosophy. Fifthly, Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals and Fichte’s System of Ethnics contributed to Schopenhauer’s understanding of will as the primary essence of all things and the idea of its absolute and unconditional nature and its primacy over cognition. Sixthly, some of the key aspects of Schopenhauer’s pessimism are rooted in Fichte’s philosophy. Seventhly, in the first edition of his dissertation, Schopenhauer advocated Kant’s ethics and formulated the supremacy ...

... Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher, although agreeing with the grim opinion of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians and instil moderate optimism in them. The article collates and systemises politicians’ and lawyers’ ideas of humans, the world, and politics. According to Kant’s philosophy of law, the model of an ideal society ...

The universal public law is a section of Kant’s lectures on natural right, which he delivered in 1784. A traditional part of the then natural right compendia, it might seem strange to us today. Kant distinguished between three branches of government. However, they were not identical in the name or function to ...

... Gottsched (1700—1766). The authors examine the problem of the ontological argument in the context of the current civilizational crisis of consciousness, which arose against the background of the 20th century crisis of objectivist methodology of modern natural sciences. Such a methodology is incapable of solving the problem of an accurate description of the reality, in particular, as regards the ontological status of a wave function. This poses a serious ontological challenge to the entire scientific ...

Based on Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right, recently published in Russian for the first time, this article investigates the logic and basic statements of Fichte’s theory on family law. The first part of the study is dedicated to Fichte’s ethical and metaphysical “deduction ...

This article is devoted to A. A. Fet’s philosophy of art. He is a representative of ‘pure art’ in Russian poetry, whose works were opposed to tendentious art serving the socio-political agenda ofthe time. However, the objective logic of nature of art made A. A. Fet’s poetry complimentary to revolutionary-democratic poetry. A. Fet was guided by Kant’s principle of aesthetics stating that the function of art is constituting the world of values. It does not and cannot replace either ...

... for the justification of his libertarian “minimal state”. This article analyses and criticizes this attempt on the following grounds: a) the anthropological models of Kant's and Nozik's theories are incommensurable; b) different notions of human nature result in different understandings of freedom — for Nozik it is the basic property of human nature, for Kant it is the result of entering the civil condition; c) the incommensurability of anthropological presuppositions and basic notions distorts ...

... to the understanding of the essence of law. He supported methodological pluralism and identified four theoretical and two practical concepts of law. The neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According to Kistyakovsky, the rational element of legal rules is their key characteristic. Not unlike concepts, law is ...

... of medical theory. The German physician and philosopher Johann Benjamin Erhard was first to address the theoretical status of contemporary medicine based on Kant’s critical foundations of science and arguments for the possibility of a philosophy of nature for the purpose of justifying medicine as a science. After analyzing Kant’s early work “Essay on the Illness of the Head” (Versuch über die Krankheiten des Kopfes, 1764), his remarks on hypochondria in The Conflict of the Faculties, and ...

... that of Russian religious philosophy, and that of Russian followers of the Marburg Neo-Kantianist.The first two approaches are characterized by a non-systemic perception with an emphasis on critique. The key features of the third one are the system nature and the attempt to stress both the progress and the shortcomings of H. Cohen’s ethical constructions.When analyzing Cohen’s ethics, Russian theorists of law focused on the correlation between law and morals. In this connection, the central ...

... the modern standard axiomatic architecture of mathematical theories does not take into account the object-based character of mathematical knowledge, which was stressed after Kant by Cassirer, complicates the application of new mathematical theories in natural sciences and technology. In particular, this can explain why modern physical string theory is empirically unverifiable; it can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of possible outcomes of observations and experiments. At the same time, there ...

... Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. With an Introduction by Bertrand Russell. L. : Gollanz, 1959. 8. Goodman, 1951: Goodman N. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge (Mass.) : Harvard University Press, 1951. 9. Moore, 1905: Moore G. E. The Nature and Reality of Objects of Perception. Reprinted in: Moore G. E. Logical Studies. L. : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1922. 10. Moore, 1954—1955: Moore G. E. Wittgenstein’s Lectures in 1930—33. 1—3 // Mind. 1954—1955. Vols. 63 & 64. Reprinted ...

... 1975. 7. Gellner E. Words and Things, A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. With an Introduction by Bertrand Russell. L., 1959. 8. Goodman N. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge (Mass.) , 1951. 9. Moore G. E. The Nature and Reality of Objects of Perception. Reprinted in Moore G. E. Logical Studies. L., 1922. 10. Moore G. E. Wittgenstein’s Lectures in 1930—33. I-III // Mind. 1954—1955. Vols. 63, 64. Reprinted in Moore G. E. Philosophical Papers. L., 1959....

The article considers the results of the memory motive study in the novel of M. Maron, a modern German writer. The syncretic nature of memory is analyzed in terms of memory and forgetting as necessary components of this phenomenon. For this study, the process of purposeful ousting certain fragments connected to the late love story with a tragic finale, from the storyteller’s ...

... term has two senses in Poplavsky’s art, it explains basic connotations in Christ’s image in “Snowy hour” and in diaries. Firstly, it’s a god-medium between worlds of humans and God; according to Poplavsky this sense includes concepts of earth nature of Christ and His kindness, He’s prophet, who is between Hell and Cosmos and goes the thorny path of the righteous. Secondly, he’s kingdom of spirit, divine space beyond the earthly world, to witch a difficult path leads, which marks a spiritual ...

The relevance of the conducted research is determined by insufficient lev­el of knowledge of the Muslim culture and its features, typical for modern Russian society. Due to the multidimensional nature of a Muslim woman im­age, the article considers one of the aspects of its discursive representation, which is the lexical means used by the authors to portray a Muslim woman athlete. The research material comes from Russian Internet sources devoted ...

... intermediate, linguocultural system, generated as a result of close interaction between language and culture. While a symbol is a sign of culture that expresses some idea in an imperative manner, a quasi-symbol is a type of symbol that has a verbal nature. The study has objectified connotations based on the semantics of secondary nomination signs and has shown that connotations, regardless of their nature, are culturally marked. They reflect the picture of the world developed in a certain linguistic ...

Nikolai Kononov first published his story ‘Ceylon Island’ under the pen-name Alexander Chekhov (the name of Anton Chekov’s brother). This article explores the author’s literary mystification strategy as an element central to the poetic nature of ‘Ceylon Island’, its intertextuality, and its stylistic ‘set­tings’. The receptive nature of the text of Kononov’s story and the logic behind the creation of the author’s mask are considered. The structural sources of the text are ...

The article discusses the communicative and pragmatic nature of intertextuality in political discourse, realized by different intertextual inclusions: allusions perform thematic functions in utterances specifying the thematic line in discourse while citations and phraseological units are used to form rhematic ...

... the poetic specificity of depicting Drohobych and Prague using the novels «Cinnamon shops» and «The Hourglass Sanatorium » by Bruno Schulz and the novel «The Trial» by F.Kafka as an example. It is alleged that an insurmountable boundary between nature and culture leads to the creation of the negative myth of the city in Kafka's works, while for B.Schultz the connection between nature and spirituality of the city returns the author to the idea of the mythical alfa and omega of life. The article ...

... scientists – Alexander von Humboldt and Gauss – in their research. The exhaustiveness of the scientists’ multidirectional game strategies is ex-plained by a change in their roles: they turn from subjects of the game into its objects ruled by the Nature, Time, and Chance. The central metaphor of gam-bling defines the composition of the novel and its genre, which can be defined as a postmodernist novel about the incomprehensibility of the nature of gen-ius. 1. Барт Р. От произведения ...

The fictional world of the work is considered as one marked by binary oppositions of nature/civilisation, the world of children/adults, the ideal/the reality, the truth/a lie, fear/bravery, judgement/absolution, God/devil. The authors analyse the psychology of the novel’s main character. The central autobiographical image of the novel ...

... the realisation of the Enlightenment landscape utopia on the example of the analysis of the evolution of utopian ideas by Andrei Bolotov in his autobiographical work “Life and Adventures”. The author of the article outlines the destruction of ‘natural state’ of a human being by the realities of the ‘Iron Age’ that followed the Enlightenment. 1.  Болотов А.   Т . Жизнь и приключения Андрея Болотова, описанные самим им для своих ...

The concept of “unclaimed land share” appeared and developed in Russian legislation due to the debatable nature of the legal nature and the ambiguity of the legal regime of the land share as a category of land law. The article provides a description of the theoretical and practical issues related to the genesis of the doctrinal and legal concepts of land ...

Prejudice is one of the most problematic procedural institutions. It substantiates the inviolability of the facts established by a judicial act that has entered into legal force. At the same time, the issue of the intersectoral nature of prejudice is relatively new for domestic science and requires close research, taking into account the specifics of various branches of legal proceedings. This issue is of particular importance in criminal proceedings, where the verdict can be ...

The article focuses on different approaches to the definition of the legal state nature that has existed over time. The research is aimed at identifying the modern frames of the legal state that functions as a necessary counterbalance to the state monopoly on power and governance. The cope of research methodology is very wide, including ...

The article deals with the problem of identity construction and the issues of interpreting the nature of identity. Through examining judgements of identification, the authors study the discursive nature of identity. The possibilities and limits of identity construction are analysed in the case of national identity. 1. Бергер П., Лукман ...

... administrative interactions. The authors address the problem of correlation between the categories of “management” and “situation”. 1. Вебер М. Избранное. Образ общества / пер. с нем. М., 2005. 2. Cooley Ch. Human Nature and the Social Order. N. Y., 1964. 3. Denzin N. Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology // American Sociological Review. 1999. Vol. 8, № 6. 4. Harrel В. Symbols, Perception and Meaning // Sociological Theory: Inquires and Paradigms. N. ...

This article considers the system and structure of sources of Russian corporate law. Research approaches to the notion and legal nature of sources of corporate law and their place in the system of civil law sources are analysed. The authors address the legal nature of corporate regulations, including the rules and standards of self-regulatory organisations as sources of corporate ...

This article focuses on the imposition and enforcement of criminal penalties of material nature – fines and community services. Special attention is paid to a low effectiveness of fine enforcement, in particular, due to the inflexibility of the legislative norm. The author presents several suggestions, in particular, reducing the minimum ...

This article addresses certain issues of the legal regulation of collaterals in view of the civil law reforms. The author considers the problem of establishing the legal nature of the collateral, as well as the possibilities of using certain types of collaterals. 1. О совершенствовании Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации : указ Президента РФ ...

This article analyses the canonical sources on church property law regulation that are recognized by the state. The author stresses the need to take into account not only the legal but also canonical component in handling property of religious nature. 1. Варьяс М. Ю. Церковное право в романо-германской правовой системе :автореф. дис. … канд. юр. наук. М., 1997. 2. Дорская А. А. Правовое и каноническое ...

The problem of waste generation lies in that it is a major source of an-thropogenic pollution on a global scale, as well as an inevitable result of the consumer’s attitude to nature and a low coefficient of resource use. Recycling consists in the extraction of useful materials engaged in the technological pro-cesses and found in waste and their restoration for reuse. Recycling of the re-source cycle waste is required to achieve ...

... of formation of the state border with Poland and Lithuania, as well as the delimitation of the Russian marine area in the Kaliningrad region zone. The Polish border was established by the Soviet-Polish border agreement of 1945. It was of astronomical nature and did not take into account the earlier administrative and economic structure of East Prussia. Since 1993, representatives of the Kaliningrad region participated in the negotiation on the Russian-Lithuanian border. This border replicated the ...

The article deals with the methods of defining Divine Omnipotence introduced by medieval philosophers. The author presents the historical background of the development of the notion of absolute and ordered power of God in medieval natural theology. 1.  Ансельм Кентерберийский. Сочинения. М., 1995. 2.  Коплстон Ф.   Ч. История средневековой философии. М., 1997. 3.  Дамиани Петр. О божественном ...

The author proves that any image formed within political discourse is, in terms of its meaning, a mental object. It is claimed that, within discourse, the image of politics and the institutional practices of its formation are rather of psychological nature as well as that discourse register affects our perception of social objects of the world. 1.  Филлипс Л.   Дж., Йоргенсен М.   В. Дискурс-анализ. Теория и метод / пер. с англ. Харьков,...