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... Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 99-119. Forschner, M., 2005. Immanuel Kant über Vernunftglaube und Handlungsmotivation. Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung, 59(3), pp. 327-344. Hare, J., 1996. The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God’s Assistance. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hughes, F., 2007. Kant’s Aesthetic Epistemology: Form and World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kant, I., 1992. The Jäsche Logic. In: I. Kant, 1992. Lectures on Logic. Translated and edited by J....

... Morals und Dogma. Originally this essay was an expert opinion for the court case of the socialist H. Tauschinski who was accused of blasphemy. Tauschinski wrote an article in which he doubted the immortality of the soul and the existence of a personal God. These two dogmas of the Catholic Church were considered bу the Austrian authorities to be the foundations of public order. Riehl questioned not only the charge but also the validity of religious dogmas for morality. Based on Kant’s ethics, he ...

... Humphrey Milford. Lossky, N. O., 1935. Value and Existence. Translated by S. Vinokooroff. London: George Allen & Unwin. Lossky, N. O., 1952. History of Russian Philosophy. London: Allen & Unwin. Lossky, N. O., 1954. About the Creation of the World by God. Put’, 54, pp. 3-22. (In Rus.) Lossky, N. O., 1968. Vospominaniya [Memories]. Munich: Wilhelm Fink. (In Rus.) Lossky, N. O., 1971. An Outline of My Own Philosophy. Le Messager périodique de l’Action Chrétienne des Etudiants Russes, 2(100), pp....

... Wahrheit der Welt in Meiers Kosmologie. In: F. Grunert, G. Stiening, eds. 2015. Georg Friedrich Meier (1718—1777). Philosophie als „wahre Weltweisheit“. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 123-142. 19. Leibniz, G. W., 1951. Theodicy. Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil. Translated by E. M. Huggard. Edited by A. Farrer. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. 20. Lorenz, S., 1997. De mundo optimo. Studien zu Leibniz Theodizee und ihrer Rezeption in Deutschland (1710—1791)....

..., not metaphysical foundations. Solovyov, however, ultimately grounded his moral doctrine in a highly metaphysical all-unity, which he saw as Reason — note the capital “R” — with human civilisation historically unfolding towards a Kingdom of God on Earth. There were other notable advocates of a Kantian humanism in Imperial Russia, but one that cannot be forgotten is Boris N. Chicherin, who combined Kantian moral­ity with a distinct favouring of Hegelianism. What emerges most strongly in ...

... Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-66. Kant, I., 1992c. The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God. In: I. Kant, 1992. Theoretical philosophy, I755-1770. Translated and edited by D. Walford in collaboration with R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-202. Kant, I., 1992d. Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes ...

The ethics of Kant and the ethics of Crusius are strikingly similar. This is manifested in a whole range of principles and concepts. Crusius’ moral teaching hinges on the rigorous moral law which has to be obeyed absolutely, and which makes it different from other prescriptions that are binding only to a relative degree. This is very close to the Kantian distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Another salient feature of Crusius’ moral teaching is the stress laid on the sphere...

1.Кант И. Критика практического разума // Собр. соч.: в 8 т. / под ред. А. В. Гу­лыги. М., 1994. Т. 4. 2.Кант И. Критика чистого разума. М., 1994. 3.Кант И. О единственно возможном основании для доказательства бытия Бога // Собр. соч.: в 8 т. / под ред. А. В. Гулыги. М., 1994. Т. 1. 4.Arnold E. Möglichst vollständiges Verzeichniss aller von Kant gehaltenen oder auch nur angekündigten Vorlesungen nebst darauf bezüglichen Notizen und Bemerkun­gen // Altpreussische Monatsschrift. Königsberg, 1893. Bd...

This article puts forward the idea that the basis of Kant’s philosophy is moral ontology dominated by things in themselves, which provide the basis for the moral world order: God, soul, and freedom. Kant's epistemology, teleology and anthropology are determined by the attempt to prove the possibility of such world order. The ultimate end of this order is a human as a moral being, the thinking, experience, and knowledge of ...

... philosopher examined the problem in the framework of a polemic on Crusian philosophy. This article presents Crusius’s arguments against the theory that this is the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the theory that there are several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and to the freedom of contrariety (libertas contrarietatis), which are eliminated in the teaching of optimism. Anonym. 1753, Leipzig, in: ...

... cognitive mechanism. If, according to Kant, the acquisition of true knowledge is impossible without reflection (including transcendental reflection), Solovyov builds his theory of knowledge on entirely different grounds, therefore, he has to rely on God and intellectual intuition in discovering the truth. Only having established the pros and cons of both gnoseologies, we can define whose theory — Kant’s or Solovyov’s — is more suitable to describe the process of cognition by a human being ...

In his recent paper, “Things in Themselves: An Interim Report,” Robert Howell says that a philosophically satisfactory resolution of all-too-familiar problems about Kant’s views on the object of knowledge and the nature of things-in-themselves should meet three conditions: (1) it should be reasonably faithful to Kant’s views, (2) it must show that his views are internally consistent and his major arguments are valid, and (3) it must not rest on premises that are themselves philosophically implausible...

... Things in Themselves, Transcendental Objects, and Monads, Kant-Studien, vol.105(2), p. 221—260. 15. Buchdahl, G. 1992, Kant and the Dynamics of Reason: Essays on the Structure of Kant's Philosophy, Oxford : Blackwell. 16. Buchdahl, G. 1994, Science and God: The Topology of the Kantian World, Kant and Contemporary Epistemology (ed. Paolo Parrini), Dordrecht : Springer, pp. 1—25. 17. Chisholm, R. 1950, The Theory of Appearing, in: Max black, ed. Philosophical Analysis, Ithaca, NY : Cornell University ...

This paper argues whether Kant’s cosmopolitanism entails a specific theory of coercion. I will especially tackle Kant’s account of international political order. First, I claim that Kant attributes a systematic role to the cosmopolitan right, what justifies considering this part of the doctrine of law as a necessary rational conclusion of the legal system, although its institutional embodiment differs from that required by the rights of states. I highlight that according to Kant states may not behave...

... Cohen’s Ethics. Hg. R. Gibbs. Leiden/Boston, S. 17—36. 16. Iwanowa, E. W. 1996. „Wol’naja Filosofskaja Assoziazija. Trudy i dni [Freie Philosophische Assoziation. Werke und Tage]“, in: Jezhegodnik Rukopisnogo otdela Puschkinskogo doma na 1992 god [Jahrbuch der Handschriftenabteilung des Puschkin-Hauses]. Sankt-Petersburg, S. 3—77. 17. Iwanowa, E. W., Mestergasi, E. G. (Hg.) 2010, Wol’naja Filosofskaja Assoziazija [Freie Philosophische Assoziation]. 1919—1924. Moskau. 18. Solowjew, W....

This article analyses the so-called chornosoteriology as viewed by Kristijonas Donelaitis and Kant. Special attention is paid to the differences between the ontological foundations of these soteriologies stemming from differences in the hermeneutic circles. The influence of pietism on the development of the hermeneutic principles is analysed in the works of both authors. An attempt is made at a partial revision of Donetlaitis’s and Kant’s chronosoteriological concepts in the context of modern global...

The lectures on natural law delivered by Kant in the winter semester of 1784/85 have recently attracted increasing attention from Kant scholars. Dating back to the 1780s, they elucidate a number of important aspects in the genesis of Kant’s practical philosophy. Firstly, this relates to the formation of the Königsberg philosopher’s views on law. However, the lecture notes (especially the introduction) are of equal importance to understanding certain problems of Kant’s ethical concept and interpretation...

Probability theory, which emerged as early as the 17th century thanks to the works of Pascal and Fermat, served for a long time as a tool of professional mathematicians. It was not considered a means of rational prediction of social actions. In the late 18th century, Nicolas de Condorcet (1743—1794) first proposed to apply probability theory to moral and political disciplines thus creating a basis for social forecasting. The methods he developed made it possible to predict the results of political...

Based on earlier unknown or poorly studied archival documents, this article reconstructs the post-war history of the 14th century Königsberg Cathedral and the tomb of philosopher Immanuel Kant in former Kneiphof. The study investigates the authorities’ and general public’s attitudes towards this monuments. Throughout the Soviet period until the beginning of Perestroika, the local Communist party and state authorities attempted to demolish the ruins of the Cathedral, which was damaged during the war...

This paper presents a critical review of an article by the eminent Russian Kantianist Prof A. N. Kruglov published under the title “Immaturity and the objective of a true reform in ways of thinking” in Kantovsky Sbornik (issues 3—4, 2014). The critical analysis focuses on the practical conclusion, in which Prof Kruglov expresses his negative attitude to the French Revolution and shows ambiguous disapproval of Kant’s positive attitude to it. This ambiguity can discredit modern practical philosophy...

... functional status of the ‘guardian’ and the new interpretation of the ideas of maturity and freedom in Nietzsche’s understanding of the Enlightenment. This becomes possible after Nietzsche’s renunciation of Romanticism and experience of the death of God. Nietzsche extends Kant’s list of possible problems in achieving enlightenment — egoism, guardianship, sloth, and cowardice. For Nietzsche, the central problem is the dominant role of reason in the Enlightenment. Nevertheless, reason is not denied ...

... Ukrains’ka polonistika (Piedagogichni dostizenija) [Ukrainian Polish studies (Pedagogical achievements)]. № 3—4, p. 83—95. 90. Solowjow W. S. 2012, Pojecie Boga (w obronie filozofii Spinozy) / Pier. koll. pod red. T. Obolevitch [The concept of God (the defense of Spinoza’s philosophy) / Trans. coll. ed. T. Obolevitch] // Logos i Ethos [Logos and Ethos]. № 1, p. 203—231. 91. Stiepun F. 1999, Zycie a tworczosc. Pier. W. Sawickiego [The life and creativity. Trans. W. Sawicki]. Warsaw. 92....

... epistemology seeks ‘pure experience’. However, such experience is not interpreted as ‘bare’ cognition or its mere possibility but rather it is perceived as a combination of consciousness (Bewusstsein), knowledge (Erkenntnis), the consciousness of God (Gottesbewusstsein), faith, and free will. Thus, Russian neo-Leibnizians represented their epistemology as a complete sphere and viewed the Kantian and neo-Kantian teaching of ‘pure experience’ as a section of that sphere. However, Russian metaphysical ...

This paper analyzes receptions of phenomenological and neo-Kantian axiology trends in the interpretation of the concept and status of value in N. N. Alekseev’s philosophy of law. The author identifies the role of Neo-Kantian nomothetic—idiographic division of sciences proposed by the Southwest German school of Neo-Kantianism in interpreting the essence of law within Aleseev’s philosophy. It is shown that Alekseev uses Windelband's distinction between the due and the existing as a convenient methodological...

This article concludes the analysis of systematicity of the Critique of Pure Reason — the work that underlies the entire system created by the great Königsberg philosopher. The author considers the role of transcendental dialectic (it accounts for more than half of the book) in Kant’s methodology of science and the system of criticism. In the context of traditional epistemological theories, it was an entirely new instalment supplementing these theories and understanding knowledge as a continuous...

This paper is devoted to investigation of destination of religion in the process of forming of the concept of law in determined cultural circumstances. This study is actualizes the essential link between comprehension of content of domain of law and concept of subjectivity. Nikolay Alexeev overcomes concept of subjectivity represented in philosophy of early modern period of European history, (primarily in the rationalistic tradition of Rene Descartes). The crucial significant in his concept of law...

C. S. Peirce is a prominent figure in the nineteenth-century American philosophy. His contribution to philosophy and logic is enormous. The significance of some of his ideas was not realized until today. As a philosopher, Peirce was shaped by Kant, whose Critique of Pure Reason he knew almost by heart. Peirce was fascinated by the German thinker, who literally opened for him the philosophy of modern era and introduced him to the problem of cognition and increment of knowledge. Peirce was never a...

... discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer” with the goal of dating the notes describing the two separate arguments for the existence of God. The use of the expressions ‘Moraltheologie’ (moral theology) and ‘Endzweck’ (final purpose), as well as the discussion of ‘an object of the moral will’ — all of which touchupon a central point of Kant’s developing moral philosophy ...

... existence of the world). Instead, it resorts covertly to the ontological proof. This is the second stage of the proof, when fr om the notion of a necessary being (ens necessarium) they move to the concept of a most real being (ens realissimum), i.e. God. According to Kant, this transition is logically equivalent to the reverse transition from ens realissimum to ens necessarium, which is the essence of the ontological argument. Demonstrating this equivalence, Kant resorts to conversion by lim itation,...

The authors study the issue of acausal semantic coincidences (synchro­nicity) for the first time as omens of war in the Russian linguocultural tradi­tion. The semiotic structure of omens is shown, and models of transformations of situational semantics in their signifier and signified are revealed. In partic­ular, symbolic substitutions are possible in the signifier, and a sequence of metonymic shifts in the causal field of war in the signified. In general, the phenomenon of synchronicity, considered...

In his allegorical travel novel, Clive Staples Lewis tells the story of a hu¬man soul wandering in search for god. The medieval form of the allegorical novel helps the author to speak plainly about complex things: he explores the cultur¬al attitudes of a 20th-century person from the perspective of the Christ-centric axiological system of the Middle Ages. This ...

The novel by the famous Soviet science fiction writer is analysed in the context of evangelical allusions and connotations. Biblical references in the text suggest a link between one of the main characters, the boy Astr, and the image of Christ. Although well in line with the anthropology of enlighten-ment, the idea of the salvation of the universe, which is central to the plot of the novel, and the image of the saviour, the child that is ‘not of this world’, are counterposed to Christian philosophy...

This article considered Beckett’s French short stories through the prism of philosophical and aesthetic foundations of modernist music. The rejection of tonal hierarchies by dodecaphonists to transcend the limits of the traditional sonic semiosis can be compared to Beckett’s aspiration to go beyond the ‘fetish’ of words. The study emphasizes similarities between the creative systems of Beckett and the Second Viennese School/neoclassicists. The commonalities range from the work with patterns, which...

... the notions of love and amorousness among nonbelieving and believing respondents — members of the Protestant community. In the basis of the differences in the concept of love, respondents have followed the categories of "sacrifice", "god", "negative consequences". The hierarchy of coinciding categories in the respondents' views has reflected differences in two samples. The category of "physical intimacy" has been identified as the background for the differences ...

This article is devoted to the terminological analysis of F. de Saussure's 1872—1911 authentic texts. A component analysis makes it possible to identify the characteristics of formation of general linguistic terms. It is established that F. de Saussure's terminology (118 preterms) is based on existing lexical units of different systems. Tectological mechanisms transformed Saussure’s terminology into a linguistic terminological system consisting of 36 scientific terms. 1. Cardona T. R. Négativité...

Researching the poetics of S. Pesetsky's novels "The Fifth Stage" and "Equal to The Gods of Night" the author disputes the traditional idea of them as belonging to the genre of adventure. The narrative structure of the works, their composition, motive system, the role of dreams, letters, included episodes are explored. 1. Гиппиус ...

This article is devoted to the important theoretical issues of cross-cultural competence. Particular attention is paid to the UK education system as one of the oldest structures in the world. Based on an analysis of a teacher’s cross-cultural experience at Durham University and the University of Manchester, as well as different approaches of Russian and international educationists, it is shown that cross-cultural competence is an integral part of the professional educational activity. Further, the...

... image as a model juxtaposed with the structure of universe, on the one hand, and the being of the poet, on the other. The article explores the connection between this model and the image of Sybilmountain-cave-tree as a hollow body “inhabited” by God and the problem of overcoming the corporeal and achieving the true, out-of-body being. 1. Тульчинский Г. Л. Тело свободы // Эпштейн М. Н. Философия тела. Тульчинский Г. Л. Тело свободы....

... mortality. It is close to the sermon calling for repentance. The typical texts by Heinrich von Melk include lamentations about the deceitfulness of the world, the brevity and vanity of earthly life, a reminder of the Last Judgement, and a prayer to God. Heinrich von Melk’s memento mori contain criticism of emerging Minnesang. 1. Noker von Zwiefalten. Memento mori // Bibliotheca Augustana. URL: www. hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/11Jh/Noker/nok_mori.html (дата обращения: ...

... conclude that, striving for absolute freedom, the human being is incapable of protecting themselves from the spiritual captivity of passions and their soul cannot remain independent from such opposite forces as the light and the darkness, good and evil, god and the devil. 1. Александрова З. Е. Словарь синонимов русского языка. М., 2001. 2. Байрон Дж. Г. Каин (мистерия) / пер. И. Бунина // Байрон Дж. Г. Сочинения ...

The fictional world of the work is considered as one marked by binary oppositions of nature/civilisation, the world of children/adults, the ideal/the reality, the truth/a lie, fear/bravery, judgement/absolution, God/devil. The authors analyse the psychology of the novel’s main character. The central autobiographical image of the novel is interpreted in the context of religious and philosophical ideas about the duality of human nature and is connected to the ...

The space of heaven in the poetic world of M. Tsvetaeva is considered as a hierarchically and semantically complex space structure. The author identifies the specific features of the heaven spacium levels and describes the three main tiers of heaven, namely, the entry to heaven, the mountain space of the “divine youths, and the top of the mountain. The article justifies the reasons behind the rapid movement of the poet towards the space of ‘other’ being. The author addresses the issue of the poet’s...

... The author asserts that Svyatopolk performs an evil deed neither due to predestination, nor under the influence of fatal circumstances, but of his own free will. Svyatopolk embodies the model of a person of string will, which is opposed to the will of God and leads the character to captivity of the devil. 1. Сказание о Борисе и Глебе // Библиотека литературы Древней Руси : в 20 т.СПб, 1997. Т. 1 : XI — нач. XII века. С. 328—351,...

This article analyzes the memoirs of August Winnig, Reichskommissar and Oberpräsident of East Prussia, covering the time from the revolutionary events of early 1919 to the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, against the back­ground of the foreign-policy situation and inner-party struggle in the prov­ince. Particular attention is paid to the political views of A. Winnig and the reasons for cooling in their relations toward the SPD leadership. 1. Виноградов М. В. Восточнопрусский анклав в межвоенный период...

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of a money surrogate, introduced in the form of a bitcoin, a popular cryptocurrency. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the price-per-unit value of the cryptocurrency on the indicator of the market capitalization of the bitcoin cryptocurrency through correlation-regression analysis. As a result of the research, the author becomes the first to prove the direct dependence of the mentioned indicators, namely, a strong relationship between...

This paper analyzes the key elements of fuzzy logic and showes that through ra­tional, behavioral economics and neo-classical economics it is possible to develop models using the Q. E. methodology. Therefore, it is plausible to apply contempora­neous Q. E. methodology in combination with the rationali­ty and the behavioral approach. The fuzzy logic and the generator is the source of this mechanism for the production of the appropriate models. 1. Calvin minds in the making. URL: https://www.calvin...

In February 2007 Russia’s President Vladimir Putin made a speech at the Munich conference on security. In his speech, Vladimir Putin criticized the dominance policy pursued by the USA and its allies and spoke about the need to form a new system of world order based on partnership and good neighbourly relations between countries. Only these relations can ensure security and prosperity for the whole world. Unfortunately, Western leaders failed to respond to Vladimir Putin’s proposal and continued to...

In 2017-2018, the historical community commemorated the centenary anniversaries of revolutions that took place at the end of the First World War. Although the revolutionary events in Russia attract greater attention, the German revolution of November 1918 is of no less interest. In this article, I set out to highlight the situation of the German ruling elite on the eve of the war. The absence of bright personalities among the country's political estab­lishment, on the one hand, and the lack of unity...

This article describes the final stage of the East-Prussian Offensive of 1945. Particular attention is paid to the problem of redeployment of the 3rd Belorussian Front forces to create the necessary conditions for defeating the enemy during the Battle of Königsberg and the follow-on front mission on the Samland peninsula. 1. Белобородов А. П. Всегда в строю. М., 1984. 2. Васильев А. В. Перегруппировка войск фронта // Центральный архив министерства обороны. Ф. 241 (Оперативное управление штаба 3-го...