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... Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 281-285. Krouglov, A. N., 2005. Did Kant have a transcendent subject? In: Istoriko-filosofskii ezhegodnik 2004 [History of Philosophy Yearbook 2004]. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 279-295. (In Rus.) Leibniz, G. W., 1989a. On What is Independent of Sense and of Matter (Letter to Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia, 1702). In: G. W. Leibniz, 1989. Philosophical Papers and Letters. A Selection. Translated and edited, with an Introduction, by L. E. Loemker, 2nd Edition. Dordrecht, Boston ...

... gravity into his theory of matter in his very first published writing, he has at this stage no adequate notion of space. At this time, as in regard to space, he can neither be called a Newtonian nor a proper Leibnizian and misconceives the necessity of an independent space for the foundations of physics. This perspective changes under the influence of Euler at the end of the fifties of the eighteenth century and finally leads to his writing of 1768 and the adoption of transcendental idealism in 1770. In ...

... possible to treat Lossky’s categorial framework as the representation of a system of levels of the universe each of which is characterised by two aspects: the ontological, i.e. it is part of the unity of the world, and the gnoseological, i.e. it has an independent cognitive significance. Frank considers categories to be an organic part of the ontological proof of intuitivism. A common trend in the construction of categorial schemes by Lossky and Frank is their striving to combine gnoseological and ontological ...

... examine which of these types of content can be regarded as possible without the application of concepts. In order to answer the question, I proceed as follows. First, I show how intuition (in Kant’s sense) can be seen as providing indexical content independently of empirical concepts. Second, I show in what sense the generation of spatial content can be regarded as non-categorial. A key distinction is that a perceptual examination of an object can be understood as thoroughly sensible and particular,...

Kant was never satisfied with the version of his “Refutation” published in 1787 (KrV, B 275-279). His dissatisfaction is already evident in the footnote added to the preface of the second edition of the Critique in 1787. As a matter of fact, Kant continued to rework his argument for at least six years after 1787. The main exegetical problem is to figure out who is the target of the “Refutation”: a non-sceptic idealist or a global sceptic of Cartesian provenance or both. In this last case, a related...

... logic, a fundamental and still relevant discipline in university education. What is the status of logic for women? Is it a kind of publishing by-product paraphrasing classical logic textbooks under a new and unusual title or do they represent a new independent branch? To answer these questions I analyse the chosen works on logic and the reviews which they prompted. I demonstrate that logic manuals for women published in Germany in the second half of the eighteenth century constitute one of the numerous ...

... Similar tendencies — a turn towards ontology — were observed in the same period in West European philosophy, including German Neo-Kantianism. However, the concepts of Russian Neo-Kantians, which imply a new orientation towards ontology, are fairly independent, and not only on account of the original interpretation of Kantian critical philosophy and Neo-Kantian epistemology, but also on account of internal discussion with the Russian philosophers belonging to other movements (for example, intuitivists)....

This article proves that when addressing the problem persistent in his oeuvre — whether the humanity exists independently in space or it is a transcendental project — the Saint Petersburg poet A. S. Kushner always consults with I. Kant. 1. Гейне Г. Собр. соч.: в 10 т. М., 1958. Т. 6. 2. Кант И. Всеобщая естественная ...

... Firstly, early Schopenhauer considered Kant as his only ally in the struggle against the speculative idealism of his followers. Secondly, this resulted in an almost complete acceptance of Kant’s epistemology and terminology. Only later, he developed an independent terminology, which was nevertheless largely influenced by that created by Kant. Thirdly, at the time, Schopenhauer believed his vision of objectives and essence of philosophy to be a direct continuation of Kant’s philosophy, the central ...

This article considers the development of N. O. Lossky’s concept of intuitivism in the context of the translation of Kant’s works and revision of Kant’s epistemology. The development of Lossky as an independent philosopher required overcoming Kant’s scepticism, which was not consistent with the ideal-realist’s belief in the cognoscibility of transsubjective world given us in the original. The means necessary to overcome it determined the key ...

The concluding part of the work focuses on the independence of A. A. Fet’s philosophical worldview strongly emphasised by the poet himself and his close friends. Although he quotes Schopenhauer and Kant, he criticised them and demonstrates an independent worldview. The author analyses the critique ...

... relate to the history of the development of his philosophical views. The early period is influenced by the teaching of consciousness developed by H. Cohen, the head of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism. The later period is interpreted as original, independent, and determined by the search for the fundamental of philosophical systematics. It is proposed that the subjective-objective disposition is replaced by the individual understanding of uninterrupted correlation between the being and the meaning ...

... supported methodological pluralism and identified four theoretical and two practical concepts of law. The neo-Kantian motive in Kistyakovsky's theory manifested itself in the reference to the normative nature of legal rules and law in general and its independence of any external authorities or internal motivations of human behavior. According to Kistyakovsky, the rational element of legal rules is their key characteristic. Not unlike concepts, law is created by reason, without which legal rules cannot ...

... rather than ergon. The active theory of language (social communication) was further developed in the 20th century within the concept of language symbolism, namely, Ernst Cassirer’s system of symbolic forms. It suggests that communicative structures are independent from real facts, since they participate in the construction of these very objective facts. In the conclusion, the author examines several American theories of language (social communication), namely, relativism (Edward Sapir, Benjamin L. Whorf) ...

... pre-service teachers. The main goal of teacher training is stated by universities and the professional expert community in general; it is supported by the parliament and is defined as training a reflective responsible teacher-researcher capable of making independent educational decisions within the framework of different models and principles of teaching.

The article studies intonation features of vocal form of the language. The melody of national opera music reveals inherent prosodic corrrelation with the language intonation units and their features. The two cognitive systems, namely music and language, function via intonological models (the ones char­acteristic of both music and speech) of perception. Although the vocal music melody of a national language is not fully identical to speech intonation pat­terns acoustically, it still includes a number...

This article considers irony as an independent textual category contain­ing the author’s judgement and facilitating the expression of the author’s pragmatic attitudes in a literary text. The study investigates the potential and functioning of parenthesis structures as syntactic markers ...

The article focuses on the issue of an integral word description in dictionaries. The principle of integrity implies that the most complete information about a word is included in its dictionary entry. The word is an independent two-sided and multifunctional unit of a language, respectively, it raises the issue of the amount and type of information about the lexical unit in the dictionaries of an integral type. The author of the article offers a solution to this problem....

The article deals with lexical issues of game localisation based on the comparison of Enlish and Russian versions of videogames. The research is focused on typical lexical challenges in the process of translation, in particular, interpretation of context-independent and context-dependent words, non-equivalent words and neologisms, and “false friends of the translator”. 1. O’Hagan M., Mangiron C. Game Localization: Translating for the global digital entertainment industry. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia...

... the need to develop foreign language students ' abilities to cognitive, emotional-evaluative and transformative activities in the learning process of Rus-skomu as a foreign language materials on the medical theme- Tiki. Deals with practical aspects of independent design activities of students. Shown educational technology, design method, techniques and methods of cognitive development SPO-the ability aimed at obtaining practical results. Describes the types of activities teachers and foreign language ...

... centuries. Special attention is paid to the interaction of modal semantics with the pragmatic background of the utterance. The authors identify a variety of modal meanings, including those of necessity and obligation expressed by constructions with an independent infinitive in legislative directive documents. The authors analyze the dependence of the semantics of these constructions on the genre of the text. 1. Буралова Р. А. Оптативные высказывания с независимым ...

This article considers the problem of ethnic identity as a polymodal one and analyses certain social, historical, and psychological aspects of its context. Language is one of the major differentiating features in terms of ethnicity. In some historical situations, ethnic identity is determined by the symbolic role of language in the processes of development of allegiance to the community and intergroup differentiation rather than the actual use of language by all mem-bers of the ethnic group. 1. Байтокова...

... shows that Byron’s interpretation of the Biblical events makes it possible to conclude that, striving for absolute freedom, the human being is incapable of protecting themselves from the spiritual captivity of passions and their soul cannot remain independent from such opposite forces as the light and the darkness, good and evil, god and the devil. 1. Александрова З. Е. Словарь синонимов русского языка. М., 2001. 2. Байрон Дж. Г. Каин (мистерия) ...

... on the proposed model of a pedagogical system for preventing unemployment among Russian students. An interval scale for assessing the development of major profes-sional activities, which was obtained using the WINSTEPS 3.90.0 software, proved to be independent and applicable to performing assessment in similar studies. 1. Linacre M. J. A User’s Guide to WINSTEPS: Rasch-Model Computer Programs. A prog¬ram Manual 3.90.0. URL: http://www.winsteps.com/a/Winsteps-ManualPDF.zip (дата обращения: ...

... components of the performance and overall ranking of the academic staff. The methodology was developed in the course of a study carried out by the authors at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University in the framework of the project “The development of an independent qualimetrics system of assessing academic achievements of students and evaluating the academic staff” (the project team included V. V. Nordin, A. V. Yurov, N. V. Belkina, and K. L. Polupan). 1. Неволин В. Н. Актуальные ...

....03.2013). 14. Financial Mirror (Cyprus). 2013. 18 Mar. URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com (дата обращения: 21.03.2013). 15. Gulf Times. 2013. 16 Mar. URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com (дата обращения: 21.03.2013). 16. Independent Television News Limited (ITN). 2013. 14 Mar. URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com (дата обращения: 25.03.2013). 17. Times of Oman. 2013. 18 Mar. URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com (дата обращения: 24.03.2013). 18....

....12.2012). 16. For Russia, this is the end of an era. URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/dec/11/russia-protests-vladimir-putin (дата обращения: 06.03.2012). 17. Mr. Putin must not stifle this chance for a change. URL: http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-mr-putin-must-not-stifle-thischance-for-change-7537784.html (дата обращения: 08.05.2012). 18. Occupy the Kremlin: Russia’s Election Lets Loose Public Rage. URL: http://www.time....

This article proposes a methodology for the qualimetric evaluation of students’ achievements developed within IKBFU’s project “The development of an independent qualimetric system of assessing academic achievements of students and evaluating the academic staff” (the project team included V.V. Nordin, A.V. Yurov, N.V. Belkina, and K.L. Polupan). The proposed methodology uses a comprehensive approach ...

... discusses the technology of formation of learning and research culture at schools of the Kaliningrad region in lessons on the history of western Russia. The process of learning and research culture formation will be successful if more attention is paid to independent research of schoolchildren, namely, solving tasks with the help of acquired research knowledge and skills, as well as preparation of individual and group research projects. 1. Батищев Г. С. Введение в диалектику ...

... the competence approach introduction as one of the priorities and main features of education modernisation. The author outlines methods and activities aimed at the competence approach introduction to education process, considers a model of students’ independent work. A concrete example is drawn to show the specificity of the competence training of students of the “Business Administration” field of study in the framework of the “Fundamentals of Management” discipline. 1. Зимняя И....

Computer and interactive technologies facilitate the development of ideas of computer-assisted learning, suggest absolutely new technological variant of teaching based on the unique capabilities of modern computers and telecommunications, which will allow students to deal competently with educational and self-educational problems, integrate and use certain elements of their knowledge, take advantage of learning experience, and take responsibility for education received. 1.  Байденко В.   И. Болонский...

... historical monuments in Kaliningrad. The author of the article describes factors that influenced the representation of the images of the Kaliningrad region’s population as the Soviet people as well as concludes that the images were not constructed independently in the editorial offices of German newspapers, but were imposed through publications of Soviet news agencies together with articles and notes of Soviet journalists printed in the GDR.

... trial. In addition, knowledge about judicial activity needs to be systematized and generalized in order to use it most effectively. Judicial activity, as a rule, is considered while a number of other relevant aspects are being studied rather than as an independent category. The research mainly relied on the method of materialistic dialectics as well as the methods of information analysis and synthesis, the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. The empirical basis of the study was an analysis of ...

... bodies for the purposes of criminal proceedings. The author aims to establish the reasons for the skeptical attitude of process scientists to the ORD results and substantiates the provisions on the leading role of the court, the prosecutor’s office as independent guarantors of human rights and a citizen in the implementation of individual ORM. Methodologically, research relied on the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, logical, comparative legal methods, as well as observation and other particular ...

... this sphere of cooperation are pre­sented is non-uniform. The author reveals features and advantages of some of them. Activity of the international organizations in general in the field of pro­tection against disasters promotes gradual growth of the independent branch of international law — international disaster relief law, by means of develop­ment of the basic principles and norms and practice of their application. 1. Воздействие стихийных бедствий на сельское ...

The article studies the development of Russian-language school education in independent Latvia from 1992 to 2020, as well as the process of reforming this system by official authorities. At the time of declaration of independence and withdrawal from the USSR, a bilingual education system which was formed in Latvia, made it possible ...

... positioning as “small states” contributed to the securitization of the western vectors of their foreign policy. And the factor of "Baltic unity" was largely based on stereotypes formed during the struggle for Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian independence and gradually lost its significance as they were integrating into the EU and the NATO.

... in a de­cline of its population’s reflection. At the same time, the Greater Moscow is being shaped through the integration of Moscow and its ‘periphery’, a gap be­tween the rich and poor is widening, and the phenomenon of a ’Deep Russia’ independent form Moscow is emerging. Such mega-cities usually see their ‘periphery’ as the supply of a labor force and the waste processing sites. As a result, a social asymmetry has emerged: Moscow is developing and becoming wealthier while their ...

This article provides an analysis of the key aspects of game-theoretic semantics and demonstrates its advantages in presenting incomplete information and imperfect memory. The author identifies the limitations of J. Hintikka’s game-theoretic semantics as to the problem of asymmetry in semantic games. The article provides an overview of concurrent game-theoretic semantics. 1. Хинтикка Я. Логико-эпистемологические исследования. М., 1980. 2. Mann A. L., Sandu G., Sevenster M. Independence-Friendly...

... Republic of Latvia. The author analyses the participation of financial and economic groups in the country’s political life. Key business actors affecting the formation of Latvian political system are identified. It is concluded that, since regaining independence in 1991, business has been a principal source of financing for Latvian political parties. The scope of financing of political parties in the republic depends on the intensity of political struggle and increases in the period of election campaigns....

... parlamentinė patirtis: sprendimų politika, tikslai, aplinkybės. Vilnius, 2000. P. 33—40. 10. Łossowski P. Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918—1920. Warszawa, 1996. 11. Skirius J. US Government Policy toward Lithuania 1920—1922: recognition of Lithuanian Independence. Chicago ; Illinois, 2000. 12. Senn A. E. The great powers, Lithuania and the Vilna question, 1920—1928.Leiden, 1966. 13. Шубин И. Париж — Варшава — Вильно: Виленщина на перекрестке империалистических ...

... Glycemia and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalization // Diabetes Care. 2013. Aug. 29. 18. Noguchi K., Sakakibara M., Asakawa N. et al. PASIFIC investigators // Circ. J. 2016. Vol. 19. 19. Wahab N. N., Cowden E. A., Pearce N. Is blood glucose and independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the trombolytic era? // J. AM. Coll. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 40, № 10. P. 1748—1754. 20. Yang S. W., Zhou Y. J., Tian X. F. Association of dysglycemia and all-cause mortality across ...

This paper addresses the historical development of the renal failure concept from antiquity to the present. The authors define the term ‘acute renal failure’ and ‘acute kidney injury’. The article presents a classification of these diseases. It is shown that the development of renal failure is associated with a significant increase in age-independent mortality. The main biomarker of a kidney injury, which may be elevated in patients with ischemic heart disease, is creatinine. 1. Rea M. E., Dunlap...

The border as a spatial and socio-cultural phenomenon has been an immediate subject of study for a long time. A convincing reason supporting this statement is the existence of an independent branch of science on borders, "limology" (Latin: limes — Border). For the geographical sciences border is also a traditional subject of study, where the interest focuses on its impact on the geographical objects (border regions) ...

... направления политики повышения энергоэффективности и План действий на 2008—2012 гг. для Калининградской области. TACIS —Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States (Техническая помощь Содружеству Независимых Государств). URL: www.tacisinfo.ru (дата обращения: 13.11.2013) 13. Рагузина Г.А. Потенциал, рентабельность ...

... wild mushroomson on the basis of calculating the concentration and biological uptake coefficients. An analysis of these data shows that some mushroom species have a high selective capacity for cadmium (B. edulis) and zinc accumulation (R. decolorans) independent of the concentration of these elements in the substrate. A higher concentration of heavy metals was detected in the Russulaceae picked on the Sambia peninsula in comparison to similar species of the Polessk forest. 1. Горбунова И....

... federal districts helps analyse the standing of large cities serving as “growth poles” identified with the help of two methodologies. The article offers a geographical analysis of three aspects of financial standing of municipalities: financial independence, social orientation, territorial equity. The dynamic of development and financial standing are compared in order to identify the role of budgets in the development of cities (stimulating and inhibiting ones). 1. Martin P., Ottaviano G. Growth ...

... forecast of seasonal trend of the sea surface temperature (SST) with the lead time of 8 months and results of statistical method of SST superlong-term forecast, lead time — 1 year. In the first case mean-squared prediction error of SST according to independent data makes 0,5 оС, in the second case — 0,2 оС, that is much less than the reasonable mistake and meets practical requirements. 1. Гордеева С.   М., Малинин В.   Н. Крупномасштабная изменчивость ...

... centre and periphery at various levels. The article reveals some factors which cause these stages changing and corresponding spatial processes. The article also describes the features of the contemporary stage of structural changes of the Commonwealth of Independent State's industry. 1.  Алексеенко В.   А. Экологическая геохимия: учебник. М.: Лотос, 2000. 2.  Методические рекомендации по геохимической оценке ...