2025 Issue №3

The investigation of any violation of the law begins with certain actions of law enforce­ment authorities, which must comply with the purposes of criminal proceedings (Article 6 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). At the stage of initiating a criminal case, such verification actions are divided into operational-search measures, other procedural actions, and investigative actions. In the theory and practice of criminal procedure, a number of issues remain regarding the system of verification actions, the criteria for their implementa­tion, the protection of the rights of the persons involved, the possibility at this stage of con­ducting questioning as an operational-search measure, and search and seizure as investigative actions. The philosophical foundation is dialectical materialism, which presupposes the study of all phenomena in their totality and systemic interconnection. The study employs methods of synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, as well as special methods of research in the field of legal science. The main problems concerning verification actions are examined, including the determination of their legal nature, the clarification of whether the list of verifi­cation actions in the criminal procedure law is exhaustive, and the establishment of their evi­dentiary significance. The positions of scholars on these issues are analyzed, and proposals are made for improving criminal procedure legislation.

The problem of the prevalence of pornography in social networks and messengers is acute, since their most active users, who spend most of their free time online, are young peo­ple, including minors. Pornographic content poses a serious threat to their moral develop­ment. The article presents the results of a criminological study devoted to examining the spread of pornographic content in social networks and messengers. The study was conducted through an anonymous online survey of users. The data analyzed include the frequency of users’ exposure to pornographic content, the methods of its distribution, age and gender char­acteristics of consumption, as well as respondents’ attitudes toward this phenomenon. In ad­dition, other general scientific and specific scientific methods are employed. The main risks associated with the spread of pornography in social networks and messengers are identified, and measures for their minimization are proposed. The author suggests special criminological measures to combat pornographic content in social networks and messengers, including strengthening content control, developing and implementing content filters, conducting in­formational campaigns, improving legislative regulation in the field of illegal pornography circulation, and creating effective prevention programs.

The Criminal Procedure Law provides an exhaustive list of investigative actions and de­fines the procedure and specific features of each of them. At the same time, in law enforcement practice, difficulties often arise, leading either to the recognition of evidence as inadmissible or to the violation of the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. In some cases, practice goes beyond theoretical explanations and constructions, forming certain patterns of actions by investigators and inquirers, as well as approaches of courts to the consideration and resolu­tion of relevant complaints, which do not always comply with the requirements of the law. These contradictions determine the relevance of the topic under discussion and demonstrate the need to search for new perspectives that allow a somewhat different consideration of inves­tigative actions as a legal phenomenon, which determined the aim of this article. To achieve this aim, along with general scientific methods (logical, comparative analysis, synthesis), spe­cific legal methods (interpretation of legal norms and formal-legal analysis) were also applied. The empirical method formed the basis for addressing law enforcement practice. This made it possible to determine the place of the system of investigative actions within the structure of the institution of evidence. Taking into account the complexity of conducting investigative actions and the wide range of activities they encompass, it was possible to resolve the issue of their correspondence to the general characteristics of forensic examination, the operational part of which is carried out by a person possessing special knowledge, as well as to identify a group of structurally similar actions. As a conclusion, a structural-systemic approach to de­fining investigative actions through the definition of their system is proposed.

The article analyzes the development of the USSR maritime transport management sys­tem in the early 1930s using the case of the Vladivostok Commercial Port. This period was marked by large-scale reforms aimed at the centralization of management and the integration of transport infrastructure into the planned economy. The author examines the key stages of reorganization: the establishment of the People’s Commissariat of Water Transport, the for­mation of basin administrations, the introduction of cost-accounting mechanisms, and the specialization of port divisions. Particular attention is paid to the regional specifics of the Russian Far East, where the Vladivostok port, while maintaining the universality of its func­tions, faced problems of decentralization, staff shortages, low levels of mechanization, and inadequate social and living conditions for workers. The study is based on archival materials from the State Archive of Primorsky Krai and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, many of which are introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The author shows how the policy of hyper-centralization of management was combined with attempts to adapt to regional conditions. Despite the decline in the port’s international role due to foreign policy changes, it retained the importance of a key transport hub ensuring the supply of re­mote territories and supporting the industrialization of the Far East. The main conclusion emphasizes that during the period under consideration in conditions of completion of the transition to sectoral centralization and the strengthening of state control, a multilevel man­agement system was formed. Despite its drawbacks, the system enabled the port to adapt to the tasks of the planned economy. The author stresses that the Vladivostok port, having lost its status as an international transit center, became the infrastructural foundation for the integration of the region into the all-Union economic space.

The tense geopolitical situation, the development of negationist tendencies, and the emer­gence over the past decade of numerous disputes regarding reparation claims by certain coun­tries make it relevant to study, from a scholarly perspective, the legitimacy of the actions of individual states during specific historical periods. Given that the Russian Federation is the successor state to the Soviet Union, there arises a justified necessity to examine certain ac­tions of the Soviet leadership and the conformity of the measures they adopted with interna­tional law of the corresponding period. By studying individual treaties concluded between the USSR and Germany in 1939—1941, analyzing the factual actions of the two powers in 1939—1945, other relevant circumstances, and the fundamental norms of international law of that period, and employing comparative and historical methods, the author addresses the issue of the legality of establishing Soviet occupation authorities on German territory after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The author demonstrates that the establishment of an occupa­tion regime by the Soviet Union in Germany not only fully complied with contemporary in­ternational law, but also proved to be the only available means of compensating for the dam­age inflicted by the Third Reich on the Soviet republics during nearly four years of active hos­tilities.

Based on materials from the State Archive of the Kaliningrad Region, in particular un­published meeting protocols, correspondence on industrial issues, reports and proposals of the Department of Light and Food Industry of the Regional Committee of the CPSU, decrees and directives of the Kaliningrad Council of National Economy, and decisions of the Kaliningrad Regional Executive Committee, the article examines the history and development of the man­agement of Soviet light industry enterprises in the Kaliningrad Region. The purpose of the study is to trace and assess the changes associated with the subordination of light industry enterprises in the Kaliningrad Region in the 1940s—1970s. Taking into account nationwide trends and reforms, the trajectory of light industry in the region is considered, from the for­mation of the region and the restoration of the economic potential of the new Soviet oblast in the second half of the 1940s to the stabilization of the administration of this sector in the 1970s after a series of economic reforms. Documents concerning the establishment and reor­ganization of agencies that controlled local light industry facilities were identified. On the basis of the analysis of the collected data, the specific features and outcomes of the subordina­tion of light industry enterprises in the Kaliningrad Region were determined. In particular, the problem of the contradictory relationship between local light industry enterprises and the Council of National Economy of the Lithuanian SSR is addressed. It is concluded that the reorganizations of light industry administration in the region did not interrupt the develop­ment of this sector in the Amber Region.

The article examines the specific features of strategic planning in the military-industrial complex of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The aim of the study is to identify the main trends in the development of the country’s defense industry, its problems, and prospects. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the issue, content analysis of key conceptual and legal documents is applied, as well as the hypothesis of A. M. Fewolden and K. Tvetbroten regard­ing the effectiveness of implementing such innovations. In addition, certain results of the implementation of practical measures in this area over the past 7—10 years are studied. The author concludes that Pakistan is pursuing a balanced policy in the field of the military-industrial complex under conditions of political and economic instability and challenges relat­ed to the development of its own models of weapons. Furthermore, it is revealed that the coun­try’s leadership adopts a comprehensive approach, emphasizing the need to strengthen inter­national contacts to ensure technology transfer, integrate the private sector, and enhance the financial and economic sustainability of enterprises.

The article examines the influence of the political media discourse of regional leaders on the formation of their reputational capital within a centralized political system. Using the example of the subjects of the Central Federal District, the authors analyze the relationship between the content of governors’ public speeches and their public perception. The study is based on a content analysis of materials from federal mass media and social networks, which made it possible to identify various strategies of media communication employed by regional leaders. It is established that formal alignment with the information agenda of the federal cen­ter is not a sufficient condition for building positive reputational capital. The key finding of the research indicates that governors who combine moderate adherence to nationwide themes with active engagement in solving local problems achieve the greatest success in strengthen­ing their public image. Excessive orientation toward the federal agenda, on the contrary, often leads to a decline in reputational indicators. The proposed methodology for analyzing media discourse can serve as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of communication strategies of regional elites. The study emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach that takes into account the specific characteristics of territories in shaping the public image of political au­thority.

The article examines the main approaches to defining and studying political discourse. It identifies the conceptual components of its analysis in the context of political relations, where discourse is regarded not only as a process of transmitting and discussing information but also as a form of power communication. Changes in the characteristics and meaning of politi­cal discourse are outlined in connection with the digitalization of interactions among political actors, including the expansion of internet communications through the participation of “non-professional” subjects. These may include local communities formed on the basis of ter­ritorial commonality, identity, and symbolic space. By using digital platforms and channels of interaction, such communities become full-fledged participants in political processes at the local and regional levels. Their participation is characterized by the ability to shift rapidly between modes of “neighborly” communication and civic initiatives, including those of a po­litical nature. Such communications provide a foundation for strengthening civic solidarity but may also include conflictual elements linked to the civic representation of communities.