The position of international community on the restoration of independence of the Baltic States
... difficult process accompanied by both political and economic conflicts. The third party in the negotiation process was represented by Germany and the USA. This article sets out to identify the role of the USA and Germany in the restoration of Baltic independence. Historicism and objectivity principles serve as the methodological framework for the research. The regional approach was applied in order to integrate the features of regional development into the overall picture of world politics. The scientific ...
After «the collapse of the empire»: British-American his-toriography of the first half of the 1990s on the parallels in the history of formation of the 20th century Lithuanian statehood
This article explores the parallels between the Lithuanian movements for national independence in 1917—1920 and 1988—1991 as analyzed in the Anglo-American historiography of the first half of the 1990s. Such scholars as A. Lieven and other authors characterize some main similarities and differences between those movements. These ...
The political elite recruitment in the Baltic: the role of the ethnic factor
The role of the ethnic factor in political processes in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia has been rather significant since these countries’ independence. The author investigates the assumption that after the completion of major Eurointegration procedures, the ethnic factor — which became especially important in the Baltics after independence — relegated to the periphery of political life....
Societal security in the Baltic Sea Region: the Russian perspective
... Russian national security thinking is hierarchical: individual, social and state/national security levels are identified where state security — in reality, not at declarative level — is still the most important.
• The Russian society is not an independent social actor. Civil society is still in an embryonic phase and for this reason, neither the society nor an individual can be real referent objects of security.
• The concept of identity is too vague for most of the Russian foreign policy ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... internet connection quality), Estonia is not inferior to the Nordic countries. These achievements are opposed to the possible negative associations relating to ‘Soviet legacies’, for example, corruption [17, р. 192—193], [18, р. 356].
After independence, a prominent advocate of Estonia as a Northern European country was its minister of foreign affairs (1996—1998; 1999—2002) Toomas Ilves, who gave a seminal speech at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs on 14 December 1999:
...
Procedural texts in the formation and assessment of functional literacy in the primary school
The article analyses the possibilities of using procedural texts for the formation and assessment of the functional literacy of elementary school students on the basis of an independent assessment of the results of primary education within the framework of the PSHPU Quality Cluster project. This study relies on the method of comparative analysis of Russian and foreign scientific sources, the principle of unity of historical ...
Participation of foreign volunteers in the Greek Revolution of 1821—1830
... Greek cause was highly significant and encouraged public opinion and the governments of European countries to intercede for the Greeks. In turn, diplomatic assistance from European powers played the major success role for the revolution and Greece's independence.
1. Арш Г. Л. Россия и борьба Греции за освобождение: от Екатерины II до Николая I. Очерки. М., 2013.
2. Арш Г. Л. Тайное общество «Филики Этерия»: ...
Lithuania on the way to energy independence: an experience or a lesson?
The article considers the steps taken by Lithuania towards gaining energy independence in the interbellum and the Soviet periods. The author analyses the peculiarities of the republic's energy policy after achieving independence in the early 1990s and estimates the methods of diversifying energy supply in Lithuania.
1.
...
Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... deterrence of Russia. Specifically concerning Lithuania, Germany has sought to portray itself as a defender of national statehood, often by critiquing the USSR and Russia. Tactically, Germany initially attempted to present itself as a protector of Lithuanian independence towards the end of 1917—1918. In October 2017, German foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel solemnly handed over from the archives to Lithuanian foreign minister Linas Antanas Linkevičius a letter of February 16, 1918 from the Lithuanian Tariba ...
Information and propaganda strategies in German non-state media discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic
... means of influence” [18, p. 63].
Both propaganda and education play a crucial role in disseminating new and useful information to help individuals adapt to unfamiliar or challenging circumstances. However, knowledge disseminated through education is independent of one’s interests. Education does not force opinions and does not control the implementation of imposed attitudes; it provides a choice and may even retreat if the ideas and attitudes being broadcast are not accepted. Within the framework ...
The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region
... outlets in Kaliningrad and the region
Retail outlets in the Kaliningrad region, including markets, small shops, trade stands, unregulated street trading — pop-up stalls, and car boot selling (including with truckers as intermediaries). City fairs
Independent stores and outlets in shopping centres, mini-markets
—
Note: *In three days, customs officers seize more than 100 kg of sanctioned products in Kaliningrad stores, 2022, KGD.RU, URL:
https://kgd.ru/news/society/item/98651-za-tri-dnya-tamozhenniki-izyali-bolshe-100-kg-sankcionki-v-m....
The two-party tendency in Poland’s political system: manifestations, causes and prospects
... presidential and parliamentary election, the right-wing populist politician and rock-musician Paweł Kukiz and his movement; in the 2019 Sejm election, the Confederation far-right bloc passed the electoral threshold in several districts; in 2020, the independent candidate showman Szymon Hołownia finished third. These politicians and movement managed to gain from 7 to 21 % of votes, investing much less than the traditional parties with their solid organisational structures and state funding. To a ...
The restoration of the political independence of Lithuania in the late 1980s-early 1990s: a historiographical review
This article presents a historiographical review of the restoration of Lithuanian independence in the 1980s-early 1990s and the establishment of Lithuania-Russian interstate relations in the early post-Soviet years. The topic of the article serves as a context for the analysis of the sources and general trends characteristic of Russian ...
The Baltic states before and during World War II: The dilemma of independence
... considers the events of the 1930—1940s in the Baltics. The authors analyse changes in the political systems and international priorities of the ruling elites of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The influence of domestic factors on solving the problem of independence preservation in the conditions of world war is identified.
1. Anušauskas A. Teroras ir nusikaltimai žmoniškumui. Pirmoji sovietinė okupacija. Terror and Crimes against Humanity. The First Soviet Occupation. Vilnius, 2006.
2. Biezais ...
Bread supply issue and the food independence of the Novgorod land
This article deals with the issue of the food supply problems on the territory of the Novgorod land in the 11th-16th centuries. Despite permanent bread budget deficit, Veliky Novgorod managed to maintain political and economic independence and avoid purchasing significant amounts of grain. The reconstruction of a budget of a peasant agricultural farm shows that, in the then conditions, it could not rest solely on own-grown corn and livestock products in the Novgorod land. For ...
The EU Vs. Russia: Legal Nature and Implementation of the Union’s Restrictive Measures
....wordpress.com/2013/03/eu-guidelines-on-sanctions-2012.pdf (accessed 23.09.2014).
3. Council Decision 2014/145/CFSP of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, 2014, OJ ,L 78, 17.03.2014, p. 16—21.
4. Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence ...
Evangelical Lutheran church of Denmark: socio-economic and territorial-organisational aspects
..., which has control functions over the activities of the Church and was separated from the Ministry of Culture in 1916.
The Church of Denmark encompasses the entire territory of the country except for Greenland and the Faroe Islands, where there are independent Evangelical-Lutheran religious organizations.
The church administrative division is hierarchical. The Church is divided into 10 dioceses. Each diocese is governed by a bishop and a diocesan council, with the bishop of the capital diocese being ...
Models for countering the segregation of ethnoreligious immigrant areas in Denmark and Sweden
... committed offences [4, s. 173].
The tough anti-immigrant policy of the Danish authorities caused a negative reaction from the European public.<28> At the same time, the EU’s migration policy is also increasingly criticized. According to the Danish independent migration expert Morten Lisborg, the current migration paradigm has proven its failure.<29> In the future, this will be a real threat to internal security and stability in Europe. Lisborg outlined the two main vectors of this trend: ...
The January uprising in the worldview of the Warsaw positivists
..., believing that armed conflicts would lead to the disappearance of the Polish nation. Despite this, they held great respect for the participants of the January Uprising, simultaneously realizing the futility of armed methods in the struggle for the independence of Poland. In addition to criticizing the Polish liberation movement, Warsaw positivists negatively assessed representatives of the conservative Polish aristocracy who continued to live in the past, romanticizing Polish uprisings and their ...
Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia
... chosen for regression models, with the index values referring to the most recent year available. The analysis was conducted using StatTech v. 3.1.6 software provided by StatTech LLC.
Some key factors and indices of digital development in Russian regions
Independent variables (factors)
Index
Expected impact
Data source, year
Number of mobile and internet operators in the region, units
+
Authors’ calculations based on the data provided by mobile operators: MegaFon,<2> Beeline,<3> Tele2,<4> ...
Reputation and status in Denmark’s strategic culture
... strive for a stronger EU on the global stage — a union that can lead the way in the international fight for values.<14> Yet, this new focus and Denmark’s ‘return’ to Europe can be seen as a mere attempt to meet US expectations for a more independent and stronger EU, especially in matters of defence.
The main differences in expert assessments of Denmark’s foreign policy transformation concern the specific benefits the country gained through its special relationship with the US. Another ...
The Visegrad Group and the Baltic Assembly: coalitions within the EU as seen through Russian foreign policy
... three objectives. Firstly, we look for an appropriate theoretical and methodological framework for the study. Secondly, we produce a comparative description of the V4 and the BA/BCM. Thirdly, we examine the capacity of these associations to pursue an independent foreign and domestic policy. This study uses a comparison method to analyse the activities of the two organisations and identify their significance for the EU.
Introductory remarks
Eastern European states (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia,...
Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States
This paper examines the transformation of the territorial structure of tourism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The spatial and temporal organisation of tourism in these countries has undergone significant changes since they became independent and joined the EU. These changes have affected the geography of tourist flows and destinations of interest. This study aims to define the geographical and economic peculiarities of the development of tourism in the Baltic States and to identify ...
Ignacy Paderewski on the borders and foreign policy of independent Poland (1914—1921)
... politics, becoming one of the “founding fathers” of the Polish state, which revived in 1918. The article attempts to identify Paderewski's views on the borders and foreign policy of Poland, to assess his contribution to the process of restoring its independence. The views and activities of Paderewski are studied in published political manifestos, diplomatic correspondence, publicist articles written by Paderewski, as well as his public speeches and interviews and memoirs. The study identified and ...
The ethnopolitical movement as a vehicle for nationalism institutionalisation in modern Latvia
This article investigates the Popular Front of Latvia, a public ethnopolitical movement that substantially contributed to the independence of the modern Republic of Latvia. The study aims to identify how much the movement influenced the development of ethnic nationalism, which has become essential to statehood and the identification of politics. It continues to reinforce group ...
Kant’s aesthetic theory in the light of H. G. Gadamer’s hermeneutic project
This article considers H.-G. Gadamer’s hermeneutics in the context of Kant’s aesthetic theory laid down in the Critique of Judgement. Kant facilitated the development of aesthetics as an independent science, for the first time addressing the problem of the cognising and perceiving subject. Gadamer, a prominent 20th century philosopher, builds his aesthetic concept based on Kant’s theory. However, their theories differ in some aspects....
Ekphrasis as a structural element of the world of art and a marker of modern society’s attitude to it in the novel by D. Tartt «Goldfinch»
... It’s Tartt —But Is It Art? // Vanity Fair. 2014. June 30. URL:
http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/07/goldfinch-donna-tartt-literary-criticism
(дата обращения: 06.01.2016).
20. Tonkin B. Book review: The Goldfinch, By Donna Tartt // Independent. 2013. 18 Oct. URL:
http://www.independent.co.uk/artsentertainment/books/reviews/book-review-the-goldfinch-by-donna-tart...
(дата обращения: 06.01.2016).
Ischenko E., Popova M.
ekphrasis, D. Tartt, «The Goldfinch», artistic ...
The features of the genesis of modern Lithuanian multiparty system
... Comparative party system analysis in Central and Eastern Europe: the case of the Baltic states // Studies of transition states and societies. Vol. 3, iss. 3.
3. Симонян Р. Х. Россия и страны Балтии. М., 2009.
4. Lithuania’s independence: the litmus test for democracy in the U. S.S. R. // Lithuanian quarterly journal of arts and sciences. 1991. Vol. 37, № 3.
5. Крупавичюс А. Партии и партийные системы в Балтийских государствах ...
The use of renewable energy sources in the Kaliningrad region: Current state and prospects
... направления политики повышения энергоэффективности и План действий на 2008—2012 гг. для Калининградской области. TACIS —Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States (Техническая помощь Содружеству Независимых Государств). URL: www.tacisinfo.ru (дата обращения: 13.11.2013)
13. Рагузина Г.А. Потенциал, рентабельность ...
The dynamics of development of cities and local budgets
... federal districts helps analyse the standing of large cities serving as “growth poles” identified with the help of two methodologies. The article offers a geographical analysis of three aspects of financial standing of municipalities:
financial independence, social orientation, territorial equity. The dynamic of development and financial standing are compared in order to identify the role of budgets in the development of cities (stimulating and inhibiting ones).
1. Martin P., Ottaviano G. Growth ...
The development of municipal authorities' financial independence
... identifies the problems of formation of local budget revenues. The author described the methods to improve budgetary policy, which could level the differences in economic and social development of municipalities and solve the problem of stability and independence of local budgets.
1. Об областном бюджете на 2010 год и плановый 2011 и 2012 годы : закон Калининградской области № 402 от 21.12.2009. [Электронный ресурс]....
Modern educational technologies in the development of cognitive independence of technical and humanities students
... использования. М., 2002.
6.
Минкина В.
Информационная культура и способность к рефлексии // Высшее образование. 1995. №
4.
Kochanovskaya Ye. V., Zhadobko Ye. B.
cognitive independence, competence, interactive, computer, testing, presentation, Kaliningrad State Technical University.
67-72
Motivations of Russian firms to invest abroad: how do sanctions affect Russia’s outward foreign direct investment?
... Investment Reports, 2015, UNCTAD (2000-2015), available at: http://unctad.org/en/pages/diae/world%20investment%20report/wir-series.aspx (accessed 11.06.2015).
46. Usborne, D. 2012, FBI raids suspected hi-tech front company run by ‘Russian agent’, Independent, 04.10.2012, available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-raids-suspected-hitech-front-company-run-by-russianagent-8196616.html (accessed 20.07.2015).
47. Vahtra, P. 2005, Russian Investments in the CIS: Scope, Motivations ...
Immaturity and the objective of a true reform in ways of thinking. Part II
... forms thereof) consisting in denying the necessity of verifying one’s judgements with the help of the understanding of others.In the Critique of Judgement and Anthropology, Kant describes his position in more detail supplementing the negative maxim of independent thinking with a positive maxim of thinking oneself in the position of others and the maxim of consistent and coherent thinking. Moreover, the re¬quirement of independent thinking is limited by the idea of universal human reason, although ...
Immaturity and the objective of a true reform in ways of thinking. Part I.
... forms thereof) consisting in denying the necessity of verifying one’s judgements with the help of the understandingof others. In the Critique of Judgement and Anthropology, Kant describes his position in more detail supplementing the negative maxim of independent thinking with a positive maxim of thinking oneself in the position of others and the maxim of consistent and coherent thinking. Moreover, the requirement of independent thinking is limited by the idea of universal human reason, although Kant ...
The regional approach in the policy of the Russian Federation towards the Republic of Estonia
... Affairs of Russia S. Lavrov for the BBC, Moscow, March 7.
13. Rossija i Pribaltika: doklad Soveta po vneshnej i oboronnoj politike [Russia and the Baltic States: Report of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy], 1997, Nezavisimaja gazeta [The Independent newspaper], October 28.
14. Rossija i Pribaltika II: doklad Soveta po vneshnej i oboronnoj politike [Russia and the Baltic II: Report of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy], 1999, Nezavisimaja gazeta [The Independent newspaper], October ...
Nuclear power in the Baltic Sea region: the history of emergence and the political and economic features of its development
..., and application of nuclear power. In the Baltic States, nuclear power dates back to the Soviet times, but its development was suspended pursuant to the EU regulations (the Ignalina NPP). Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have been striving for energy independence from Russia — the principal supplier of energy carriers to these countries. For a long time, the three Baltic States have been proclaiming their unanimity on the general European path of development. However, the reality proved to be different....
Russia and the European Union: an elusive quest for common values?
... 346—359.
14. Lukin, V. 2008, Russia’s Global Role and European Identity, Russia in Global Affairs, no. 1, available at: http://eng. globalaffairs. ru/number/n_10352 (accessed 3 March 2011).
15. PA, 2012, David Cameron to fight prison voting plan, The Independent, 23 May, available at: http://www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-tofight-prison-voting-plan-7781521.html (accessed 17 June 2012).
16. Parfitt, T. 2012, European Court of Human Rights reforms could have 'devastating' effect ...
The formation of the political elite in Lithuania at the turn of the 1980s—1990s: the role of “moral politicians”
... the basis of the methodological structure of the so-called Stanford model developed by G. Almond and P. Bourdieu's theory of capital. This article reconstructs the course of political changes in the Republic of Lithuania at the initial stage of its independence, in the framework of which the key role was played by «moral politicians», most of whom subsequently retired from politics. Focusing on the situation in Lithuania, this research sets out to show the continuous dependence of today's policies ...
The aderoid factors in the development of the Kaliningrad region
This article analyses the factors of the development of the Kaliningrad region. Expanding G. M. Fedorov’s complex analysis, the author identifies a new independent class of factors (aderoid factors) that have a significant impact on the regional development and are subject to an independent study. The analysis of aderoid factors makes it possible to create a management system that would
change the sign ...
Confiscation Estonian style: legal and political aspects of potential seizure of Russian assets in EU countries
... withholding Russian assets to deprive Russia of access to resources needed to continue the military operation and to use frozen assets as crucial leverage in future peaceful conflict resolution efforts.
Smaller countries like Estonia may attempt to take some independent measures to confiscate Russian assets without significant consequences for the global financial system. However, such measures are likely to be seen as tentative attempts to gauge possible reactions and consequences.
Voynikov V. V.
European ...
Theoretical aspects of the model for the formation of legal competence of a specialist in the senior crews officers in a maritime university
... solving legal problems, the ability to apply knowledge in choosing methods for collecting, structuring, and analyzing information, mastery of techniques for composing, formatting, and monitoring the evaluation of legal solutions, as well as the ability to independently apply knowledge for collecting, structuring, and analyzing information, work in a team, demonstrate persistence in solving legal problems, and evaluate the effectiveness of the decision made. The obtained data on the practical implementation ...
The Problem of the Possibility of an Artificial Moral Agent in the Context of Kant’s Practical Philosophy
... Kant within the framework of practical philosophy that have not exhausted their heuristic potential to this day. First, I show the significance of the correlation between moral law and freedom. Since a rational being believes that his/her will is independent of external influences, the will turns out to be governed by the moral law and is autonomous. Morality and freedom are correlated through independence from the external. Accordingly, if the actions of artificial intelligence (AI) are determined ...
Open Use of Reason: Socrates and Kant
....org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8
.
Bergson, H., 2002. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. Translated by R. A. Audra and C. Brereton. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Björk, B. C., Shen, C. and Laakso, M., 2016. A Longitudinal Study of Independent Scholar-Published Open Access Journals. PeerJ, 4, e1990.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1990
.
Brickhouse, T. C. and Smith, N. D., 2005. Socrates’ Daimonion and Rationality. Apeiron, 38(2), pp. 43-62.
https://doi.org/10.1515/apeiron.2005....
Vladimir Bibikhin: the connoisseur of poetry and the poet
... poet, revealing the role of conceptualizations in the development of creative individuality and the associated rhythm. A comprehensive examination of Bibikhin's expertise in verse and his poetry addresses several related questions: how late Soviet independent philosophy initially interpreted cultural creativity, not predetermined but aimed at the formation of universal social organization; how hermeneutic efforts were directed towards metacritique of social rituals; and how composing verses helped ...
Training of scientific personnel in the history of Russian law in the Russia Abroad (1920—1930s): Harbin and Prague
... Considerable attention was paid to the training of specialists in the history of Russian law at both faculties. However, the shortage of well-established academic staff in Harbin necessitated sending students to European research centers. In Prague, an independent training system for this discipline emerged. Nevertheless, the outcome proved to be unproductive—with only one master’s and one doctoral dissertation in the field of the history of Russian law within the framework of the pre-revolutionary ...
Procedural and forensic ensuring the reliability of identification results
... process. Examples of procedural and criminalistic errors in presenting individuals for identification in conditions that exclude visual observation by the identifier are examined. The essence of presenting individuals for identification is defined as an independent investigative action, the procedure of which is regulated by Article 193 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The main characteristic of identification is identified as the recognition (identification) of the presented ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... [22], [23], [24], [25] etc.
Border regimes and the crisis of transition: synergy effects as seen in an exclave (1991—2003)
The legal status and regime of the Kaliningrad region’s borders first changed in September 1991, when the USSR recognised the independence of the Baltic States. In the summer of 1992, Lithuania introduced a visa regime for travellers from Russia, which was followed by the establishment of economic barriers, including the implementation of border and customs controls, and the ...
Knowledge and innovation dynamics of the Northwest Russia under geopolitical changes
... the region’s scientific and innovative development level, the wider its international scientific collaboration network. The importance of contact with technology leaders is confirmed by the cases of post-colonial countries [54], which, after gaining independence, pursued protectionist policies (import phase-out, strict regulation of technology import and participation in international projects). Nevertheless, sanctions pressure and the cancel culture indicate the need to diversify international partnerships....
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... any case have to strengthen its security and defence capability and intensify long-term cooperation with key partners”. The report asserts that Finland keeps its “sovereign decision-making” and “makes its foreign and security policy decisions independently” [13, p. 14].
In Sweden, submitting the application to join NATO was somewhat more controversial than in Finland (especially because possible NATO accession was traditionally an ideological issue and reflected the contradictions between,...