Military and political cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the late 2010s to early 2020s
... Commonwealth and later the Russian Empire, were only marginally involved in military conflicts with Prussia (the German-Prussian state). However, in both the First and Second World Wars, Lithuania’s territory (as part of the Russian Empire and later the USSR) became the target of offensive operations by the German army, leading to subsequent occupation. In May 1939, under intense pressure from the Third Reich, the Klaipeda (Memel) region was separated from the official possessions of Kaunas. In contrast,...
Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics
... Versailles system of peace treaties, a bipolar Baltic regional structure emerged, with two principal geopolitical subregions — the Western (capitalist) and Eastern (socialist) ones. Germany constituted the geopolitical pole of the former, and the USSR of the latter.
The Potsdam era (1945-early 1990s), a product of World War II and the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, launched foundational geopolitical processes manifested in the confrontation between the capitalist and socialist systems....
Population change and the settlement system transformation in Poland, as revealed by the 2021 census
... Western, Southern, and Eastern Europe, as well as across individual states and regions within them. The geodemographic changes in the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe appear particularly interesting. In the 30 years since the demise of the USSR and the ‘socialist camp’ led by it, the paths of the former ‘states of real socialism’ have diverged widely. Many of the processes that we have witnessed and are witnessing now in the former socialist countries are also taking place in the ...
Current Issues in the Geodemographic Studies in Russia
The article takes stock of the “state of affairs” in contemporary research of geographical demography in the USSR and the RF. The issue, concludes the author, has not received sufficient attention, and the use of geodemographic studies in managing regional development remains limited. This article aims to demonstrate three things: the importance of geodemographic ...
The “Polish question” in Soviet-German relations in the second half of the 1920s (based on the materials of the USSR consulate in Königsberg)
On the basis of earlier unknown documents of the Soviet consulate in Königsberg retrieved from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the author analyses relations between the USSR and Germany in 1925—1930. The author focuses on the role of the “Polish question”, which largely affected the nature of bilateral relations. The consulate documents indicate that Soviet diplomacy aspired to exploit the differences between Poland ...
The position of international community on the restoration of independence of the Baltic States
... politics. The scientific and practical significance of the article lies in a scientific evaluation of the Soviet-Baltic relations in 1989—1991. This study can help understand the mechanisms of formulation of foreign policy by the USA, Germany, and the USSR, as well as the practice of political interaction between these countries and the Baltic States. The materials and conclusions of this article can be used for further research on the foreign policies of the USA, Germany, the USSR, and the Baltic ...
On the establishment and early activity of the Soviet consulate in Königsberg (1923—1925)
... documents from the Central Russian archives and the Political archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Germany, the author describes the establishment of the Soviet Consulate in Königsberg in 1923 and the contribution of the first Consul of the USSR in East Prussia, Yulian Boshkovich, to the development of bilateral relations in 1923—1925. The author considers the adverse political conditions under which Soviet diplomats were compelled to operate in Germany. The conclusion is that the principal ...
The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave
... [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25] etc.
Border regimes and the crisis of transition: synergy effects as seen in an exclave (1991—2003)
The legal status and regime of the Kaliningrad region’s borders first changed in September 1991, when the USSR recognised the independence of the Baltic States. In the summer of 1992, Lithuania introduced a visa regime for travellers from Russia, which was followed by the establishment of economic barriers, including the implementation of border and customs ...
International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region
... heritage objects.
As the international crisis worsens, monument demolition gathers pace in Poland, the Baltics and particularly Ukraine, where numerous ‘operations’ aimed to destroy memorial sites connected to the history of the Russian Empire, the USSR or the life and achievements of prominent figures in Russian and Soviet culture have been carried out or are being prepared. These circumstances naturally draw scholarly attention to the structure of the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region,...
Extralinguistic factors of city renaming in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
... Russ.).
Khan-Giray, S., 1978.
Zapiski o Cherkesii
[Notes on Circassia]. Nalchik (in Russ.).
Mandel'shtam, Yu. I., ed., 1956.
Sbornik zakonov SSSR i ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1938 g. — iyul’ 1956 g.
[Collection of laws of the USSR and decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. 1938 — July 1956]. Moscow (in Russ.).
O likvidatsii Karachaevskoi avtonomnoi oblasti i ob administrativnom ustroistve ee territorii: ukaz Prezidiuma VS SSSR ot 12 oktyabrya 1943 ...
The historical aspects and current issues of the development of Russian-Lithuanian economic relations
... However, young Lithuanian Republic gravitated towards the West, severing ties with the Russian market. However, the initiatives of Lithuanian authorities did not result in successful state building, and the economic situation remained unchanged. The USSR leadership made an effort to improve the living conditions in post-war Lithuania. There were some mistakes made in the relations with the local population that resulted in Lithuanians’ resistance to sovietisation. However, in the conditions of ...
Migration processes in the Kaliningrad region, Klaipeda region, Warmia and Mazuria in 1945—1950: a comparative study
The change in borders as a result of World War II spawned massive displacements of millions of people that affected East Prussia, ceded to the USSR and Poland. The article examines the migration processes caused by these changes in the territory of the former German province, i. e. in the Kaliningrad region of the RSFSR, the Klaipeda region of the Lithuanian SSR and the Olsztyn voivodship of ...
Historical perspective on the word gospoda as a form of address
... had been in tsarist times. Probably, this was accounted for by extra-linguistic factors. Special attention is given to the use of the honorific gospoda in periods of transition: at the beginning and end of the Soviet era and after the collapse of the USSR.
Balakai, A. G., 2001. Slovar' russkogo rechevogo etiketa [Dictionary of Russian speech etiquette]. Moscow (in Russ.).
Vinogradov, V. V., 1939. O yazyke Tolstogo: (50—60-e gody) [Towards the language of Tolstoy: (50’s and 60’s)]. USSR ...
Finland’s policy towards the USSR in the 1980s—at the beginning of the 1990s in the Finnish historiography
The article is a review of the body of literature published in Finland during the 1990s — 2010s, describing the evolution of Finland's foreign policy towards the USSR in the last decade of the Cold War. The author identifies chronological stages of the study of Finland’s policy towards the Soviet Union and analyses the most relevant themes, which were the subject of attention of Finnish historians and historiographers....
The development of a 1946 draft decree of the USSR Council of Ministers on populating the agricultural areas of the Kaliningrad region
This article examines the development of draft resolutions of the USSR Council of Ministers “On the Priority Measures for the Population of Districts and the Development of Agriculture in the Kaliningrad Region.” The author considers the reasons behind a reduction in financial benefits and food support for settlers ...
The “illegal” branch of the Russian national patriotic opposition in the USSR: the case of the All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People
... Liberation of the People, which operated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The author examines the ideological basis, program, composition, and structure of the Union and describes the role of the organization in Russian national-patriotic opposition in the USSR.
1. ВСХСОН : программа. Суд. В тюрьмах и лагерях. Париж, 1975.
2. ВСХСОН : материалы суда и программа. Франкфурт-на-Майне, 1976.
3. Бородин Л.И. Без ...
The US marine fleet in the context of lend-lease deliveries to Great Britain and the USSR during World War II : the development programme and travel routes
This article focuses on the formation and implementation of the programmе of development of US fleet during World War II for providing military and economic support to the anti-Hitler coalition — Great Britain and the USSR. The author considers the most typical projects of marine transport vessels built at US shipyards, the main routes of travel from the USA and Great Britain to the USSR in the framework of the end-lease programme.
1. Блэйр К. Подводная ...
Human Resources of Post-war Lithuania and Their Role in the Rebuilding of Klaipeda
... jekonomiki Sovetskoj Litvy [Economic growth of Soviet Lithuania], Vilnius.
2. Shadzhyus, G. 1972, Istorija Litvy 1918—1940 gg. v burzhuaznoj istoriografii [History of Lithuania in 1918—1940. in bourgeois historiography]. Istorija SSSR [History of the USSR], no. 5.
3. Pjatiletie Sovetskoj Litvy [Five years of Soviet Lithuania], LCVA, F, R-755, Ap. 2, b. 34.
4. Balans trudovyh rezervov v LSSR [Balance of labor reserves in the Lithuanian SSR], LCVA, F, R-755. Ap. 2, b. 143.
5. Shadzhyus, G. 1970, ...
The response of different plant life forms to natural environment changes
..., J. 2006. Change of temperature for the last 15 years in Berlin- Dahlem.[online] Available at: <Berliner-Wetterkarte. de> (Accessed 8 Oktober 2010).
4. Pusachenko, Y. G., Skulin, V. S. 1981. The vegetation structure of the forest zone of the USSR. The system analysis. Nauka. Moscow. 344 p.
5. Sergeev L. I., Sergeeva K. A., Melnikov V. K. 1963. Some questions of the water mode of the tree plants. Water mode of plants in the connection with metabolism and productivity. AS USSR. Moscow, pp....
Geopolitical transformation of the Kaliningrad oblast of the Russian Federation
... the World War II, the part of East Prussia taken by the Soviet Union was transformed into a gigantic Soviet military base. It performed the functions of the outpost in the West on the one hand; and on the other hand, of the barrier which helped the USSR to ensure the dependence of the Eastern Baltics and domination in Poland. After the Cold War, Kaliningrad Oblast, a territory of 15,000 square metres with a population of nearly one million people, owned by the Russian Federation and located the ...
The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case
... to launch a quasiglobalist maritime project. The ideological framework for this project was provided in the 1976 publication of Admiral Sergey Gorshkov titled The Marine Power of the State [23], which postulated the marine-continental status of eh USSR. Many of these successes, however, were nullified by the national geopolitical catastrophe of 1991. Examples thereof include the seaport system in the southwest of the country and the Baltic republics, Black Sea Shipping, which was the largest ...
The peaks and troughs of Russian-Estonian relations
... treaty with Estonia was not only a landmark in bilateral relations, but also created the first legal channel by means of which Soviet Russia could forge political and economic ties with the outer world.
Naturally, the socio-political systems of the USSR and Estonia were not only different: they were precise opposites. Although this imposed serious limitations on the development of relations across all spheres, the search for ways towards mutual understanding remained possible. In this respect, Tambi ...
A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology
... and technological development at the level of national industry and science [1], as well as at the level of the CIS member states [6] and the EAEU [7].
Having analyzed the indicators of scientific and technological space, most authors from the former USSR countries pay attention to the volume of investments in science [5], [8] and HR [3], [8], as well as some other indicators, such as a number of patents [8]. Certain studies offer complex integral indicators derived from expert assessment [9].
When ...
Estonian ‘Balticness’ as a social construct: meanings and contextual specifics
... pursue two main narratives. The first one stresses the cultural and linguistic proximity of Estonia and the Nordic State of Finland. Today’s difference in living standards in the two countries is principally explained by Estonia having been part of the USSR for decades [15, р. 58—73], [16, р. 289]. The alternative narrative focuses on deliberate distancing from the image of a ‘post-Soviet country’, which might be evoked in the mind of an external observer confronted with the term ‘Baltic ...
Demographic development processes in the history of the Kaliningrad region: national trends and regional specifics
... transitions. Analysis of statistics and historiography is employed along with the comparative historical method. The migration factor had the leading role in the emergence of the regional specifics of demographic development. Migrants from the regions of the USSR that were deeply involved in demographic modernisation before the war formed the resident population of the Kaliningrad region. The gender and age profile of the migrants ensured the prolonged post-war demographic compensation and secured fertility ...
"Politically purposeful, ideologically informative and literary correct local programmes": the news agenda of the Kaliningrad region in 1947
... were taking place in the whole state and by using the categories “our homeland” and “our country”. The press emphasised that residents of the Kaliningrad region were a part of the Soviet people and along with the rest of the citizens of the USSR were involved in the overall development of the country. At the same time, the high rate of emigration from the region in the post-war years suggests that the work of the local media could not mask the problems that existed.
Davidenko A. A....
The effect of geographical position and employment fluctuations on rural settlement trends
... settlement in Russia // Vestnik Assotsiatsii rossiiskikh geografov-obshchestvovedov
[Bulletin of the Association of Russian Geographers and Social Scientists], no.
7
, p. 1—12 (in Russ.).
7. Zayonchkovskaya, Zh.A. 2000, Migration of the population of the USSR. Russia in the 20th century: evolution through cataclysms, Problemy prognozirovaniya [Forecasting problems], no. 4, p. 1—15 (in Russ.).
8. Mkrtchyan, N.V. 2019, Migration in the Russian countryside: territorial differences, Naselenie i ekonomika ...
The theme of the artist's fate in S. Dovlatov’s essay “Riding a snail”
Having chosen the essay as the primary genre, S. Dovlatov, addresses the fate of the artist and sculptor M. Shemyakin. The article examines the central theme for the writer of the fate of a creative personality in the conditions of the totalitarian USSR regime in the era of stagnation and subsequent forced emigration. The humorous-ironic style is shown to have allowed the writer to raise the question of the fate of M. Shemyakin, I. Brodsky, his own fate and, in general, of the tragic fate of non-conformist ...
The issues of the post-war demobilization of military officers (1945—1948)
The article analyses demobilization of officers of the USSR armed forces after the Great Patriotic war in 1945—1948. Six mobilization rounds were carried out to reduce the size of the Armed Forces during this period, and more than 1.3 million officers were dismissed. The original idea was to retain the ...
Legal regime for church property in Russia and the Baltic states
In this article, we carry out a comparative analysis of the legal regimes for church property in the Baltic States and in Russia after the demise of the USSR,. We stress the significance of this problem for the newly established relations between the state and the religious organisations, for the conclusion of agreements between these actors, and for the development of the ideas of interdenominational ...
Crimea in the legacy of B. D. Grekov, fellow of the Academy of Sciences
... Last Move and the Scythian Uprising on Bhaipuri" for the History of Our Country. Vestnik drevnei istorii [Bulletin of Ancient History], 1.
7. Grekov, B. D., Bromlei, Yu. V., 1952. The study of history of Crimea. Vestnik AN SSSR [Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences], 8.
8. Dubrovskii, A. M., 2005. Istorik i vlast': istoricheskaya nauka v SSSR i kontseptsiya istorii feodal'noi Rossii v kontekste politiki i ideologii (1930—1950-e gg.) [The historian and power: historical science in the ...
The coastalisation of population in today’s Russia: A sociogeographical explication
... 148—161. (In Russ.)
18. Druzhinin, A. G., Druzhinina, S.S, 1989, Economic-geographical aspects of coastal settlement studies (based on the Rostov region). In: Yuzhnye morya SSSR: geograficheskie problemy issledovaniya i osvoeniya [Southern seas of the USSR: geographical problems of research and development], Leningrad, p. 133—141. (In Russ.)
19. Druzhinin, A. G. 2016, "The sea component of" social geography of Russia: traditions and innovations, Izvestiya RAS. Seriya geograficheskaya, p....
Kant’s fundamental idea of state and law in Pushkin’s Boris Godunov
... Voprosy teoreticheskogo naslediya Immanuila Kanta. Vyp. 4 [Questions theoretical legacy of Immanuel Kant. Vol. 4], Kaliningrad.
3. Blagoj D. D., 1950, Tvorcheskij put' Pushkina (1813—1826) [Creative way of Pushkin (1813—1826)]. Moscow-Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing.
4. Vinokur G. O., 1999, Kommentarii k «Borisu Godunovu» A. S. Pushkina [Comments to "Boris Godunov" A. S. Pushkin]. Moscow.
5. Gukovskij G. A., 1957, Pushkin i problemy realisticheskogo stilya [Pushkin ...
Geopolitical and Geo-economic Changes in the Baltic Sea Region at the Turn of the XX—XXI centuries
..., there are eight EU countries in the region; six of them are NATO members (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), and the same two countries, Sweden and Finland, remain outside the bloc. Russia, the legal successor of the USSR, is neither a NATO, nor an EU member. The authors explore similarities and differences between countries of the Baltic Sea region in terms of their territory, population, GDP, foreign trade turnover and the number of regular armed forces. The article ...
Russia’s Coastal Zone as a Social and Geographic Phenomenon: Conceptualisation and Delimitation
... segments of Russia’s coastal zone.
1. Mechnikov, L. I. 1898, Tsivilizatsiya i velikie istoricheskie reki [The Civilization and the great historical rivers], 362 p.
2. Shokal'skiy, Yu. M. 1924, Sever SSSR i ego znachenie dlya Respubliki [North of the USSR and its importance for the Republic], Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, T. 56, P. 154—161.
3. Bernshteyn-Kogan, S. V. 1930, Ocherki geografii transporta [Essays on Geography of Transport], Moskva — Leningrad, 348 p.
...
State archive institutions in Russia as part of the party and public administration in the 1960-1980s
This article addresses the problem of development of state archive institutions in Russian in the period of developed socialism in the USSR. It is shown that, despite certain professional achievements, Russian state archives were faced with unfavourable conditions explained by the ideological and political requirements of the Soviet party and state mechanism. The issue of the inequality ...
The development of legislation on local self-government in the USSR and Russia in 1983—1993
This article analyses the historical prerequisites for the development of the legal framework for local self-governance in the last years of the USSR and RSFSR and the first years of the Russian Federation, as well as its role in the political system and the social life of modern Russia. The author identifies the key contradictions in power relations between public and local authorities.
1. Конституция ...
The interaction between Lithuania and the USSR in 1920: disputable aspects
... Кривошеева. М., 2001. URL: http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939—1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt (дата обращения: 30.09.2012).
17. Natkevičius L. Aspect politique et juridique du différend polono-lithuanien.Kaunas, 1930.
Mankevich M. A.
Lithuania, USSR, Poland, international relations, Soviet-Polish war, neutrality, Vilnius issue, Moscow Peace Treaty.
39-46
Exulton-like solution and two phase of collapse of an intrusive lens
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Russian Population Ethnic Structure: Trends and Transformations
... idei, reshenija, instituty [National-Cultural Autonomy: ideas, solutions, institutions], Saint Petersburg.
7. Pokshishevsky, V. V. 1969, Jetnicheskie processy v gorodah SSSR i nekotorye problemy ih izuchenija [Ethnic processes in the cities of the USSR and some
problems in their study], Sovetskaja jetnografija [Soviet ethnography], March-April, no. 5, p. 3—15.
8. Sokolovsky, S. V. 2004, Perspektivy razvitija koncepcii jetnonacional'noj politiki v Rossijskoj Federacii [Prospects of development ...
Russian Socio-Economic Geography: Status, Challenges, Perspectives
... Gritsay, О. V., Treyvish, А. I. 1990, Centr i periferija: stadial'nye koncepcii regional'nogo razvitija [Centre and Periphery: stadial concept of regional development], Izvestija AN SSSR. Serija. Geografija [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series Geography], no. 4, p. 86—97.
7. Kotlyakov, V. М., Preobrazhenskiy, V. S. 1992, S chem my podhodim k rubezham novogo veka (o nekotoryh chertah mentaliteta otechestvennyh geografov) [What we approach the turn of the century (some features ...
The Baltics and Russian North-West: the Core and the Periphery in the 2000s
... A. 1991, Demograficheskaja situacija i rasselenie [Demographic situation and the resettlement]. Moscow, 133 p.
4. Zayonchkovskaya, J. A. Veldanova, I. Yu. 1982, Migracija sel'skogo naselenija SSSR v goroda [Migration of the rural population of the USSR in the city]. In: Rasselenie naselenija i razmeshhenie proizvodstva [Resettlement of the population and the location of production], Moscow, p. 108—129.
5. Karachurina, L. B., Mkrtchyan, N. V. 2013, Izmenenie chislennosti naselenija administrativnyh ...
Spatial planning in the European Union and the Russian Federation
... towards the knowledge economy], Moscow, 544 p.
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«O merah po dal'nejshemu razvitiju sel'skogo hozjajstva Nechernozemnoj zony RSFSR» [Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers on March 20, 1974 N 206 «On measures for further development of agriculture chernozem zone of the RSFSR»], 1974. In: Sobranie postanovlenij pravitel'stva SSSR [Meeting government regulations USSR], no. 9, Art. 39.
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The innovative aspects of the fishing fleet development in the Russian exclave region
... revival of industrial fishing in the Kaliningrad region.
1. Goldman, I. M., Teplitsky, V. A. 1968, Organizacija kommercheskoj raboty flota i portov rybnoj promyshlennosti SSSR [The organization of the commercial fishing
fleet and the port industry of the USSR], Moscow, Piwevaja promyshlennost'.
2. Sysoev, N. P. 1989, Jekonomika rybnoj promyshlennosti [Economics of Fisheries], Moscow, VO «Agropromizdat».
3. Sysoev, N. P. 1992, Rybnoe hozjajstvo SSSR i Rossii (za 1990—1991 gg. —sostojanie i perspektivy) ...
The Vilnius issue in international relations: the historiography of the problem
... parlamentinė patirtis: sprendimų politika, tikslai, aplinkybės [1920—1922 years of Parliamentary experience: policy decisions, objectives, circumstances], Vilnius,
p. 33—40.
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Mankevich Maria
10.5922/2079-8555-2012-2-2
13-22
Lithuania, Poland, USSR,...
Vladimir Bibikhin: the connoisseur of poetry and the poet
... Review], 18 (3), pp. 195—223 (in Russ.).
Romanenko, Yu., 2015. Living Mirror and Wise Ignorance (Vivum speculum et docta ignorantia). Stasis, 3 (1), pp. 268—287 (in Russ.).
Bibikhin, verse studies, philosophy of culture, intellectual history of the USSR, stagnation, myth of the poet, poet's reputation, transitional era, change of cultural epochs
Markov A.V.
44-60
10.5922/2225-5346-2024-1-2
Priorities for the development of manufacturing industries in the Kaliningrad region
... industrial and business development in the region.
1
A range of studies provided a rationale for cooperation in the Baltic area, a course of action viewed as mutually beneficial in the geopolitical environment that evolved after the collapse of the USSR. Kaliningrad scholars published on the theory of transboundary regions, whilst striving to link theoretical insights with economic practice [1], [2]. Mutual ties were also the focus of Western researchers [3], [4]. The book Kaliningrad in Europe,...
The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region
... always focused on maximum rapprochement with NATO. Among them, in particular, is the former Prime Minister of Sweden Carl Bildt, one of the principal architects of the EU Eastern Partnership program, aimed at dragging the European countries of the former USSR into the Western orbit. After the start of the Russian military operation in Ukraine, Bildt became a vociferous supporter of Sweden’s and Finland’s accession to NATO, arguing that in their new status, they could significantly change the European ...
Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West
... distinct stances among different countries in relation to Russia, despite their overall anti-Russian orientation in foreign, military, and economic policies:
1. Germany: Initially seeking to maintain special relations with Russia developed during the USSR in the 1980s, Germany shifted its stance in September 2020. Taking the advantage of the case of Alexei Navalny’s ‘poisoning’, fabricated in the West, Berlin decided to abandon its special policy toward Russia. Special relations between the ...
From the editor
Russia’s Baltic regions have received considerable scholarly attention throughout the country’s contemporary history, with recent years being no exception. Yet, the year 2022 — probably for the first time since the demise of the USSR — saw dramatic changes in the geopolitical standing of Russian regions, particularly the northwestern ones lying on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Despite the many years of cooling in relations between Russia and the West, Russian Baltic regions ...