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Der Autor des Artikels analysiert zunächst den Inhalt der Kantschen Religionsphilosophie (Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft), um dann ihre Wirkungsgeschichte zu verfolgen und ihre Aktualität aufzuzeigen. In groben Zügen, aber doch ausführlicher als andere Lehren, betrachtet er in diesem Zusammenhang die philosophischen Ansichten von Hegel, Schleiermacher und Kierkegaard. Habermas schlägt vor, Kants Moralphilosophie insgesamt als Versuch anzusehen, das kategorische Sollen göttlicher...

This article analyses, first of all, the epistemological theory of reflection (Abbildtheorie) of Heinrich Rickert, the main representative of the Baden Neo-Kantianism School. The author analyses the key arguments put forward by Rickert against the understanding of cognition as a reflection of reality. Rickert’s standpoint is neutral. He criticises the transcendental theory of reflection, but does not reject the idea of reflection as a model of cognition and acknowledges the immanent theory of reflection...

... explanation of the relationship between transcendental and practical freedom given in Kant's practical philosophy, the author problematizes Kant’s thesis about the primacy of practical reason. This is the starting point and leitmotif in analysing the nature of revision of Kant’s ideas, premises, and problems in the first draft of Husserl’s practical philosophy (scientific ethics). Comparative analysis reveals terminological and conceptual similarities and differences between Kant’s and Husserl’s ...

According to Kant, “right in a state of nature is called private right” (MS, AA VI, S. 242). It is my claim that there is no room for a right to enforce the offer of benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation ...

... seen as expanding from from an age (“Enlightenment” with an upper-case “E”) to a method (“enlightenment” with a lower-case “e”). The article concludes with recent debates (as initiated by Ulrich Beck, Rainer Specht, and contemporary natural scientists) about the effects that a gnoseotopical perspective has on globalization and ecological politics, and more broadly with reflections on the current need for core Enlightenment ideas in their full complexity. Adler, H. 1988, Fundus ...

... Ursprunge des ganzen Weltgebäudes, nach Newtonischen Grundsätzen abgehandelt // Ibid. 32. Kant I. Träume eines Geistersehers, erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik //Ibid. Bd. 2. 33. Knutzen M. Philosophische Abhandlung von der immateriellen Natur der Seele,darinnen theils überhaupt erwiesen wird, daß die Seele uncörperlich sei, theils die vornehmsten Einwürffe der Materialisten deutlich beantwortet werden. Königsberg, 1744. 34. Krouglov A. N. Sulla nascita dell’espressione «meramente ...

... von A. Henkel. Wiesbaden, 1959 ; Frankfurt am Main,1965—1979. 4. Hamann J. G. Sämtliche Werke. Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von J. Nadler : 6 Bde.Wien, 1949—1957. 5. Löwisch D.-J. Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft und Humes Dialogues concerning natural religion // Kant-Studien. 1965. N 56. S. 170—207. 6. Metzke E. Kant und Hamann // Wild R. Johann Georg Hamann. Darmstadt, 1978. 7. Stark J. A. Apologie des Ordens der Frey Maurer. Königsberg, 1770.

1. Васильев В. В. «Маргинальная» метафизика Канта // Логос. 1997. № 10. С. 100—107. 2. Гегель Г. В. Ф. Письма 1793—1831 // Гегель Г. В. Ф. Работы разных лет : в 2 т. М.,1971. Т. 2. 3. Гюйгенс Х. О движении тел под влиянием удара // Голин Г. М., Филонович С. Р. Классики физической науки (с древнейших времен до начала XX века). М.,1989. С. 124—128. 4. Жучков В. А. Черновые заметки // Собр. соч. : в 8 т. М., 1994. Т. 8. С. 698. 5. Кант И. Из рукописного наследия (материалы к «Критике чистого разума»...

... considered Rousseau’s concept of general will. Hessen proposed a dynamic understanding of general will as a continuous process of establishing and re-establishing that involves the general population. Hessen counterposed law against the notions of nature and morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite for harmonizing relations in a society. Hessen developed an original understanding of the ideal of state organisation — a democratic state that incorporates the principles ...

... of speculative metaphysics and develop as a ‘practical’ science serving both the individual and the community. This paper also assesses Condorcet’s ideas in the history of probability calculus as a method to describe historical chronology. The nature of Condorcet’s thoughts on the wide interdisciplinary opportunities of mathematics makes it possible to compare his ideas with those of other philosophers of the Enlightenment (Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot), as well as a number ...

... decision-making. Moreover, Prof Kruglov ignores Kant’s important thought about socio-political revolutions being the fault of rulers incapable of implementing necessary reforms. Therefore, the violence and cruelty of revolutions are nothing but the nature's vengeance for social injustice. Prof Kruglov juxtaposes Kant’s notions of political revolution and ‘true reform in ways of thinking’ neglecting the fact that, without a ‘falling off of personal despotism and of avaricious or tyrannical ...

... core of Kant’s system of law and morals. This resolves the issue of direct efficiency of these principles, whereas the declaration of the formal character of the ‘doctrine of happiness’ dispels doubts over the implicitly a posterior and empirical nature of criteria introduced as formal and a priori ones. 1. Arendt, H. 2011, O politicheskoj filosofii Kanta: Kurs lekcij. Perev. A. N. Salikova. Lekcija 10 [Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. Transl. by A. N. Salikov. Lecture 10], in: Kantovskij ...

... combines Neo-Kantian and phenomenological principles with religious aspects. 1. Alexeev, N. N., 1912, Nauki obshhestvennye i estestvennye v istoricheskom vzaimootnoshenii ih metodov: ocherki po istorii i metodologii obshhestvennyh nauk [Social and natural sciences in the historic relationship between their methods: essays on the history and methodology of the social sciences], Moscow, 272 p. 2. Alexeev, N. N., 1918, Vvedenie v izuchenie prava [Introduction to the study of law], Moscow, 188 p. 3....

... philosophy is the cognition of the absolute universal in both theoretical (the true being) and practical (the supreme good) terms. ‘Transcendental’ philosophy was conceived as a project to redeem philosophy in the era of burgeoning precise empirical natural science and exact sciences. Kant turned science into a foundation of new metaphysics. The anti-philosophical nature of 20th century philosophy of science necessitates addressing Kant’s theory of science when searching for a truly philosophical ...

... d. F. 925 (Shcherbov P. G.). Op. 1. Ed. 34. Pis’mo V. F. Dinze k P. G. Shcherbovu [The letter from V. F. Dinze to P. G. Shcherbov], 2 l. 35. Rickert, H. 1997, Granitsy estestvennonauchnogo obrazovaniya ponyatii [The limits of concept formation in natural science], predisl. A. V. Markova, St. Petersburg. 36. Rubinshtein, M. M. 1916b, Istoriya pedagogicheskikh idei v ee osnovnykh chertakh [The history of pedagogical ideas in it’s main traits], Moscow. 37. Semenov, Yu. I. 2003, Etnosy, natsii,...

... protonoetic philosophy (philosophia protonoetica), whose major task is to identify the elemental operations of mind and the underlying laws. These laws serve as the basis for critique, which is aimed against the critique of reasoning and is of logical nature. However, according to Jungius, it is not traditional but mathematical logic — which he interprets inthe manner of constructivism — that should be the instrument of critique. Traditional logic is a reflective science and thus cannot serve as ...

... a deep philosophical and existential interpretation of revolution as a true transformation of the way of thinking (Denkungsart), disposition (Gesinnung), the inner world of the self (Innern), and transformations relating to the formation of noumenal nature. Nevertheless, in the 90s, under the influence of “enthusiasm” aroused by the French revolution, he emphasises a restricted social and political meaning of revolution, however, interpreting it as a sign ofhistorical progress and progress in ...

... Immanuel Kant in Translation. Anthropology, History, and Education / Ed. by G. Zöller, R. B. Louden. Cambridge, 2007. 20. Kant I. Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces // The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation. Natural Science / Ed. by E. Watkins. Cambridge, 2012. 21. Kant I. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens // Ibid. 22. Knutzen M. Philosophische Abhandlung von der immateriellen Natur der Seele, darinnen theils überhaupt erwiesen wird, ...

... the notion of machine in its extended meaning, especially when describing both the world as a whole and its constituent bodies. Consequently, the initial meaning of that notion underwent peculiar changes: not only an artificial mechanism but also a natural organic body were defined as machines. A metaphysical comprehension of the notion of machine was developed predominantly in the framework of cosmology. 1. Васильев В. В. Философская психология в эпоху Просвещения....

... a result, the primary vector in the space “villain — victim” is shifted: a villain is transformed into a hero, and an innocent victim is taken to heaven. The study reveals the role of landscape descriptions in the secondary text, the forces of nature are mythologized in the secondary text, they become the full participants in the action, which gives the secondary text an exceptional fairy-tale intonation, bringing the secondary text to the folktales.

... social specificity of the conflict between the intellectual and the boor in the context of the crisis of modern Western civilization. The author concludes that the disintegration of the bourgeois ethos in Chekhov's metaphysical theatre is more than natural and the paradoxical reconciliation of the parties to the conflict in Mrożek's absur­distic play, devoid of metaphysics, is also more than anticipated.

The article is devoted to comparative analysis of N. M. Kononov’s short story “Svetotomiy” and Plato’s dialogue “The feast”. The research aims at identifying intertextual links between these text while the analysis establishes the dialogic nature of the texts on a conceptual level and they are united by the motifs of Feast and Love. The feasting narrative in Plato’s dialogue is a celebration of the elite, described in the traditions of ethics and philosophy of antiquity. The characters ...

The article reveals the connection between the artistic space of the natu­ralistic novel with the archetypical forms of mentality and culture. The author used the structural-semiotic method of text analysis, as well as the analysis of archetypical images that are regularly repeated in the European cultural expe­rience. The concept of “archetype” in literary analysis is proved to be neces­sary. Among other things, using of this concept makes it possible to free the study of the text from the need...

... tendencies in the development of literature inherited from the Baroque period, including the practice of creating pseudonyms by anagramming and using anagrams in satirical poetry. The reduction of anagrams to the level of the language game and the secondary nature of theorizing are the characteristic features of this century, when a break with the esoteric traditions of the past eras occurred. 1. Вольтер. Философские повести. М., 1960. 2. Свифт Дж. Путешествие ...

... Владимирова Н. Г. Актуальная поэтика. Великий Новгород, 2017. 6. Уайльд О. Собр. соч. : в 3 т. М., 2003. Т. 3. 7. Уоллес А. Р. Естественный отбор. СПб., 1878. 8. Byatt A. S. On Histories and Stories. L., 2000. 9. Hacking I. Representation and Intervening. Introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science. Cambridge, 1983. 10. Hacking I. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge, 1990. 11. Хакинг Я. Представление и вмешательство. Введение в философию естественных наук. М., 1998....

... пе-рераб. и доп. М., 2010. 3. Bonde H. The Iconic Symbolism of Niels Bukh. Aryan Body Culture // Da-nisch Gumnastics and Nordic Tradition Sofia. 1984. P. 104—118. 4. Lipoński W. Historia sportu. Wyd. naukowe PWNSA. Warszawa, 2012. 5. Petrova N. Nature and Functions of Physikal Edukation in Bulgario During the Period of Capitalizm (1878—1944) // Phusical Culture and Sport in Bulgaria Through the Centuries red. A. Solakow. Sofia, 1983. P. 69.

This article examines the concept of time in B. Zaitesev’s short story “St Nicholas Street” and the means of its linguistic and image representation. The author considers the correlation of cyclic, biographical, and historical time and the category of the eternal, as well as the means of linear time cyclisation and comes to a conclusion about the meaning and text forming role of the cyclic time model. 1. Айхенвальд Ю. И. Борис Зайцев (наброски) // Литература и жизнь : [сайт]. URL: http://dugward...

This article considers the features of the manifestation of B. Pasternak’s mythologism in his early cycle “Romanovka” (included in the book My Sister, Life). The author emphasises the Christian nature of the poet’s interpretation of the war and revolution period of 1917. Special attention is paid to the means of the implementation of the author’s idea of the Fall, punishment, and atonement in Russia at that historical moment. The article ...

.... B., 2006. 11.   Givon T. Syntax: a functional-typological introduction. Amsterdam, 1984. V. 1. 12.  Harnard S. Cognition is categorization. URL: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11725/ 13.  Jackendoff R. Patterns in the mind. Language and Human Nature. N.   Y., 1994. 14.  Langacker R. Foundations of cognitive grammar. V. 1: Theoretical prerequi­sites. Stanford, 1987. 15.  Lakoff G. Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, 1987. 16.  Lehrer A. ...

... Kiev, Moscow and St. Petersburg. Due to the efforts of such historians as Nikolay Ivanishev, Mikhail Vladimirsky-Budanov, Fyodor Leontovich, Vladimir An­tonovich, Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin et al., Lithuanian history became a specific research area, naturally inscribed in the context of pre-revolutionary national historiography. The works of Matvey Lyubavsky and Alexander Presnyakov, whose conclusions in many aspects are still relevant, achieved the paramount importance in Lithuanian historical studies....

The article develops an ‘ideal city’ theme and focuses on the relationships of its statics and dynamics in a mobile local-global context. The author offers the defini­tions of these two notions under historical and modern conditions, and determines the specificity of the ‘ideal city’ as a complex socio-biotechnical system both dependent on the scale of it (local, na­tional, global) and its posi­tion within the dynamic global whole. Then, the ideal city notion is analyzed in two aspects: as a channel...

... have a potential to attract foreign tourists. The purpose of this article is to estimate the competitiveness of the Irkutsk region on the world tourism market based on an analysis of various factors. In particular, the authors examine the impact of natural, geographical, and climatic factors and the region’s cultural and historical potential. Another focus is the present status of tourism infrastructure and availability of human resources in the tourism industry. Special attention is paid to the ...

... military-industrial complex of Canada showed good performance indicators during WWII. However, having an impressive economic growth and rapid development of new industries, Canada, for several reasons, still failed to make the most of its economic, natural and human resources. As a result, Canada was only a junior partner of great powers in military production. Based on the structure of the Canadian military industry, the author draws a conclusion about the initial stage of globalization of the ...

Historically, the magistrates’ court — being a public institute in its nature — has co-existed with community (communal) authorities, including judiciary institutions. As a result, under certain conditions, community courts are subject to the magistrates’ court or even included in its structure, absorbed by it. This ...

Certain historical facts relating to the history of discussions on the nature of analytic and synthetic propositions in logic are used to demonstrates that the interpretation of their states largely depend on the accepted image of logic. 1. Брюшинкин В. Н., Ходикова Н. А. Теория поиска вывода....

... http://youth-partnershipeu.coe.int/youth-partnership/documents/EKCYP/Youth_Policy/docs/Citizenship/ Research/THEORETISATIONS_OF_EUROPE.pdf (дата обращения: 25.03.2012). 19. Tyler R. White European Integration, Identity and National self Interest: the Enduring Nature of National Identity. URL: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu (дата обращения: 11.03.2012). 20. Valentini C. The Promotion of European Identity. URL: http://www.chiaravalentini.org/the_promotion_of_european_identity_book%20version.pdf ...

The Kaliningrad and Pskov regions serve as good examples for comparison of the main trends and patterns of the territorial agricultural structure as the most dynamic type of nature management. The territorial structure of agriculture in the regions and the factors of its evolution are considered on the example of two historical periods (1975—80 and 2016—17). In the Pskov region, the continued decline in the area of cultivated ...

... С. 171—176. 2. Щеглова А. И., Цветновой О. Б. Грибы — биоиндикаторы техногенного загрязнения // Природа. 2002. № 11. C. 39—46. 3. Eckl P., Hofmann W., Türk R. Uptake of natural and man-made radionuclides by lichens and mushrooms // Radiat Environ Biophys. 1986. N 25(1). P. 43—54. 4. Baeza A., Guille F. J., Salas A., Manjo J. L. Distribution of radionuclides in different parts of a mushroom: Influence of the degree ...

... си¬нантропизации птиц. сем. Дроздовых (Turdidae) в г. Калининграде // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 16. Биол. 2009. № 2. С. 33—40. 7. Grišhanov G. V., Šukšina M. S. Historie der Herausbildung und gegenwärtiger Zustand der Stadtpopulation der Amsel Turdus merula in Königsberg / Kaliningrad // Ornithologische Mitteilungen. 2014. T. 66, № 3/4. Р. 59—66. 8. Шукшина М. С., Гришанов Г. В. История ...

This article provides a historical overview of studies into the lichen flora of raised bogs of the Kaliningrad region. A list of the lichens of the Zadovskoye raised bog (Slavsk district, Kaliningrad region) as well as a taxonomic analysis and data on the ecology of lichens are presented. A schematic map of the occurrence of lichens on Zadovskoe bog is given. The article contains a comparative table of the lichen flora of raised bogs in the Kaliningrad region. 1. Биологические ресурсы Калининградской...

... territorial division of the Pskov region is considered in historical context. The author distinguishes the stages of formation of the Pskov region as an administrative territorial unit of the Russian Federation and analyses the population dynamics, natural population increase and migrations on the territory of the present-day Pskov region in the 19th-21st centuries. Special attention is drawn to migration control as a factor of the economic development of the region. 1. Кривуля И.   ...