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... of the role of the rule in philosophy of law. It is shown that Alekseev employs the distinction between the a priori and empirical, suggested by the theory of values, in his philosophy. Values are identified as a basis for the development of law and morals in Alekseev’s philosophy. Comparing reality and values makes it possible to see how Alekseev combines the id eas of axiology of Neo-Kanitianism and phenomenology. To narrow the gap between the a priori and empirical in the theory of values proposed ...

... empiricism and relativism (development theory) has no bearing on Kant’s theory. Absolute apriorism as understood in mathematics and physics is an instance of Kant’s universal ‘anthropological’ apriorism and his understanding of the human being, morals, law, and history rather than the seeming ‘absolutisation’ of the Euclidean geometry and Newtonian mechanics. The possibility of metaphysics and the philosophical understanding of science is in knowing the human being. Understanding the essence ...

... ‘lawyers’. Kant’s philosophy of law, which is believed to rest on a metaphysical foundation, is constructed using a minimum of anthropological premises, which is often viewed as a virtue. However, Kant’s political teaching is closely connected with moral anthropology, which is considered as another virtue. Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher,...

... practices. The problem of play at the interface of its interactions is examined in the context of a danger of an ‘offensive of spectres’ against the reality, which can turn the latter in a ‘simulated hyperreality’. The author stresses Kant’s moral rigour in the context of game theory, which is interpreted as an indirect warning against ‘chimeras of imagination’ capable of transporting ‘spectres’ into actual ontology. It is stated that such transportation is reflected in the characteristics ...

... I. 1966, Otvet na vopros: chto takoye Prosveshcheniye [Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?], in Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 tomah [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 6, Moscow. 8. Kant, I. 1965, Metafizika nravov [The metaphysics of morals], in Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 tomah [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 4(2), Moscow. 9. Markov A., 2009, Kant v russkoj poehzii (rec.) // Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009, № 95 [New Literary Review, 2009, № 95]. 10. Pushkin A. S....

.... Kant, I. 1964, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of Pure Reason] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol 3, Moscow. 2. Kant, I. 1965, Оsnovy metafiziki nravov [Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 vo¬lu¬mes], vol 4(1), Moscow. 3. Kant, I. 1965a, Kritika prakticheskogo razuma [Critique of Practical Reason] in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 volumes],...

... Rousseau’s concept of general will. Hessen proposed a dynamic understanding of general will as a continuous process of establishing and re-establishing that involves the general population. Hessen counterposed law against the notions of nature and morality and interpreted law as an insufficient but necessary prerequisite for harmonizing relations in a society. Hessen developed an original understanding of the ideal of state organisation — a democratic state that incorporates the principles of ...

... Moscow. 2. Kant, I. 1966, Kritika sposobnosti suzhdenija [Critique of Judgment], in: Kant, I. Sobr. soch. v 6 t., [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 5, Moscow. 3. Kant, I. 1965б, Osnovyi metafiziki nravstvennosti [Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals], in: Kant, I. Sobranie sochineniy v 6 t. [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 4 (1), Moscow. 4. Kant, I. 1963, Kritika chistogo razuma [Critique of Pure Reason], in: Kant, I. Sobr. soch. v 6 t., [Collected works in 6 volumes], vol. 3, Moscow....

... vollständigen Erklärung der in Kants kritischen und dogmatischen Schriften enthaltenen Begriffe und Sätze; mit Nachrichten, Erläuterungen und Vergleichungen aus der Geschichte der Philosophie begleitet und alphabetisch geordnet. Jena, 1802. Bd. 5. 55. Moral Mrongovius // Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften / hrsg. von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1979. Bd. 27. 56. Moralphilosophie Collins // Ibid. 57. Schneiders W. Die wahre Aufklärung. Zum Selbstverständnis der deutschen ...

This article considers Lessing’s theatrical project of establishing a German National theatre aimed at founding a “school of morality” in Hamburg. In the 18th century, Hamburg was considered a stronghold of freedom in the opposition between the two forms of being — the feudal and burgher’s ones — having become a capital of the new system of values. Philosophy and arts ...

... hopes on the future; the task of establishing perpetual peace rests with the human being themselves; as a result, everything depends on the development of personality, since it is that acts in the real world as an agent of freedom and ratio essendi of morality, whereas freedom is the ‘cornerstone’ for people striving for peace with all their hearts. The author of the article believes that the idea of perpetual peace formulated by Saint-Pierre, Rousseau, and Kant is always relevant for the humanity....

... features of the third one are the system nature and the attempt to stress both the progress and the shortcomings of H. Cohen’s ethical constructions.When analyzing Cohen’s ethics, Russian theorists of law focused on the correlation between law and morals. In this connection, the central issue was the legal orientation of the Marburg philosopher’s ethics.The main drawback of H. Cohen’s constructions emphasized by a proponent of V. S. Soloviev’s all-unity concept, E. N. Trubetskoy, is the absolutizing ...

... Schneider P. Frieden durch Recht. Von der Einhegung des Krieges zur gewaltfreien Konfliktbeilegung // Frieden durch Recht / Hrsgs. P. Schneider [et al.]. Baden- Baden, 2003. S. 27—55. 28. Tèson F. Humanitarian Intervention. An Inquiry into Law and Morality. N. Y., 1988. 29. Wheeler N. Saving Strangers. Humanitarian Intervention and International Society. Oxford, 2000.

... the existent of God and their limitations etc. The first part is called “Transcendental theology”. It is of limited research interest, since it largely follows contemporary textbooks (first of all, Baumgarten’s Metaphysics). The second part “Moral Theology” is of considerable research interest, since it departs from the textbook material and presents Kant’s own ideas on the subject. This manuscript is dated winter semester 1783/84, i. e. the period between the first edition of the Critique ...

... which undermines the foundation of ethics. Many philosophers tried to avoid such fatalism through expanding and refining the concept of necessity and identifying its different types, for example, conditional and unconditional,absolute and hypothetical, moral, natural and others. The article considers the concept of necessity in the major philosophical works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff,Immanuel Kant, August Christian Crusius and other authors, as well as their attempts at harmonizing ...

... receive the degree. However, he was much more enthusiastic about subjects taught at the Faculty of Philosophy.Immanuel Kant was no longer teaching at the university by that time. However, Swiecicki regularly attended Christian Jacob Kraus’s lectures on moral philosophy based on Kant’s “Tugendlehre”, political economy, general encyclopedia, and natural law. The professor of poetry Karl Ludwig Poersсhke, former Kant’s student, was another of his favourite teachers.Swiecicki’s surviving correspondence ...

... complimentary to revolutionary-democratic poetry. A. Fet was guided by Kant’s principle of aesthetics stating that the function of art is constituting the world of values. It does not and cannot replace either science, which is meant to cognise the world, or morality, which is meant to organise the world of the social. The principle of purity characteristic of Kant’s philosophy was applied by A. Fet to art. It means that art for art’s sake is not limited to aesthetic values but includes their whole range....

... his theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “ratonal egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue ethics and to contemporary communitarianism....

... 4. Brogan A. P. John Locke and Utilitarianism // Ethics. 1959. Vol. 69, № 2. 5. Guyer P. The Possibility of the Categorical Imperative // The Philosophical Review.1995. Vol. 104, № 3. P. 353—385. 6. Kant I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals // The Cambridge Edition of Works of Immanuel Kant. Practical Philosophy. Cambridge, 1999. P. 37—109. 7. Kant I. The Metaphysics of Morals // Ibid. P. 353—605. 8. Nozik R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford, 1993. 9. Rawls J. Lectures on ...

... Rawls) proves to be insufficient. However, it provides the means to solve the problems and to avoid the extremes of cultural cosmopolitism, such as the European “negative identity”, juridification, and new modern forms of identity-centred political moralism akin to the “hyperdemocracy of the masses”. 1. Бек У. Власть и ее оппоненты в эпоху глобализма. М., 2007. 2. Кант И. Идея всеобщей истории во всемирно-гражданском ...

... представление / пер. с нем. Ю. И. Айхенвальда. М., 1992. 8. Bahnam G. Kants’s Practical Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 9. Gregor M. Laws of Freedom. Oxford, 1963. 10. Hill Th. E. Punishment, Conscience and Moral Worth // Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals: Interpretative Essays / ed. by M. Timmons. Oxford, 2002. P. 233—254. 11. Höffe O. Categorical Principles of Law // transl. by M. Migotti. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002. 12. Korsgaard ...

On the basis of Hannah Arendt's political philosophy, the author analyses the capability of the Internet to fulfil the functions of public realm, as well as the significance and prospects of the World Wide Web as a communication medium for political being. 1. Арендт, Х. Vita activa, или о деятельной жизни / пер. с нем. и англ. В. В. Бибихина; под ред. Д. М. Носова. СПб.: Алетея, 2000. 2. Арендт Х. Истоки тоталитаризма / пер. с англ. И. В. Борисовой и др.; послесл.Ю. Н. Давыдова; под ред. М. С....

This article proves that Kant’s philosophical system is a system of transcendental anthropology, which acts as a method in Kant’s pragmatic anthropology. The essence of transcendental anthropology is the metaphysics of morals. This role of morals manifests itself in the primacy of practical reason over theoretical reason. The humanity owes its development and existence to practical reason. In Kant’s system, morality is the essence of humanity. 1. Гартман Н....

The early reception of Kantianism in Russia took place at Moscow University at the turn of the 18th century and was connected with the endeavours of two graduates of Göttingen University. J. W. L. Mellmann was the first adherent of Kant's critical philosophy in Russia and thus provoked a philosophical-theologicaladministrative conflict, which led to his untimely death. J. G. Buhle taught one of the first courses on Kant's philosophy of the critical period and safely returned to Germany after a 20...

... theory of justice, reveals its complex basis: on one hand, it is an attempt to attach broader and deeper Kantian philosophical foundations to “rational egoist” of classical utilitarianism (idea of autonomy, ability of self-determination through moral law); on the other hand, the notion of “life plan”, emphasizing rationality of human interests and actions and opening a possibility for happiness, connects Rawls’ theory to Aristotle’s virtue ethics and to contemporary communitarianism....

The present paper focuses on the ethical and anthropological foundations of Kant’s philosophy of family law conceived as a “personal right that is real in kind”: the possibility of possessing a person as a property item presets the antinomy of moral and legal principles, which reproduces the conflict between Roman naturalistic legal theory and the contractual philosophy of natural law. The author also considers the ways to overcome this antinomy, as well as ensuing solutions to the problems ...

... comprehensive analysis of the core of Kant's ethics — the categorical imperative. The author considers and analyses critical comments of different philosophers and specialists in Kant's philosophy regarding the categorical imperative. 1. Alquié F. La morale de Kant. Paris, 1974. 2. Cohen H. Begründung der Ethik. Berlin, 1910. 3. Pothast J. Die Unzulänglichkeit der Freiheitsleweise. Frankfurt a/M, 1980. 4. Дробницкий О. Г. Кант — этик и моралист // Вопросы ...

... incompleteness of a number of works, and the circumstances that prompted the author to refuse to publish completed texts. “The Forgotten Stories” become the source for analyzing the writer’s creative manner and his work on expressing historical, moral, political, philosophical and religious meanings in such genres as fairy tale, parable, allegory.

... theoretical sources, the method of continuous sampling, linguistic analysis of contextual blocks of the story, and establishes the spheres of human activity that represent the rejection of the values of a hostile ideology: appearance, leisure, work, moral principles, upbringing and re-education of the younger generation in the right ideological way. A connection is established between the external and internal manifestations of ideological attitudes, which is especially pronounced in the professional ...

... female twin-images, who look similar, but differ in nature. Duality plays a significant role in novel’s plot, it reveals characters’ personalities. At the same time duality of female images becomes a moment of their testing, examination of their morality and feelings. Male images (Linsky and Lonsky) do not pass this test, female ones (Claudia and Masha), thanks to duality, discover the true values of life, which are not in love for a man and not in wealth, but in following a sense of duty to ...

... prevalence of Islamic culture in the 18th—19th centuries is considered in the works of A. S. Pushkin and L. N. Tolstoy. The conclusion is substantiated that both writers leaned towards the necessity of uniting Christianity and Islam based on common moral principles inherent in these religions. The continuity of the artistic tradition of the 19th century is emphasized, and similar trends in the perception of confessional issues are identified, characteristic of both the early development of Russian ...

... for truth, love is understood as a desire for beauty and for eternity. The friendly feast in Kononov’s story is a feast of sinful flesh, “a feast during the plague”. The artistic images of the story are simulacra, attractive in appearance, but morally corrupted.

... units used as nominations in the text (‘Masha’, ‘Marya Ivanovna Mironova’), ‘captain’s daughter’ explicates the image of both the main character and her father – captain Mironov. An ‘invisible hero’ in history, he is a man of high moral qualities: kindness and candour. Therefore, ‘captain’s daughter’ fulfils the role of the textual dominant and presents the essence of the novel. 1. Айхенвальд Ю. И. Пушкин. 2-е изд. М., 1916. URL: http://dugward.ru/ ...

... genitive of quality, as well as its use in the archetypisation of a person. It is argued that the semantics of a noun functioning as an adnominal attribute produces two types of cultural-linguistic archetypes. An attribute noun referring to a sphere of moral or behavioural characteristics (‘человек сло­ва’, ‘man of success’, ‘człowiek honoru’) is associated with the model of the ethnocultural ar­chetype; a meaning relating to a period of life, locality or occupation (‘человек ...

... axiological approach that allows the authors to interpret its main conflict in a new way. K.Ryleyev pays special attention to an antithesis, showing that Prince Igor concedes to passions throughout his life whereas Princess Olga is always guided by a moral imperative. This antithesis is the main artistic means, and the cornerstone of the plot. The analysis of the main characters shows that Princess Olga, the ruler of the Russian land, is the epitome of the ideal Russian female character. The authors ...

... author draws a conclusion that the conceptual foundation of set expressions is determined by the basic ideas of the Protestant creed. The main attention is paid to the representation in the phraseological units of the key provisions of the religious and moral renewal of the person, proclaimed by reformists, namely the concepts of justification by faith, Christian freedom, upbringing and education of a new person, vocation and labour as religious and spiritual values. Буянова Л. Ю. Фразеология ...

... secrets pour servir à l'histoire de la République des lettres en France depuis MDCCLXII jusqu'à nos jours, ou Journal d'un observateur. L., 1789. T. 35. 16. Petit réservoir contenant une variété de faits historiques et critiques, de litterature, de morale et de poësies, etc. B., 1750. Т. 3, № 41. 17. Sarton G. Notes on the history of anagrammatism. Isis. 1936. Vol. 26, № 1. P. 132—138. 18. Stausberg M. Zoroaster im 18. Jahrhundert: zwischen Aufklärung und Esoterik // Aufklärung und Esoterik ...

... Insects by the contemporary British writer A. S. Byatt. Retreat from the traditional characterization in the creation of an artistic image and the aesthetic accentuation of its importance are manifested in the rejection of the unambiguous assessment of moral and ethical evaluation and emphatic characterological art image. The tale “Things Are Not What They Seem” brings together an ensemble of inserted structures, changing the prism of the axiological system, the plot and the meaning of the novel....

... surveys and case studies, the author considers the process of promoting and imposing a model of normativity and social identity marked as one characteristic of the “overwhelming majority” of citizens, “traditional” for the Russian society, and morally true, but nevertheless contradicting the actual state of the public consciousness of a multicultural society. 1. Алимпиева А. В. Социальная идентичность калининградцев в социальном и ...

... Honourable Defeat // Bookos.org : [сайт]. URL: http://bookos.org/g/Iris%20Murdoch (дата обращения: 05.02.2016). 9. Murdoch I. An Accidental Man // Ibid. 10. Murdoch I. Henry and Cato // Ibid. 11. Murdoch I. Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals. L., 2003. 12. Murdoch I. The Nice and the Good // Bookos.org : [сайт]. URL: http://bookos.org/g/Iris%20Murdoch (дата обращения: 05.02.2016). 13. Murdoch I. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine // Ibid.

The particularities of the key collision of H. G. Wells’s short story “The door in the wall” is considered in the spiritual axiological aspect. The issues of true and false values, the visible and invisible worlds and the border between them, and the meaning of human life are examined as the central problem of the text. It is shown that the image of Wallace and the related plot are deter-mined by the choice between the eternal and earthly values, this and the other worlds. The image of the narrator...

... analyses the correlation between attitudes and social beha-viour and such factors as the strength/weakness and clarity/ambivalence of an attitude and the situation factor. The author considers the results of empirical studies into value orientations and moral and psychological attitudes based on samples of senior year school students and university students. The article studies correlation between social attitudes and asocial behaviour in children and adolescents. The influence of structural and psychological ...

Daniel Kehlmann’s oeuvre is often interpreted as ‘ironic’ and thus put on a par with works following Friedrich Schlegel’s tradition of Romanticism. It would be more accurate to speak of ‘humour’ in the context of Schopenhauer’s philosophy of pessimism characteristic of the 19th century poetic realism. The central element is not nurturing ennui resulting from awareness of the con-trast between the ideal and reality, but rather cheerful disposition (consola-tion) in the face of reality. Kehlmann’s...

... картина мира. М., 1988. С. 173—203. 18. Храпченко М. Б. Язык художественной литературы // Новый мир. 1983.№ 9. С. 229—236. 19. Rancour-Laferriere D. The Slave Soul of Russia — Moral Masohism and the Cult of Suffering. N. Y., 1995. 20. Wierzbicka A. Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configuration. Oxford, 1992.

..., the authors consider the functioning of linguistic units expressing the meaning of situational modality (possibility, desirability, necessity). The article establishes a semantic correlation between the use of these explicators and the fundamental moral and ethical postulates of Christianity. 1. Баталина К. Е. Абстрактные имена существительные и категории сакрального текста как средства экспликации концептов ...

On the basis of Leo Tolstoy’s novel Resurrection, the author considers the text function of linguistic units expressing the meaning of situational modality (possibility, desirability, necessity), as well as their role in the depiction of the moral revival of personality. 1. Бобровская Г. В. Семантика и прагматика риторических вопросов в текстах массовой коммуникации // Университетская филология ...

The article reveals the potential of the “Ancient History” academic course in getting acquainted with national history and culture that originated in biblical tradition. The author justifies the necessity of studying biblical history, using the results of harmonization of the Bible and contemporary scientific research.The Bible is considered as an important historical source. 1.  Национальная доктрина образования в Российской Федерации. Введение. Основные цели и задачи образования: постановление...

The article considers the interaction between modality and affective evaluation on the basis of hagiography of the ХIV—ХV centuries in the framework of medieval concept of the moral meaning of the beautiful. Ж. Мих. Яросл. Тверск. — Житие Михаила Ярославича Тверского // Биб­лиотека литературы Древней Руси: в 20 т. СПб., 1999. Т. 6....