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... some of the key aspects of Schopenhauer’s pessimism are rooted in Fichte’s philosophy. Seventhly, in the first edition of his dissertation, Schopenhauer advocated Kant’s ethics and formulated the supremacy of the better consciousness over the empirical as noumenal freedom and truly moral behavior and defined the category of negation as its opposite. Later, these ideas, altered and expanded u 1. Kant, I. 1964а, Grezi duhovidca, poyasnennie grezami metafiziki [Dreams of a Visionary Explained ...

This article concludes the analysis of systematicity of the Critique of Pure Reason — the work that underlies the entire system created by the great Königsberg philosopher. The author considers the role of transcendental dialectic (it accounts for more than half of the book) in Kant’s methodology of science and the system of criticism. In the context of traditional epistemological theories, it was an entirely new instalment supplementing these theories and understanding knowledge as a continuous...

... foundation, is constructed using a minimum of anthropological premises, which is often viewed as a virtue. However, Kant’s political teaching is closely connected with moral anthropology, which is considered as another virtue. Justifying their actions with empirical observations, politicians violate legal rules. Thus, they are subject to the same propensities that they find so frightening in the population. The philosopher, although agreeing with the grim opinion of human nature, tries to dissuade politicians ...

... object-based character of mathematical knowledge, which was stressed after Kant by Cassirer, complicates the application of new mathematical theories in natural sciences and technology. In particular, this can explain why modern physical string theory is empirically unverifiable; it can be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of possible outcomes of observations and experiments. At the same time, there are reasons to believe that certain recent ap-proaches in foundations of mathematics such as category ...

... us which we call “representation” to the object?” (R. Hanna) and the modern interpretation of Kant that was called the “two aspects” interpretation (H. Allison). Whereas classical metaphysics interprets knowledge as a relation between the (empirical) subject and the object, the transcendental metaphysics understands "possible experience”(Erfahrung) as a relation between the transcendental subject (transcendental unity of apperception) and the transcendental object. At the same time,...

... necessary but insufficient basis for the validity of our knowledge; the bases of validity of natural science knowledge are to be found within reason; only the principles of reason can guarantee the universal and essential nature of both theoretical and empirical knowledge. 1. Лейбниц Г. В. Соч. : в 4 т. М., 1982—1989. 2. Guhrauer G. E. Joachim Jungius und sein Zeitalter. Stuttgart und Tübingen, 1850. 3. Jungius J. Praecipuae Opiniones Physicae, passim receptae, breviter quidem, ...

... closely bound up with spirit. Different ways of explaining the interaction between mind and body form a complex tradition, which has significantly influenced Kant’s pre-Critical writings. Reducing that crucial distinction between two substances to the empirical sphere and the interpretation of soul and body as homogeneous phenomena are the main peculiarities of Kant’s position. 1. Blackwell R. J. Christian Wolff's Doctrine of the Soul // Journal of the History of Ideas. 1961. № 3. 2. Borsche ...

1. Austin, 1956: Austin J. L. Ifs and C ans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black, 1940: Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black, 1964: Black M. A Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS. 4. Carnap, 1931: Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap, 1934: Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien : Julius Springer, 1934...

1. Austin J. L. Ifs and Cans // Proceedings of the British Academy. 1956. Vol. 42. 2. Black M. Relations between Logical Positivism and the Cambridge School of Analysis // Erkenntnis. 1939—1940. Vol. 8. 3. Black M. A. Companion to Wittgenstein’s TRACTATUS, 1964. 4. Carnap R. Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache // Erkenntnis. 1931. Vol. 2. 5. Carnap R. Logische Syntax der Sprache. Wien, 1934. 6. Fodor J. The Language of Thought. N. Y., 1975. 7. Gellner E. Words and...

... Versuch einer neuer Logik oder Theorie des Denkens. Tübingen, 2004. 10. Schechter O. The Logic of Speculative Philosophy and Skepticism in Maimon’s Philosophy: Satz der Bestimmbarkeit and the Role of Synthesis // Salomon Maimon: Rational Dogmatist, Empirical Skeptic. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. P. 18—53.

... subject and the transition between them), despite the evident opposition, constitutes the object of the central problem of philosophy in Kant's system. Kant is an innovator in both posing and answering the question. This answer is agnostic but not in the empirical or scientific sense, but rather in the solely philosophical meaning of these notions. The answer to his question — regarding both the world and the human being — is infinite as human freedom of creativity. 1. Кант И. Критика ...

The description and results of an empirical study conducted within two inclusive student groups at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University are presented. The instrument used for this research was the “Psychological Atmosphere in the Group Scale” (F. Fiedler’s scale adapted by ...

... activation and emotional tone, high level of stress. A higher level of anxiety and more pronounced depressive tendencies were found in respondents living in a nursing home. The significance of differences was assessed using the Mann — Whitney U-test. The empirical results of the study led to the conclusion about the relevance of the development of preventive and corrective psychological measures in order to maintain the psychological health of the elderly. Psychological work must be targeted at depressive ...

... regulation and standardization, interfer­ence and borrowing from other cultures and issues of accent and dialect in speech communication with non-native speakers. The illustrative and novel nature of the research proceeds from a comparative analysis of the empirical material of three languages: Russian, English, and German. The study relies on observation, analysis, synthesis, generalization, content analysis, as well as the comparative method allow expanding the scope of research on the technol­ogy and ...

... representa­tion while Miłoszʼs philosopher accentuates the temporal component of the spatial image, proposing a linear path-map. The poets conclude that it is not the eye that makes the world visible, but verbal thinking, which translates all empirical facts into verbal signs. The thinker's task is to incorporate the visual image into the mental construct, to create the topology of the world, not represented in the world itself. Finally, the author considers the value of Miłosz and Nemerov’s ...

... extensive historical, cultural, and national-specific information, using onomastic mark­ers (in particular, the stems of oeconyms). Various classifications of toponym­ic cul­tural codes are considered, and a typology best describing the compiled empirical material is proposed. In accordance with this classification, a quali­tative and quantitative analysis of the oeconyms of the study area is carried out. 1. Березович Е. Л. Русская топонимия в экстралингвистическом ...

... aggression in the authors’ speech. The purpose of the study is to determine the vector of modernization of the authorship category in Serbian journalism, due to the prevailing public mood in connection with the political situation in the Balkans. The empirical material of the study is pre­sented in the texts of the key periodicals of Serbia — the oldest Belgrade news­papers, Politika (Politics) and Vechernye novosti (Evening News), as well as the political publication Danas (Today), Vreme (Time) ...

The article studies the emotional interaction between mothers and emotionally excitable children at the age of six. The importance of psychological support for mothers is described. The author analyses the results of empirical research and mathematical processing of data based on the questionnaire of parent-child emotional interaction proposed by E. I. Zakharova, the diagnosis of emotional relationships in the family test by Bine-Anthony, and the picture of the family ...

... qualities for psychology students. These qualities are dynamic, should be analyzed and subjected to conceptual and quantitative transformations, because they depend on the socio-historical context. The author provides the results of theoretical and empirical research, conducted in this field by both Russian and international scholars. Besides the traditional university format of teaching, the author suggests resorting to art for the development of professionally important qualities and considers ...

... their social integration and inclu­sion. The complexity of internal contradictions of these processes and a limited number of research works on the problem determined the need for a new inte­grative analysis and synthesis of the existing theories and empirical facts. The evolution of the concepts of social integration and inclusion of people with disabilities is described as a socio-political trend of imposing ‘inclusive socie­ty’ and ignoring its stratification and the laws of social exclusion....

This article analyses Russian and international theoretical approaches to interpreting breaches of conduct by police officers. The author stresses the need to verify empirically the relevance of classical postulates of organizational and social psychology for interpreting breach of conduct in a formalized organization in the contemporary socioeconomic and political context. From the standpoint of collective action ...

.... The Oxford guide to word games. Oxford ; N. Y., 1986. 5. Bernier M. A. La question du despotisme oriental en France sous le règne du sultan Zeokinizul // Tangence. 2001. № 65. Р. 52—59. 6. Blanchard P. La satire poétique de Termidore à l'Empire: crépuscule d'un genre au couchant des Lumières: la thèse de doctorat. Toulouse, 2013. T. 2. 7. Boucher J. A simbólica maçônica. São Paulo, 2007. 8. Desbaratz. Sur l’anagramme du Roy Louis quinse: Sol qui venis. Pau, 1722. 9. Dictionnaire ...

... professional education. The authors describe the structure of preparedness for rational borrower behaviour as part of the cognitive, socio-affective, and hortatory components and of the practical borrowing experience. The article presents the results of an empirical study into the common types of irrational borrower behaviour and their predictors in different lending entities. Common trends in the irrational borrower behaviour of citizens and municipalities in some Russian regions are identified. 1. Богомолова ...

This article summarises the findings of Russian and international authors on creative thinking. The authors present the results of an empirical study into the development of creative thinking in older preschool children. The article examines the common features in the development of creative thinking in five- and six-year-old children. The differences in the creative thinking development ...

... priorities, and their attitudes and value orientations change. These basic categories are structural elements of the value-semantic and motivationaldynamic spheres of personality, which influence the transformation of life strategies of the individual. The empirical study done by the author shows the most significant values in the group of respondents from the areas of lowintensity and intensive shelling. It is concluded that under the conditions of armed conflict, civilians undergo significant changes ...

This paper offers a theoretical justification of the problem of intercultural sensitivity and analyses Russian and international approaches to studying the phenomena. The author presents the results of an empirical study into the in-tercultural sensitivity of students with different experiences of interacting with representatives of other cultures and ethnic groups. It is shown that a higher intercultural sensitivity is characteristic of students with ...

The data of empirical research of the borrowed sign evolution are ana-lyzed in the article. The study focuses on"creativity"as an Anglo-American borrowing. Reversive nature of semiotic process, typical for interpretation of borrowed words — from sign ...

The article describes the results of empirical research of the system of ex-pectations that are associated with a person having a high level of competence in the prosocial cooperation. The method of structured interview followed by a content analysis of the 5 categories revealed the expectations ...

... prospective variant has been offered for a complex information analysis and determination of its communicative significance as exemplified by a developed informational field of the oikonym Katyn' (Smolensk Region). The paper also describes methods of empirical material collection and processing. 1. Болотов В. И. Лингвистический статус имени собственного и его функционирование в тексте // Материалы к серии «Народы ...

This paper sets out to examine empirical implications of the multifunc-tional system applicability of unemployment preventionism among young people at colleges and universities in Russia. A statistical analysis of the data obtained proved the efficiency of experimental training contributing ...

This article analyses the correlation between attitudes and social beha-viour and such factors as the strength/weakness and clarity/ambivalence of an attitude and the situation factor. The author considers the results of empirical studies into value orientations and moral and psychological attitudes based on samples of senior year school students and university students. The article studies correlation between social attitudes and asocial behaviour in children and adolescents....

... inclusive education is problematized in view of the competence aspects of a teacher’s inclusive preparedness. The notion of co-preparedness of a diverse group of parents within a poly-subject educational space is defined. The article presents results of empirical research on the preparedness of parents of chil¬dren with and without special needs for inclusive education in the Republic of Belarus. General problems of preparedness of a group of parents for inclusive education, as well as specific problems ...

... systematically has a strong effect on academic performance, whereas family relationships largely affect a child’s psychological development. This article focuses on the impact of family relationships on the development of psychological maturity indicators. The empirical study used special methods for assessing the development of key in-dicators of a child’s psychological maturity and identifying the degree of fa-vourability /unfavourability of family environment. It is shown that children brought up in predominantly ...

... Englishmen’s «mental map» as artistic methods of opening up the literary space of the era. 1. Duprat A., Picherot É. Récits d'orient dans les littératures d'Europe: XVIe-XVIIe siècles. P., 2008. 2. Makdisi S. Literature, national identity, and empire // Keymer T., Mee J. The Cambridge Companion to English Literature, 1740—1830. Cambridge, 2004. P. 61—79. 3. Ouseley W. Persian Miscellanies: an Essay. L., 1795. 4. Schenk F. B. Mental Maps: Die kognitive Kartierung des Kontinents als Forschungsgegenstand ...

This work focuses on trust between the agents of educational space at Ka-liningrad school No. 32 and the Gdansk Gedanensis School. The authors identify the patterns of assessing students trust in teachers at all stages of school education. The article analyses the level of adolescents’ trust in teachers and parents at the Kaliningrad and Polish schools. The features of assessing the Polish and Russian teachers’ trust in students and parents are identified. The authors examine the students’ and teachers’...

This article addresses the problem of promoting students’ health as a teacher’s activity within the educational system; special attention is paid to the pilot study into social attitudes to psychological health and its promotion in primary school teachers. The author analyses the classical ternary structure of social attitude to health promotion and identifies inconsistencies in the system of primary school teacher’s attitudes to the teaching process and the role of schoolchildren’s health in this...

This article considers two phenomena of adolescent self-adolescence: the awareness of one's bodily experience and psychological well-being. The author puts forward a hypothesis that these phenomena might be connected. An empirical study helps identify three groups of test persons: those with vital, conformal, and personal reflection types of bodily capacities. The article emphasizes the positive relation between the level of bodily capacity awareness and the level of ...

This article considers the issue of healthy eating as a component of healthy lifestyle from the perspective of social psychology. The author reports the results of a pilot study into the social representations of “healthy eating” among university students. The article analyses structural units of a social representation of “healthy and unhealthy food”, the opinions of young people about their own diet, motives behind choosing certain products, and the sources of information about them being good/bad...

This article analyses the results of an empirical study of the structure of attitudes towards health behaviour in students of the age of 25—35 carried out with the help of a psychological questionnaire. The author stresses the disharmony in the development of cognitive, emotional-evaluative,...

his article presents a comparative analysis of the factors of family education influencing children’s health behavior and life expectancy. The work is based on two empirical studies conducted in the U.S. (Utah) and the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad region), as well as the Republic of Belarus. 1. Мехович Г. А. Самосохранительное поведение детей 3—5 лет в условиях ...

Modern literary studies in rock culture, having accumulated minimum of empirical material necessary for its generalization and conceptualization, are faced with the problem of both selecting and developing the basic categories and systematizing approaches to studying rock culture. One of the most efficient and popular approaches ...

This paper sets out to examine empirical implications of J. L. Holland’s theory relevant to the applicability of the RIASEC model’s structure and Holland-based assessments of 240 English Language teachers of the Kaliningrad region. The results proved to be mixed but somewhat more ...

This article aims to give a theoretical and methodological, as well as empirical justification of the conceptual framework of formation of professional culture in future lawyers in the context of its increasing quality. The problem of professional culture of a lawyer was analyzed within the three contexts: theoretical approaches ...

The article is an attempt to systemize the existing scientific ideas of perfectionism through a content analysis and factorization of the content component of the phenomenon, since numerous empirical studies into psychological patterns of this phenomenon are conducted at the moment on the basis of different terminological definitions. 1. Богоявленская Д. Б., Богоявленская М. Е. Психология одаренности: ...

This article describes the models of relation between social support and stress. The author quotes the results of international empirical research em-phasising the obvious and contradictory nature of the “stress-buffering” and “main effect” models. The article offers a typology of factors of determining the implementation of healthcare functions of social support. 1....

The article offers an original professional training oriented concept of personality health based on the criterion of subjective well-being. The author examines the theoretical model of the levelled structure of subjective wellbeing and its empirical application to professionals in different fields: traffic controllers, teachers and doctors. 1.  Хащенко В.   А. Модель субъективного экономического благополучия // Психологический ...

The article outlines theoretical bases of empiric research on selfconsciousness interpreted as recognition of oneself in the world. It introduces and tests the model of self space, which considers ‘self’ in the context, to which it is traditionally opposed. The methodology of “Self space” ...

This article addresses the analysis of the theoretical positions on the problem of mentality. It presents the data of empirical research on one of children’s mental development characteristics - children's lie-telling, conducted on the basis of a modified version of experimental methodology. The respondents of the study were five-six year old children. 1. Выготский ...

This empiric research is devoted to the study of strategies of psychological defensive behavior of teachers, their dependence on the burnout level and the identification of teacher types on the basis of this dependence. As a result, the authors identified ...

The article analyses the distinctive features of the development of motivation for learning in primary schools. The empirical research reveals two groups of motives that comprise the motivation sphere of primary school students. The author detects motivation shifts in primary school and outlines the tendencies of motivation for learning development. 1. Божович ...