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This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // ...

... in Kant’s First Critique, in: Kant’s Idealism: New Interpretations of a Controversial Doctrine (ed. by D. Schulting & J. Verburgt), Dordrecht : Spinger, p. 55—70. 13. Bird, G. 1962 (1974), Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 14. der Boer, K. 2014, Kant’s Multi-Layered Conception of Things in Themselves, Transcendental Objects, and Monads, Kant-Studien, vol.105(2), p. 221—260. 15. Buchdahl, G. 1992,...

... that some consider Kant to be a conceptualist, while others consider him an anti-conceptualist. For some, he is an internalist and, for others, an externalist. For some, he is a constructivist and, for others is a realist. This paper develops the main arguments pro and contra possible interpretations of Kant’s texts and presents the author’s interpretation of some key points of Kant’s theory of knowledge. Contrary to the analytical mainstream in Kant studies, the author argues that Kant’s ‘transcendental ...

... is no room for a right to enforce the offer of benefits in the private right. Firstly, I will show how the concept of an innate right to freedom provides no conceptual foundation for a right to enforcement of alleged duties of cooperation. Since my argument is much more conceptual than hermeneutical, Isaiah Berlin’s analysis of negative liberty in “Two Concepts of Liberty” will be helpful here. Secondly, I will argue that the concepts of original acquisition and voluntary transfers are also ...

... that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. However, Kant’s epistolary legacy leads one to the conclusion that the philosopher examined the problem in the framework of a polemic on Crusian philosophy. This article presents Crusius’s arguments against the theory that this is the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the theory that there are several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and ...

... appearance of an object (thing-initself), which — although implicitly — suggests a semantic relationship of reference. Appearance (as a sign) is impossible without what appears in it (the referent of a sign). This article puts forward a number of arguments in favour of the objective/objective-objectual status of Kant’s concept of appearance. 1. Kant, I. 1994a, Izbrannye pis'ma [Selected Letters; letter’s to M.Herz] In: Kant, I. Sobranie sochinenij v 8 tomah. [Works in 8 volumes], vol. 8,...

... shift from ignorance as a given to ignorance as a systematically reflected part of the conditions of human knowledge from a historical point of view through the examples of Christian Wolff, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, and Johann Georg Sulzer. The argument does not focus on the ‘completion’ of the rationalist system of 18th-century philosophy, but rather on the subversive quality of the introduction of subrational elements into that system, resul­ting in the ultimate breakdown of the system ...

... never mentions synthetic a priori judgements, the course of his reasoning about analytical judgements is close to that employed by Kant. As early as the mid-20th century, Gödel’s incompleteness theorems and the works of Church and Turing constituted arguments in favour of the existence of synthetic a priori judgements. The American logician Irving Copi was the first to use Gödel’s first incompleteness theory to that end. While his small work went almost unnoticed, such ideas were expressed by ...

... Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 2014), the author questions how far Kant’s idealism can be accepted and these problems resolved in any way that (i) is reasonably faithful to Kant’s texts, (ii) renders his position consistent (and his major arguments valid), and (iii) does not rest on premises that are themselves philosophically implausible. The author argues that these three desiderata are not met in any strictly Kantian and philosophically satisfactory way in the interpretations given ...

This article discusses the thesis put forward by some scholars that Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in the Scholion to Prop. VI in "Nova dilucidatio" contradicts Prop. VI. The author shows how the apparent discrepancy between Prop. VI and the Scholion can be explained. 1. Ермолаев В. К. Аргументация Канта ...

... problems about Kant’s views on the object of knowledge and the nature of things-in-themselves should meet three conditions: (1) it should be reasonably faithful to Kant’s views, (2) it must show that his views are internally consistent and his major arguments are valid, and (3) it must not rest on premises that are themselves philosophically implausible. Howell concludes that it would be philosophically good to find a satisfactory resolution of these problems, but also suspects that no such resolution ...

... jestestvennaja istorija i teorija neba [Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens], Sobranije sochinienij v 8 tt. [Works in 8 vol.], Moscow, Vol. 1. 3. Kant, I. 1994c, Jedinstvenno vozmozhnoje osnovanije dla lokazatelstva bytija Boga [The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God], Sobranije sochinienij v 8 tt. [Works in 8 vol.], Moscow, Vol. 1. 4. Kant, I. 2016, Jestestvennoje pravo Fajerabjenda. Vvedenije [Natural Law of Feyerabend. Introduction], Kantovskij sbornik ...

... of possibilities, the actual world, and the world of necessity. Grammatical moods correspond to the modal worlds and the ‘faculties of the mind’. All this means that Kant’s system finds a reflection in the system of language, which is another argument in favour of the organicity of his philosophy. However, the philosophical ideas of Kant’s system can serve as basis for a theory of grammatical moods. Kant’s revolutionary idea of values, knowledge, and norms as three aspects of existential ...

... filosofii Nitsshe skvoz prizmu ego vospriyatiya ucheniya Kanta [The evolution of Nietzsche’s philosophy through his reception of Kant’s philosophy], Argumentatsyia I intertretatsii: issledovaniya po logike, istorii filosofii i sotsialnoy filosofii… [Argumentation and interpretations: researches in logic, history of philosophy and social philosophy…], p. 150—165. 17. Frank, S. L. 2001, Nitsshe i etika lubvi k dalnemu [Nietzsche and ethics of “love for distant”], Nitsshe: pro et contra [Nietzsche: ...

... Leibnitz — on the Russian philosophy of the 19th/20th centuries. The ideas of metaphysical personalists and neo-Leibnizians (E. A. Bobrov, A. A. Kozlov, S. A. Alekseev (Askoldov), N. O. Lossky, and V. Salagova) are invoked to demonstrate the main arguments of the critique of Kantianism and neo-Kantianism in Russian philosophy. It is shown that the ideas of Russian neo-Leibnizians are closely connected with those of the thinkers of the ‘late and mature phase’ of German idealism (A. Trendelenburg,...

Kant’s transcendental philosophy (transcendentalism) focuses on both the human method of cognition in general [CPR, B 25] and certain types of cognition aimed at justifying their objective significance. This article aims to explicate Kant’s understanding (resp. justification) of the abstract nature of mathematical knowledge (cognition) as the “construction of concepts in intuition” (see: “to construct a concept means to exhibit a priori the intuition corresponding to it”; [CPR, A 713/В 741], which...

... the sheet, with moral theology discussed on one side, and the cosmological proof on the other. A transcription and description of the sheet is provided, followedby a “Question & Answer” with the goal of dating the notes describing the two separate arguments for the existence of God. The use of the expressions ‘Moraltheologie’ (moral theology) and ‘Endzweck’ (final purpose), as well as the discussion of ‘an object of the moral will’ — all of which touchupon a central point of Kant’s ...

... influential in the late 18th century as to the issues of medical theory. The German physician and philosopher Johann Benjamin Erhard was first to address the theoretical status of contemporary medicine based on Kant’s critical foundations of science and arguments for the possibility of a philosophy of nature for the purpose of justifying medicine as a science. After analyzing Kant’s early work “Essay on the Illness of the Head” (Versuch über die Krankheiten des Kopfes, 1764), his remarks on hypochondria ...

... Rosenzweig stresses that the central position of revelation relates to the notion of freedom.The author believes that Rosenzweig is a thinker that occupies a position between old and new philosophy. For the author of The Star of Redemption, the logical and argumentative aspect (of analysis and synthesis) and the hermeneutical aspect of religious experience are necessary elements of the path to understanding the truth, which can be fully reproduced and implemented only in listening to the word of god. 1....

... include an introduction, two parts, and an appendix. The introduction contains an overview of the basic questions and problems of rational theology, namely: the concept of theology, arts of natural theology, the idea of highest essence, possible types of arguments for the existent of God and their limitations etc. The first part is called “Transcendental theology”. It is of limited research interest, since it largely follows contemporary textbooks (first of all, Baumgarten’s Metaphysics). The second ...

... ‘intuition’ by Lossky and the influence of this interpretation on the translation of Kant’s Anschauung.The author identifies a number of reasons that inspired the intuitivist to translate the CPR. Fol¬lowing Kant’s philosophy, Lossky had sufficient arguments in the game played in the field of his teacher and opponent, the Russian Kantian A. I. Vvedensky; moreover, he proved the inconsistency of Vvedensky’s interpretation of transcendental philosophy. It is shown that the experience of translating ...

... Alexander of Aphrodisias. Leiden, 1995. 20. Husserl E. Formal and Transcendental Logic. Dordrecht, 1969. 21. Ierodiakonou K. Aristotle's Use of Examples in the «Prior Analytics» // Phronesis. 2002. Vol. 47. № 2. Р. 127—152. 22. Kirwan C. Logic and Argument. New York University Press, 1978. 23. MacFarlane J. What does it mean to say that logic is formal? PhD dissertation. Pittsburgh University, 2000. 24. Prior A. N. Formal Logic. Oxford, 1962. 25. Rose L. Aristotle' s Syllogistic. Springfield ...

... experience and the bases of its certainty. The main target of his critique is ‘popular philosophy’, which appeals to common understanding; he seeks to defend it from the criticism of systemic knowledge in general and metaphysics in particular. In the argument between the advocates of the Leibniz-Wolff geometric philosophy and their opponents — enlighteners-eclecticists and pietists, Tetens manages to take a neutral position conducting a synthesis of the British observingphilosophy, French ‘reasoning ...

... Cambridge, 1999. P. 37—109. 7. Kant I. The Metaphysics of Morals // Ibid. P. 353—605. 8. Nozik R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford, 1993. 9. Rawls J. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Harvard, 2000. 10. Stroud B. Transcendental Arguments // The Journal of Philosophy. 1968. Vol. 65,№ 9. P. 241—256.

This article deals with Kant’s objection to the ontological argument in his early work "A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition". The author offers a new interpretation of Kant’s argumentation. 1. Ансельм Кентерберийский. Просологион // ...

... family. Kant's opinions about the reasons of inacceptability of false and, as a matter of fact, contractually based forms of matrimonial unions, proceed in undermining still more the basics of his positive philosophy of family, and supply additional arguments for a reform of Kantian philosophy of matrimonial law. In the expositions of Kant’s philosophy of marriage, when purified from this naturalistic premise, there can be traced some more integral notion of family union, seen as a moral unity ...

... that the correct divisions were not unfamiliar to the 18th century German logic, nevertheless, they were not accepted by Kant. The author proposes possible explanations for Kant's violation of logical rules and offers a critical analysis of K. Reich's arguments in favour of the consistency of Kant's table of judgements. 1. Hegel G. W. F. Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse.Bd. 1: Wissenschaft der Logik // Werke. Bd. 10. Frankfurt/M, 1983. 2. Heidegger, Martin. Kant und ...

... lead to the development of his personality. A comparison of the journey story models of the mythological character and Byron’s main character makes it possible to conclude that in the poem, the greatness of man, who is able to assert his will in his argument with destiny, becomes the most important sacred value. This value becomes the main outcome of the main character’s journey of life. 1. Байрон Дж. Г. Мазепа // Собр. соч. : в 4 т. М., 1981. Т. 3. С. 212—234. 2. ...

... complex sentences with relative clauses in the German media discourse. The author selects the following pragmatic schemes of hypotaxis structures of the studied type: specification, problematization, irony, simplification, complication, prevention and argument. The single-model and double-model types are identified as pragmatical types of complex sentences with relative clauses. 1. Любимова А. А. Языковые аспекты воздействия на общественное сознание: ...

... discusses the results of a study of youth’s values conducted in Kaliningrad in 2012—2013. Special attention is paid to the understanding of the life mission and the role of social and legal activism in the structure of values. The author presents arguments in favour of introducing prosocial val-ues into the education system. 1. Торопов П. Б. К вопросу об уровнях правомерного поведения // Актуальные проблемы профессионально-педагогического ...

... Hilbig W. Der Geruch der Bücher // Text und Kritik. München, 1994. H. 123:Wolfgang Hilbig. 9. Hilbig W. Ich. Frankfurt а/M, 1993. 10. Jirgl R. Hundsnächte. München, 1997. 11. Jung W. Idylle und Terrordrom. Berliner Mythen der neunziger Jahre // Das Argument. Jg. 40, H. 6. Berlin, 1998. 12. Jung W. Welch eine Simulation war doch diese Wirklichkeit // Text und Kritik.München, 1994. H. 123: Wolfgang Hilbig. 13. Langer Ph. Kein Ort. Überall. Die Einschreibung von «Berlin» in die deutsche Literatur....

... abolition struggle du­ring the Reconstruction. The author describes Phillips' position the schism in the abolitionist movement in 1865. The author characterizes Phillips' position in the internal struggle with W. L. Garrison. The author examines Phillips' argument in favor of preserving the abolitionist organization for the introduc­tion of the black issue as central in the process of restoring the unity of the Union. The author expounds Phillips' reconstruction program and his strug­gle as a leader ...

... for the article was by A. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, which caused an objection from the author of the article to the well-known American researcher over his thesis that the need for security rarely acts as an active force. The main argument of the author of the article is that the need for security, transforming into a desire for security, turns into a completely active, if not aggressive, force, a priori creating conflict situations. An analysis of the evolution of paradigms for ...

... political processes. The authors analyze B. Latour’s criticism of the traditional political science and sociological approaches to the understanding of different spheres through the prism of ideology and interest. The initial assumptions and main arguments of the actor-network theory are compared with the post-Marxist theory of hegemony by E. Laclau and C. Mouffe. The conclusion draws attention to the limited possibilities of the practical application of STS since it lacks instruments of political ...

The article analyses legal arguments for admissibility/inadmissibility of GMOs in agriculture. The authors show that there is still no unanimous opinion of the effects produced by GMOs. Given the uncertainty, the ban on the use of genetic engineering in agriculture leads to the ...

... under the influence of political philosophical realism, focuses on analysing the theory and practice of the liberal democratic mechanism. The author pays special attention to the personalist/impersonalist elements in Leontyev’s and Tikhomirov’s argumentation. The correlation between monarchical and revolutionary-conservative principles in the thinkers’ interpretation of liberal “freedom” is revealed 1. Леонтьев К. Н. Два графа: Алексей Вронский и Лев ...

This article considers the logical modelling of a set of arguments. The author shows that logic offers normative models, which impose the pre-set structure on the argumentation. The article introduces the notions of macro-, micro-, and mesostructure of argument sets as well as the notion of argumentation circle ...

... unconfirmation of the suspicion in committing a crime during the preliminary inquisition. The main points of the article are the problems of keeping a status of the suspect after release him from custody or cancellation a measure of restriction. Also there are arguments in favour of necessity of making alterations into the criminal-procedural legislation. 1.  Сайкина Е. Гипотеза — основополагающее начало построения и проверки следственных ...

This article considers the course of discussions in the US Congress in 1969 in regard to the construction of American antimissile defence system.The author presents the arguments put forward by President Richard Nixon, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, senators, and members of the House of Representatives. 1.  АВП РФ . Ф. 129. Оп. 58. П. 249. Д. 59. 2.  АВП РФ . Ф.129, Оп. 55. П. 215. Д. 54. ...

This article presents arguments to demonstrate that not only background soils (podzol, black earth), but also introzonal ones, which are irregularly deposited among the predominant soils, are subject to latitudinal zonality. 1. Докучаев В. В. К учению о ...