2025 Issue №4

The paper presents a comparative analysis of evaluation representation means in the an­glophone analytical review of the foreign exchange market. The research material includes publications by analytical agencies and business media in the United States (Bloomberg, Forbes, FXStreet) and the United Kingdom (The Economist, The Daily Mail, Reuters, IFCMarkets). The genre of the analytical review and two methods of data processing — fun­damental and technical — are characterized. Approaches to the interpretation of the category of evaluation and the classification of its types are considered. The concept of speech influence is defined, and the means of its implementation are listed. The study, conducted according to the logic of parametric analysis, revealed the predominance of negative evaluation in U. S. reviews and positive evaluation in British reviews, with the dominance of utilitarian private evaluation and minimal presence of ethical evaluation. In U. S. reviews, the main means of objectifying evaluation are nouns, while in British analytics they are verbs. The leading role of the individual explicit subject of evaluation in the texts of the selected genre in both coun­tries is identified. The objects of evaluation are monetary units, currency pairs, trends in their movement, political events, and the activities of players in the foreign exchange market.

The features of the functioning of the formant -ing in modern English are examined from a synchronic-diachronic perspective, with a focus on the adaptation of the suffix to new nomi­native tasks in the context of the digital era. Within the framework of the onomasiological approach, the cognitive and structural mechanisms of neologism formation are described, based on the expansion of traditional verbal derivation through the use of appellative and proper nouns as motivating bases. The replenishment of the repertoire of derivational models of -ing word formation in English is established, manifested in the emergence of compound derivatives based on metaphorical transfer. The suffix itself undergoes changes, evolving to­ward an affixoid that participates in the formation of compound nouns. The specific features of the functioning of English neologisms in the Internet space are identified, reflecting chang­es in sociocultural and behavioral practices. The semantics of the neologisms are described, and the cultural and cognitive factors ensuring the high productivity of the suffix in naming new phenomena, including youth subcultures and social media trends, are revealed. It is con­cluded that speakers of modern English demonstrate linguistic creativity, using the formant in various structural models to nominate diverse phenomena that possess axiological signifi­cance at the present stage of societal development.

The study is aimed at describing and interpreting smell as a sign of “one’s own” and “the other” in the context of war. The material for analysis consists of text fragments in Rus­sian and German that contain references to olfactory processes; the factual material was ex­tracted from works of fiction devoted to the events of the two world wars. The research vector was built taking into account that the semantic and symbolic connotations of smells are close­ly connected with the sociocultural context, and olfactory experience is subjective. It is proved that the smell in the discourse of war performs two key functions – an evaluative and a boundary function; the olfac­tory image of "one's own" and "someone else's" is formed under the influence of extralinguistic factors; the smell acts as an instrument of differentiation, less often as an instrument of unifica­tion and is endowed with additional cognitive-semiotic meanings. Three olfactory models are identified and analyzed: “one’s own smells — others’ smells,” “smells of foreign land,” and “smell as stigma.” It is concluded that in wartime con­ditions, the olfactory images of “one’s own” and “the other” are created through social, eth­nocultural, and ideological comparisons; as a result, olfactory impressions reflect mental im­pressions.

The main functions realized by precedent names in the novel Trout Fishing in America by the American postmodern writer Richard Brautigan are identified. The study employed methods of contextual and intertextual analysis, as well as the method of exhaustive sam­pling. The identified sample of literary precedent names (61 units) includes precedent biblio­nyms (titles of literary works), anchistonyms (authors’ surnames), and anthropoetonyms (names of characters). The following key functions of precedent names in Brautigan’s novel are established: ludic (realization of comic effect), poetic (enhancement of the artistic signifi­cance of the text and creation of tropic relations), characterizing (description of the characters’ personalities), referential (recreation of the cultural-historical context of the era), and text-forming (formation of the plot framework and structuring of intratextual connections). It is shown that precedent names in the text of the work have a multifunctional character, with the ludic function serving as the hyperfunction.

A special layer of proper names within the onomastic space of the modern city — ergo­nyms, which are used to name various commercial enterprises — is examined. Based on a large empirical material of Smolensk and Moscow ergonyms, a complex of diverse functions of ergonyms is identified, allowing their significance within the structure of the onomastic pe­riphery to be determined. Particular attention is paid to precedent cultural signs in the names of urban objects. It is demonstrated that it is precisely precedents in the field of ergonymy that best enable the realization of informational and commercial functions, attracting the attention of potential consumers of goods and services.