2025 Issue №4

The paper presents a comparative analysis of evaluation representation means in the an­glophone analytical review of the foreign exchange market. The research material includes publications by analytical agencies and business media in the United States (Bloomberg, Forbes, FXStreet) and the United Kingdom (The Economist, The Daily Mail, Reuters, IFCMarkets). The genre of the analytical review and two methods of data processing — fun­damental and technical — are characterized. Approaches to the interpretation of the category of evaluation and the classification of its types are considered. The concept of speech influence is defined, and the means of its implementation are listed. The study, conducted according to the logic of parametric analysis, revealed the predominance of negative evaluation in U. S. reviews and positive evaluation in British reviews, with the dominance of utilitarian private evaluation and minimal presence of ethical evaluation. In U. S. reviews, the main means of objectifying evaluation are nouns, while in British analytics they are verbs. The leading role of the individual explicit subject of evaluation in the texts of the selected genre in both coun­tries is identified. The objects of evaluation are monetary units, currency pairs, trends in their movement, political events, and the activities of players in the foreign exchange market.

The features of the functioning of the formant -ing in modern English are examined from a synchronic-diachronic perspective, with a focus on the adaptation of the suffix to new nomi­native tasks in the context of the digital era. Within the framework of the onomasiological approach, the cognitive and structural mechanisms of neologism formation are described, based on the expansion of traditional verbal derivation through the use of appellative and proper nouns as motivating bases. The replenishment of the repertoire of derivational models of -ing word formation in English is established, manifested in the emergence of compound derivatives based on metaphorical transfer. The suffix itself undergoes changes, evolving to­ward an affixoid that participates in the formation of compound nouns. The specific features of the functioning of English neologisms in the Internet space are identified, reflecting chang­es in sociocultural and behavioral practices. The semantics of the neologisms are described, and the cultural and cognitive factors ensuring the high productivity of the suffix in naming new phenomena, including youth subcultures and social media trends, are revealed. It is con­cluded that speakers of modern English demonstrate linguistic creativity, using the formant in various structural models to nominate diverse phenomena that possess axiological signifi­cance at the present stage of societal development.

The study is aimed at describing and interpreting smell as a sign of “one’s own” and “the other” in the context of war. The material for analysis consists of text fragments in Rus­sian and German that contain references to olfactory processes; the factual material was ex­tracted from works of fiction devoted to the events of the two world wars. The research vector was built taking into account that the semantic and symbolic connotations of smells are close­ly connected with the sociocultural context, and olfactory experience is subjective. It is proved that the smell in the discourse of war performs two key functions – an evaluative and a boundary function; the olfac­tory image of "one's own" and "someone else's" is formed under the influence of extralinguistic factors; the smell acts as an instrument of differentiation, less often as an instrument of unifica­tion and is endowed with additional cognitive-semiotic meanings. Three olfactory models are identified and analyzed: “one’s own smells — others’ smells,” “smells of foreign land,” and “smell as stigma.” It is concluded that in wartime con­ditions, the olfactory images of “one’s own” and “the other” are created through social, eth­nocultural, and ideological comparisons; as a result, olfactory impressions reflect mental im­pressions.

The main functions realized by precedent names in the novel Trout Fishing in America by the American postmodern writer Richard Brautigan are identified. The study employed methods of contextual and intertextual analysis, as well as the method of exhaustive sam­pling. The identified sample of literary precedent names (61 units) includes precedent biblio­nyms (titles of literary works), anchistonyms (authors’ surnames), and anthropoetonyms (names of characters). The following key functions of precedent names in Brautigan’s novel are established: ludic (realization of comic effect), poetic (enhancement of the artistic signifi­cance of the text and creation of tropic relations), characterizing (description of the characters’ personalities), referential (recreation of the cultural-historical context of the era), and text-forming (formation of the plot framework and structuring of intratextual connections). It is shown that precedent names in the text of the work have a multifunctional character, with the ludic function serving as the hyperfunction.

A special layer of proper names within the onomastic space of the modern city — ergo­nyms, which are used to name various commercial enterprises — is examined. Based on a large empirical material of Smolensk and Moscow ergonyms, a complex of diverse functions of ergonyms is identified, allowing their significance within the structure of the onomastic pe­riphery to be determined. Particular attention is paid to precedent cultural signs in the names of urban objects. It is demonstrated that it is precisely precedents in the field of ergonymy that best enable the realization of informational and commercial functions, attracting the attention of potential consumers of goods and services.

The article continues research on the internal organization of the corpus of prayers by the well-known statesman and writer of the first half of the 17th century, Prince Simeon Shakhovsky. The structure and thematic organization of this corpus of Shakhovsky’s eu­chological compositions are identified based on a study of the tradition of private prayer rules (the so-called bedtime prayers) of the early 17th century. It is established that three clearly distinguished groups of prayers in this corpus reflect both the personal circumstances of the author’s life and his diverse literary interests; possible models for these hymnographic compo­sitions of the prince are indicated, showing his familiarity with the traditions of the Trinity Monastery and the influence of the early compilers of the Moscow Printing House. Particular attention is paid to Prince Shakhovsky’s acquaintance with the prayer practices of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including editions of the Vilnius Brotherhood. It is shown how the rela­tively new tradition of compiling collections of private prayer books, not included in the litur­gical cycle, could have served as a stimulus for Shakhovsky’s independent creation of a corpus of small daily petitions. The prerequisites for the creation of two unusual concluding prayers of the corpus are examined in detail. The result of the study is the substantiation of the special character of Prince S. I. Shakhovsky’s daily petitions (which can be termed “travel prayers”) and the hypothesis regarding the compositional editing of the collection of the author’s pray­ers for inclusion in his collected works.

The essayistic tradition of Old Polish prose is examined, represented by authors of the Re­naissance (Rey, Górnicki, Modrzejewski), Baroque (Pasek, B. Chmielowski), and Enlight­enment (Krasicki) periods. The creator of the Polish essayistic canon was Mikołaj Rey, the author of the book Zerciadło, which Mickiewicz compared to Montaigne’s Essays. The role of the essayistic element in the literary diaries of 20th-century Polish writers (Andrzejewski, Gombrowicz, Herling-Grudziński) is considered. It is stated that the tradition of Polish essay­ism, spanning the Modern and Contemporary periods, is based on the dominance of the “gen­re block silva” (S. Skwarczyńska), whose genesis in the world literary context goes back to Antiquity, and which in the postclassical period marks a new stage of literary self-consciousness, where the use of “silva” forms acquires the character of artistic play with the reader. In Gombrowicz’s Diary, the Old Polish forms of silva rerum are presented in a parodic aspect. Herling-Grudziński’s Diary Written at Night, as a collection of comments on what was read, preserves the genre memory of lucubrationes — nocturnal “reflections” presented in the works of the philosopher of Late Antiquity, Aulus Gellius.

The influence of personality traits, values, and moral attitudes on the level of an individ­ual’s psychological well-being represents a relevant and promising topic, significant for ad­dressing both fundamental and applied tasks across an interdisciplinary spectrum. Foreign studies confirm the connection between psychological well-being, indicators of mental health, and the level of moral development, which is reflected in prosocial behavior. However, both in international and domestic scientific circles, there is a lack of research dedicated to the rela­tionship between the substantive components of identity and the integrity of identity struc­ture with psychological well-being and mental health. The aim of the study is to test the hy­pothesis regarding the relationship of psychological well-being with moral identity and the identity stability index, as well as to examine the relationship of moral identity with anxiety and depression as indicators of mental health. Hypotheses were tested using standardized methods on a sample of 127 participants, followed by a correlation analysis of the obtained data. The results, which showed a significant positive correlation between psychological well-being, moral identity, and the identity stability index, may serve as a basis for further re­search in the field of moral development, as well as for the development of practical recom­mendations.

A comparative analysis of the religious-philosophical foundations of the teacher-student relationship in the pedagogical traditions of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy is conducted. The study shows that each of these traditions is based on unique religious princi­ples that shape the value orientations of the educational process. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive analysis of pedagogical systems, based on a systematic consid­eration of their religious and cultural components. The application of a civilizational approach helped reveal the uniqueness of each tradition. It is established that Protestant (Calvinist and Lutheran) models emphasize the development of independence and discipline through demo­cratic interaction. The Catholic model is built on hierarchical teacher-centrism, aimed at cul­tivating a harmoniously developed personality. Orthodox pedagogy focuses on the spiritual transformation of the individual through obedience and conciliarity. In both Catholic and Orthodox traditions, the role of the teacher is sacralized but interpreted differently: in Cathol­icism, the teacher is perceived as a strict mentor whose mission is to maintain discipline and uphold hierarchy; in Orthodoxy, the teacher is seen as a loving father and shepherd, responsi­ble for the spiritual and personal development of the student, guiding them toward wisdom and salvation through mentorship. It is emphasized that the adoption of pedagogical models without consideration of their religious foundation may lead to a distortion of their semantic content in a different cultural context.

Universal competencies are essential for the successful employment of graduates from all educational programs. Employers note their importance for launching a successful career while simultaneously emphasizing the low level of development of universal competencies among university graduates. Although universal competencies, according to current Federal State Educational Standards (FSES), are included in the structure of all educational pro­grams, in practice their development remains in the shadow segment of the educational pro­cess. Most often, educational program developers choose to form universal competencies dur­ing the first years of study within “universal” courses, which are taught by “universal” in­structors to students from different specialties. With this approach, the connection between the courses, and consequently the universal competencies, and future professional activities remains implicit and blurred for students, which, in turn, reduces their motivation and inter­est in learning. The experience of developing and implementing a professionally oriented course, “Basics of Professional Communication,” for students of translation programs is pre­sented. Within the course, the universal competencies fixed in the FSES are purposefully formed, but with an emphasis on the students’ future professional activities. The course was developed by the working group “University-Industry Interaction” of the Association of Translation Teachers and implemented as part of the eponymous discipline at Herzen State Pedagogical University in the 2022/23, 2023/24, and 2024/25 academic years.

The study examines the features of the social situation, expressed in the age at which stu­dents of the Economic Security program encounter corrupt practices, as well as the dynamics of students’ perception of the phenomenon of corruption. The distribution of students in this program according to their inclination toward professional personality types was investigat­ed. Personality type was determined using an adaptation of B. A. Kondratenko’s methodology by G. V. Rezapkina, based on the works of D. Holland. It was found that students of the Eco­nomic Security program predominantly exhibit an “entrepreneurial” personality type. The study confirms the relationship between the development of the universal competency “Civic Position” and students’ professional personality types during the course Anti-Corruption Legislation and Policy, taught in the fourth year. A linear regression model, which takes into account the student’s personality type, is proposed to predict the outcomes of the formation of this universal competency. A one-way ANOVA of fourth-year students’ midterm results and fifth-year residual knowledge assessments in the course was performed, showing a condition­ally close relationship between the assimilation of anti-corruption knowledge and the domi­nant professional personality type. The results of the study are intended to be used for devel­oping models that allow predicting the achievement of all universal and general professional competencies based on the professional personality type of students in economic fields and specialties.